Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, Aug 10, 2023
Fighter aircraft make extensive use of materials such as Steels, Aluminum alloys, Magnesium alloy... more Fighter aircraft make extensive use of materials such as Steels, Aluminum alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys and composites for construction of airframe. It has been seen that many of the airframe materials used in Russian fighters are common. But attempt has been made to introduce progressively superior quality alloy grades in the later version of aircraft. A comprehensive study (1) is thus made to identify the important structural member of the airframe and its materials in different generations of the Russian fighters to highlight the ways lighter and superior alloys replaced steels. This paper describes the application of various aerospace materials used from the evolution of old generation Russian combat fighters to latest Russian fighters. Effort have been made to analyse and explain the change of some of the grades within the domain of these Russian fighters and use of superior structural materials (western and Russian origin) to old age aircraft to enhance the performance. It also discusses the percentage weight change of various types of materials used in the construction of Russian fighter aircrafts under operation in India. Main objective of this study which is discussed here, to keep aware the operators as well as manufacturer's of Russian aircrafts within India to exchange these Russian materials during rationalization, substitution, indigenization and at a times of short supply or non-availability of these grades based on their merits.
Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, Aug 10, 2023
Introduction and Definitions A System can be defined as a composite, at any level of complexity, ... more Introduction and Definitions A System can be defined as a composite, at any level of complexity, of personnel, procedures, materials, tools, equipments, facilities and software. The elements of this composite entry are used together in the operational or support environment to perform a given task or achieve a specific mission. Safety on the other hand indicates 'freedom from harm'. One can then immediately ask the question 'Is flying safe?' Well, we all know and accept that flying is always 'risky'. This again raises the question 'Is safe equivalent to 'risk free'?' US Supreme Court has accepted that they are not. Any activity for that matter will be associated with certain amount of risk, small or big. Risk threshold will be the boundary of safety beyond which accidents are likely to occur. 'Flight Safety' is essentially an activity to estimate the potential risk of each operational element of flying and take appropriate measures that the risk thresholds are not exceeded. System Safety as defined in MIL-STD 882B reads, 'The conservation of human life and its effectiveness, and the prevention of damage to items, consistent with mission requirements'. In a simpler term, in aviation, it implies the application of engineering and management principles, criteria and techniques to prevent accidents over the life cycles of the air vehicle system, within the constraints of available skill, resources, cost and time.
Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In o... more Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In offensive role, these aircraft are used in destroying enemy's vital installations, air strips, ordnance depots and supplies. In defensive role, it provides close air support to land-based army and also deters the threats of enemy air strike. In naval warfare, military aircraft plays a significant role to detect and neutralize submarines and warships to keep the seacoast free from enemy attack. Military aircraft also provides logistic supply to forward bases, conducting airlift (cargo and troops), and participates in rescue operations during national disaster. Military aviation includes both transport and warcraft and consisting of fixed wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft (RWA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). From the early days of world war, it has been realized that air power supremacy is vital for winning a war as well as maintaining the sovereignty of any country. This chapter discusses basic flight mechanics, types and roles of aircraft, safety considerations and design and certification procedures.
Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 20... more Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 2021. DDPMAS 2021 supersedes DDPMAS 2002 which had superseded the original document DDPMAS-75. Unlike its previous versions, the DDPMAS 2021 is in three volumes, namely, 'DDPMAS Framework', 'IMTAR' (Indian Military Technical Airworthiness Requirements) and 'Forms and Formats'. While the Frameworks gives the overall military airworthiness policies and guidelines, the detail procedures are dealt in IMTAR. The third document, the 'Forms and Format' gives the forms and templates to be used during airworthiness evaluations. This paper briefly discusses the changes and improvements that have been made in the policies and approach in military airworthiness and certifications as indicated in DDPMAS Framework.
Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 20... more Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 2021. DDPMAS 2021 supersedes DDPMAS 2002 which had superseded the original document DDPMAS-75. Unlike its previous versions, the DDPMAS 2021 is in three volumes, namely, 'DDPMAS Framework', 'IMTAR' (Indian Military Technical Airworthiness Requirements) and 'Forms and Formats'. While the Frameworks gives the overall military airworthiness policies and guidelines, the detail procedures are dealt in IMTAR. The third document, the 'Forms and Format' gives the forms and templates to be used during airworthiness evaluations. This paper briefly discusses the changes and improvements that have been made in the policies and approach in military airworthiness and certifications as indicated in DDPMAS Framework.
Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In o... more Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In offensive role, these aircraft are used in destroying enemy's vital installations, air strips, ordnance depots and supplies. In defensive role, it provides close air support to land-based army and also deters the threats of enemy air strike. In naval warfare, military aircraft plays a significant role to detect and neutralize submarines and warships to keep the seacoast free from enemy attack. Military aircraft also provides logistic supply to forward bases, conducting airlift (cargo and troops), and participates in rescue operations during national disaster. Military aviation includes both transport and warcraft and consisting of fixed wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft (RWA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). From the early days of world war, it has been realized that air power supremacy is vital for winning a war as well as maintaining the sovereignty of any country. This chapter discusses basic flight mechanics, types and roles of aircraft, safety considerations and design and certification procedures.
Air defense of many countries, notably India use different types of aircraft for their air combat... more Air defense of many countries, notably India use different types of aircraft for their air combat operations. These types could include twin engine or single engine fighters, have twin/single fins and could have radically different design and operational philosophies. On the other hand LRU's and missile/gun platforms may become common as standardization and indeginization and single sourcing is attempted. These could be mounted at various locations of an aircraft fuselage, wing etc. As aircraft age, retrofitting and upgrades are now extremely cost effective. These upgrades especially of radar, avionics etc. need to be accommodated at various locations. Weapon systems also change over time and new advanced technology installed on these aircraft. While these are generally qualified to various standards like MIL-810E, the qualification by these standards is based on a number of assumptions. Sources of vibration identified are engine noise impinging on aircraft structures, turbulenc...
Military aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Therefore, each governme... more Military aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Therefore, each government self-certifies their military aircraft as per their own standard and compliant to controlled airspace performance requirement. As military aircraft does not satisfy ICAO norms, it may be denied access to national/international airspace. Further, there is no unified procedure across the globe for military aircraft certification and operation. This paper discusses the differences in civil and military certification concepts and the airworthiness and certification processes being followed for military aircraft in some of the advanced countries and India.
... Printed in Great Britain 340 K. Biswas A, B and D are laminate extensional, bending extension... more ... Printed in Great Britain 340 K. Biswas A, B and D are laminate extensional, bending extension coupling and bending matrices, respec-tively and are given by the following relations: [A]=f [Qij]k.dz, [Bl=f [Qij]kzdz, [Dl= f [ Qij].z2.dz {e } and {k} are the midplane strains and curvature ...
Military Aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Thus, each government se... more Military Aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Thus, each government self-certify their military aircraft as per their own standard and compliant to controlled airspace performance requirement. As military aircraft does not satisfy ICAO norms, it may be denied access to natiaoanl /international airspace. Furhter there is no unified procedure across the globe for military aircraft certifition and opearation.
Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, Aug 10, 2023
Fighter aircraft make extensive use of materials such as Steels, Aluminum alloys, Magnesium alloy... more Fighter aircraft make extensive use of materials such as Steels, Aluminum alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys and composites for construction of airframe. It has been seen that many of the airframe materials used in Russian fighters are common. But attempt has been made to introduce progressively superior quality alloy grades in the later version of aircraft. A comprehensive study (1) is thus made to identify the important structural member of the airframe and its materials in different generations of the Russian fighters to highlight the ways lighter and superior alloys replaced steels. This paper describes the application of various aerospace materials used from the evolution of old generation Russian combat fighters to latest Russian fighters. Effort have been made to analyse and explain the change of some of the grades within the domain of these Russian fighters and use of superior structural materials (western and Russian origin) to old age aircraft to enhance the performance. It also discusses the percentage weight change of various types of materials used in the construction of Russian fighter aircrafts under operation in India. Main objective of this study which is discussed here, to keep aware the operators as well as manufacturer's of Russian aircrafts within India to exchange these Russian materials during rationalization, substitution, indigenization and at a times of short supply or non-availability of these grades based on their merits.
Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, Aug 10, 2023
Introduction and Definitions A System can be defined as a composite, at any level of complexity, ... more Introduction and Definitions A System can be defined as a composite, at any level of complexity, of personnel, procedures, materials, tools, equipments, facilities and software. The elements of this composite entry are used together in the operational or support environment to perform a given task or achieve a specific mission. Safety on the other hand indicates 'freedom from harm'. One can then immediately ask the question 'Is flying safe?' Well, we all know and accept that flying is always 'risky'. This again raises the question 'Is safe equivalent to 'risk free'?' US Supreme Court has accepted that they are not. Any activity for that matter will be associated with certain amount of risk, small or big. Risk threshold will be the boundary of safety beyond which accidents are likely to occur. 'Flight Safety' is essentially an activity to estimate the potential risk of each operational element of flying and take appropriate measures that the risk thresholds are not exceeded. System Safety as defined in MIL-STD 882B reads, 'The conservation of human life and its effectiveness, and the prevention of damage to items, consistent with mission requirements'. In a simpler term, in aviation, it implies the application of engineering and management principles, criteria and techniques to prevent accidents over the life cycles of the air vehicle system, within the constraints of available skill, resources, cost and time.
Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In o... more Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In offensive role, these aircraft are used in destroying enemy's vital installations, air strips, ordnance depots and supplies. In defensive role, it provides close air support to land-based army and also deters the threats of enemy air strike. In naval warfare, military aircraft plays a significant role to detect and neutralize submarines and warships to keep the seacoast free from enemy attack. Military aircraft also provides logistic supply to forward bases, conducting airlift (cargo and troops), and participates in rescue operations during national disaster. Military aviation includes both transport and warcraft and consisting of fixed wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft (RWA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). From the early days of world war, it has been realized that air power supremacy is vital for winning a war as well as maintaining the sovereignty of any country. This chapter discusses basic flight mechanics, types and roles of aircraft, safety considerations and design and certification procedures.
Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 20... more Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 2021. DDPMAS 2021 supersedes DDPMAS 2002 which had superseded the original document DDPMAS-75. Unlike its previous versions, the DDPMAS 2021 is in three volumes, namely, 'DDPMAS Framework', 'IMTAR' (Indian Military Technical Airworthiness Requirements) and 'Forms and Formats'. While the Frameworks gives the overall military airworthiness policies and guidelines, the detail procedures are dealt in IMTAR. The third document, the 'Forms and Format' gives the forms and templates to be used during airworthiness evaluations. This paper briefly discusses the changes and improvements that have been made in the policies and approach in military airworthiness and certifications as indicated in DDPMAS Framework.
Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 20... more Indian Military Airworthiness procedural document DDPMAS has gone through its third edition in 2021. DDPMAS 2021 supersedes DDPMAS 2002 which had superseded the original document DDPMAS-75. Unlike its previous versions, the DDPMAS 2021 is in three volumes, namely, 'DDPMAS Framework', 'IMTAR' (Indian Military Technical Airworthiness Requirements) and 'Forms and Formats'. While the Frameworks gives the overall military airworthiness policies and guidelines, the detail procedures are dealt in IMTAR. The third document, the 'Forms and Format' gives the forms and templates to be used during airworthiness evaluations. This paper briefly discusses the changes and improvements that have been made in the policies and approach in military airworthiness and certifications as indicated in DDPMAS Framework.
Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In o... more Military all over the world uses military aircraft in both offensive and defensive purposes. In offensive role, these aircraft are used in destroying enemy's vital installations, air strips, ordnance depots and supplies. In defensive role, it provides close air support to land-based army and also deters the threats of enemy air strike. In naval warfare, military aircraft plays a significant role to detect and neutralize submarines and warships to keep the seacoast free from enemy attack. Military aircraft also provides logistic supply to forward bases, conducting airlift (cargo and troops), and participates in rescue operations during national disaster. Military aviation includes both transport and warcraft and consisting of fixed wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft (RWA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). From the early days of world war, it has been realized that air power supremacy is vital for winning a war as well as maintaining the sovereignty of any country. This chapter discusses basic flight mechanics, types and roles of aircraft, safety considerations and design and certification procedures.
Air defense of many countries, notably India use different types of aircraft for their air combat... more Air defense of many countries, notably India use different types of aircraft for their air combat operations. These types could include twin engine or single engine fighters, have twin/single fins and could have radically different design and operational philosophies. On the other hand LRU's and missile/gun platforms may become common as standardization and indeginization and single sourcing is attempted. These could be mounted at various locations of an aircraft fuselage, wing etc. As aircraft age, retrofitting and upgrades are now extremely cost effective. These upgrades especially of radar, avionics etc. need to be accommodated at various locations. Weapon systems also change over time and new advanced technology installed on these aircraft. While these are generally qualified to various standards like MIL-810E, the qualification by these standards is based on a number of assumptions. Sources of vibration identified are engine noise impinging on aircraft structures, turbulenc...
Military aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Therefore, each governme... more Military aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Therefore, each government self-certifies their military aircraft as per their own standard and compliant to controlled airspace performance requirement. As military aircraft does not satisfy ICAO norms, it may be denied access to national/international airspace. Further, there is no unified procedure across the globe for military aircraft certification and operation. This paper discusses the differences in civil and military certification concepts and the airworthiness and certification processes being followed for military aircraft in some of the advanced countries and India.
... Printed in Great Britain 340 K. Biswas A, B and D are laminate extensional, bending extension... more ... Printed in Great Britain 340 K. Biswas A, B and D are laminate extensional, bending extension coupling and bending matrices, respec-tively and are given by the following relations: [A]=f [Qij]k.dz, [Bl=f [Qij]kzdz, [Dl= f [ Qij].z2.dz {e } and {k} are the midplane strains and curvature ...
Military Aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Thus, each government se... more Military Aircraft being state aircraft is not under the purview of ICAO. Thus, each government self-certify their military aircraft as per their own standard and compliant to controlled airspace performance requirement. As military aircraft does not satisfy ICAO norms, it may be denied access to natiaoanl /international airspace. Furhter there is no unified procedure across the globe for military aircraft certifition and opearation.
Uploads
Papers by Kanchan Biswas