Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in indivi... more Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in individuals' social entrepreneurship decisions. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of favourable cultural contexts that influence individuals to pursue social entrepreneurship. Our findings confirmed that cross-national social entrepreneurship differences can be explained in part by considering cultural leadership ideals at the country-level. Specifically, the country context of low self-protective cultural leadership ideal had a positive impact on individual decisions to pursue social entrepreneurship. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis to understand the influence of the contextual factor on social entrepreneurship.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical success factors of platform leadership i... more The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical success factors of platform leadership in the Web 2.0 based service business environment. Because of the lack of theoretical foundation for this topic, we adopted relevant theory and case study analyses. Representative Web 2.0 firms which have developed platform leadership were chosen and analyzed on the basis of previous research
The international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation, Feb 5, 2020
The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the ev... more The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the event of the entrepreneurial exit. Specifically, this study is to reveal the different effects of incorporated and non-incorporated legal structures of ventures on diverse exit routes. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey, this study investigated the relationship between the legal structure of ventures and their exit routes with a sample of 901 single-founder start-ups that were founded in 2004 and exited during 2005 to 2011 period. The finding of this study confirmed that ventures with an incorporated legal structure were less likely to exit by sale than ventures with a non-incorporated legal structure. While little research has considered the legal structure of ventures as a predictor of different exit routes, this study empirically suggests the importance of considering the forms of the legal status of ventures in studying entrepreneurial exit routes.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Jan 14, 2019
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a unique perspective on the role of entrepreneurs’ h... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a unique perspective on the role of entrepreneurs’ hard work for the relationship between entrepreneur human capital and venture success. To this end, this study examined whether entrepreneurs with high human capital work harder than entrepreneurs with low human capital, the effect of entrepreneurs’ hard work on venture performance, and whether entrepreneurs’ hard work mediates the relationship between entrepreneur human capital and venture performance.Design/methodology/approachIn this explorative study, the role of entrepreneurs’ hard work as a mediator that transfers entrepreneur human capital into venture success was examined in a sample of 2,648 single-founder startups in the USA and 21,184 observations during the period of 2004-2011.FindingsThe effect of entrepreneurs’ industry experience on entrepreneurs’ hard work was significantly positive, while the effect of entrepreneurs’ general education on entrepreneurs’ hard work was significantly negative. Moreover, entrepreneurs’ hard work was a significant predictor of venture success. Finally, the results showed that entrepreneurs’ hard work partially mediates the positive relationship between entrepreneurs’ industry experience and venture success.Originality/valueOn one hand, the link between human capital and firm performance has been studied thoroughly and findings so far support the positive link between them. On the other hand, there has been continuous criticism that human capital gained much of its attention at the expense of human labor. There is a paucity of research, however, that investigating the dynamics of the relationships between human capital and human labor. This study provides an empirical explanation of such dynamics of the relationships of human characteristics in the context of entrepreneurship.
This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporat... more This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance over time. The between-firm value of cor...
This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporat... more This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance over time. The between-firm value of cor...
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, May 27, 2014
Despite much interest in the characteristics of entrepreneurs and their impact on venture perform... more Despite much interest in the characteristics of entrepreneurs and their impact on venture performance or survival of start-ups, the relationship between such entrepreneur characteristics and successful venture exit has largely been unexplored. This paper explores the impact of the entrepreneur’s pre-entry industry experience, general education, and post-entry labor on entrepreneurial exit. We distinguish closing down of a venture from the termination of business because of a merger or acquisition (M&A). Examining the tracking data of the exiting U.S. start-ups launched in 2004, this study found that it was not the human capital but the labor of the entrepreneur that helped realize a successful entrepreneurial exit. The result suggests that although the entrepreneur’s human capital is known to affect his/her decision on exit strategies, the actual successful exit of a start-up is primarily due to hard-working characteristics of the entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurial intention is a primary step to create new venture in the entrepreneurial process.... more Entrepreneurial intention is a primary step to create new venture in the entrepreneurial process. Environmental conditions are one of the main factors that are strengthening or weakening intention of prospective entrepreneur. Therefore, it is important to develop conducive environments for entrepreneurship to promote entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the promoted entrepreneurial intention will raise the rate of new venture creation. This paper investigates the relationships between five key environments for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. The five entrepreneurial environments are: government policies and procedures, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial and business skills, financial assistance, and non-financial assistance, respectively. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the significance of five environmental factors conducive to entrepreneurial intention. In this conjoint experiment, 1370 decisions were made by 137 university students. Significant rela...
The Parallel Lives are primarily concerned with exploring various modes of eudaimonia, as Plutarc... more The Parallel Lives are primarily concerned with exploring various modes of eudaimonia, as Plutarch mines the lives of illustrious Greeks and Romans for moral exempla and offers them up to his audience for contemplation and imitation. In contrast to his usual practice, Plutarch offers the Demetrius and its Roman pair the Antony as explicitly negative examples. These men, who are "conspicuous for badness," habitually engage in behavior this is to be rejected, not imitated. Demetrius is capable of great virtues, but his life provides a paradigm of how not to live. The ruinous state of Hellenistic historiography, however, places a historical burden on Plutarch's moralizing biography that it was manifestly not designed to bear. Indeed, Plutarch's Life is the sole continuous account of Demetrius' career, and provides the only literary evidence for many of the events from the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC to Demetrius' death in 282 BC. Despite all this, there is no full-length commentary on the Demetrius in any language. This thesis represents an attempt to fill that gap. The commentary is not merely a survey of relevant scholarship, but offers many original contributions to the study of Hellenistic kingship and ruler-cult, the politics and propaganda of the Successors, and Demetrius' pivotal role in the remarkable advances in naval technology and siegecraft for which the period is justly famous. While the body of the commentary firmly grounds Demetrius' career in the historical context of the early Hellenistic period, the historiographical introduction illuminates the didactic ethics that shape Plutarch's biographical project, and confronts the vexed question of his sources.
Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 2020
While firms’ search for new knowledge has been investigated mostly for large enterprises, there i... more While firms’ search for new knowledge has been investigated mostly for large enterprises, there is a lack of empirical research to examine knowledge search strategy by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study seeks to fill this gap in the innovation literature by examining differences in knowledge search strategy by SMEs. Drawing on a survey data obtained from 3,175 SMEs, we used cluster analysis to identify groups of SMEs that pursue homogenous knowledge search strategy. The study results shed insights about how SMEs should develop knowledge search strategy and technological dynamism to proactively harness the benefits of knowledge search.
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2020
The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the ev... more The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the event of the entrepreneurial exit. Specifically, this study is to reveal the different effects of incorporated and non-incorporated legal structures of ventures on diverse exit routes. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey, this study investigated the relationship between the legal structure of ventures and their exit routes with a sample of 901 single-founder start-ups that were founded in 2004 and exited during 2005 to 2011 period. The finding of this study confirmed that ventures with an incorporated legal structure were less likely to exit by sale than ventures with a non-incorporated legal structure. While little research has considered the legal structure of ventures as a predictor of different exit routes, this study empirically suggests the importance of considering the forms of the legal status of ventures in studying entrepreneurial exit routes.
Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 2019
Research indicates that underserved students are at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to ente... more Research indicates that underserved students are at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to entering and succeeding at college. However, with sufficient support, they can turn those disadvantages around. To address the persistent challenges of the underserved college-bound students, institutions of higher education created special pre-college outreach initiatives. This study provides finding regarding how an outreach program can apply experiential learning approach to motivate students through an experiential summer pre-business program that targets specifically targeted underserved high school juniors from various school districts in Southern California. This study also presents eleven years' outcome assessment of this private university program. Using information from a survey and a lexical analysis of a sample of 574 students over 11-year period, this study finds that the experiential college outreach program increased underserved students' drive for attending college and may be one promising practice to help close the gap in accessibility to higher education. The results illustrate the value of outreach programs provided by an institution of higher education to support underserved students through the fusion of business education and experiential learning.
Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in indivi... more Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in individuals' social entrepreneurship decisions. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of favourable cultural contexts that influence individuals to pursue social entrepreneurship. Our findings confirmed that cross-national social entrepreneurship differences can be explained in part by considering cultural leadership ideals at the country-level. Specifically, the country context of low self-protective cultural leadership ideal had a positive impact on individual decisions to pursue social entrepreneurship. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis to understand the influence of the contextual factor on social entrepreneurship.
Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in indivi... more Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in individuals' social entrepreneurship decisions. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of favourable cultural contexts that influence individuals to pursue social entrepreneurship. Our findings confirmed that cross-national social entrepreneurship differences can be explained in part by considering cultural leadership ideals at the country-level. Specifically, the country context of low self-protective cultural leadership ideal had a positive impact on individual decisions to pursue social entrepreneurship. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis to understand the influence of the contextual factor on social entrepreneurship.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical success factors of platform leadership i... more The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical success factors of platform leadership in the Web 2.0 based service business environment. Because of the lack of theoretical foundation for this topic, we adopted relevant theory and case study analyses. Representative Web 2.0 firms which have developed platform leadership were chosen and analyzed on the basis of previous research
The international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation, Feb 5, 2020
The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the ev... more The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the event of the entrepreneurial exit. Specifically, this study is to reveal the different effects of incorporated and non-incorporated legal structures of ventures on diverse exit routes. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey, this study investigated the relationship between the legal structure of ventures and their exit routes with a sample of 901 single-founder start-ups that were founded in 2004 and exited during 2005 to 2011 period. The finding of this study confirmed that ventures with an incorporated legal structure were less likely to exit by sale than ventures with a non-incorporated legal structure. While little research has considered the legal structure of ventures as a predictor of different exit routes, this study empirically suggests the importance of considering the forms of the legal status of ventures in studying entrepreneurial exit routes.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Jan 14, 2019
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a unique perspective on the role of entrepreneurs’ h... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a unique perspective on the role of entrepreneurs’ hard work for the relationship between entrepreneur human capital and venture success. To this end, this study examined whether entrepreneurs with high human capital work harder than entrepreneurs with low human capital, the effect of entrepreneurs’ hard work on venture performance, and whether entrepreneurs’ hard work mediates the relationship between entrepreneur human capital and venture performance.Design/methodology/approachIn this explorative study, the role of entrepreneurs’ hard work as a mediator that transfers entrepreneur human capital into venture success was examined in a sample of 2,648 single-founder startups in the USA and 21,184 observations during the period of 2004-2011.FindingsThe effect of entrepreneurs’ industry experience on entrepreneurs’ hard work was significantly positive, while the effect of entrepreneurs’ general education on entrepreneurs’ hard work was significantly negative. Moreover, entrepreneurs’ hard work was a significant predictor of venture success. Finally, the results showed that entrepreneurs’ hard work partially mediates the positive relationship between entrepreneurs’ industry experience and venture success.Originality/valueOn one hand, the link between human capital and firm performance has been studied thoroughly and findings so far support the positive link between them. On the other hand, there has been continuous criticism that human capital gained much of its attention at the expense of human labor. There is a paucity of research, however, that investigating the dynamics of the relationships between human capital and human labor. This study provides an empirical explanation of such dynamics of the relationships of human characteristics in the context of entrepreneurship.
This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporat... more This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance over time. The between-firm value of cor...
This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporat... more This study examines the relationship between the between-firm and within- firm values of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance over time. The between-firm value of cor...
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, May 27, 2014
Despite much interest in the characteristics of entrepreneurs and their impact on venture perform... more Despite much interest in the characteristics of entrepreneurs and their impact on venture performance or survival of start-ups, the relationship between such entrepreneur characteristics and successful venture exit has largely been unexplored. This paper explores the impact of the entrepreneur’s pre-entry industry experience, general education, and post-entry labor on entrepreneurial exit. We distinguish closing down of a venture from the termination of business because of a merger or acquisition (M&A). Examining the tracking data of the exiting U.S. start-ups launched in 2004, this study found that it was not the human capital but the labor of the entrepreneur that helped realize a successful entrepreneurial exit. The result suggests that although the entrepreneur’s human capital is known to affect his/her decision on exit strategies, the actual successful exit of a start-up is primarily due to hard-working characteristics of the entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurial intention is a primary step to create new venture in the entrepreneurial process.... more Entrepreneurial intention is a primary step to create new venture in the entrepreneurial process. Environmental conditions are one of the main factors that are strengthening or weakening intention of prospective entrepreneur. Therefore, it is important to develop conducive environments for entrepreneurship to promote entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the promoted entrepreneurial intention will raise the rate of new venture creation. This paper investigates the relationships between five key environments for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. The five entrepreneurial environments are: government policies and procedures, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial and business skills, financial assistance, and non-financial assistance, respectively. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the significance of five environmental factors conducive to entrepreneurial intention. In this conjoint experiment, 1370 decisions were made by 137 university students. Significant rela...
The Parallel Lives are primarily concerned with exploring various modes of eudaimonia, as Plutarc... more The Parallel Lives are primarily concerned with exploring various modes of eudaimonia, as Plutarch mines the lives of illustrious Greeks and Romans for moral exempla and offers them up to his audience for contemplation and imitation. In contrast to his usual practice, Plutarch offers the Demetrius and its Roman pair the Antony as explicitly negative examples. These men, who are "conspicuous for badness," habitually engage in behavior this is to be rejected, not imitated. Demetrius is capable of great virtues, but his life provides a paradigm of how not to live. The ruinous state of Hellenistic historiography, however, places a historical burden on Plutarch's moralizing biography that it was manifestly not designed to bear. Indeed, Plutarch's Life is the sole continuous account of Demetrius' career, and provides the only literary evidence for many of the events from the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC to Demetrius' death in 282 BC. Despite all this, there is no full-length commentary on the Demetrius in any language. This thesis represents an attempt to fill that gap. The commentary is not merely a survey of relevant scholarship, but offers many original contributions to the study of Hellenistic kingship and ruler-cult, the politics and propaganda of the Successors, and Demetrius' pivotal role in the remarkable advances in naval technology and siegecraft for which the period is justly famous. While the body of the commentary firmly grounds Demetrius' career in the historical context of the early Hellenistic period, the historiographical introduction illuminates the didactic ethics that shape Plutarch's biographical project, and confronts the vexed question of his sources.
Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 2020
While firms’ search for new knowledge has been investigated mostly for large enterprises, there i... more While firms’ search for new knowledge has been investigated mostly for large enterprises, there is a lack of empirical research to examine knowledge search strategy by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study seeks to fill this gap in the innovation literature by examining differences in knowledge search strategy by SMEs. Drawing on a survey data obtained from 3,175 SMEs, we used cluster analysis to identify groups of SMEs that pursue homogenous knowledge search strategy. The study results shed insights about how SMEs should develop knowledge search strategy and technological dynamism to proactively harness the benefits of knowledge search.
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2020
The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the ev... more The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the event of the entrepreneurial exit. Specifically, this study is to reveal the different effects of incorporated and non-incorporated legal structures of ventures on diverse exit routes. Using the Kauffman Firm Survey, this study investigated the relationship between the legal structure of ventures and their exit routes with a sample of 901 single-founder start-ups that were founded in 2004 and exited during 2005 to 2011 period. The finding of this study confirmed that ventures with an incorporated legal structure were less likely to exit by sale than ventures with a non-incorporated legal structure. While little research has considered the legal structure of ventures as a predictor of different exit routes, this study empirically suggests the importance of considering the forms of the legal status of ventures in studying entrepreneurial exit routes.
Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 2019
Research indicates that underserved students are at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to ente... more Research indicates that underserved students are at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to entering and succeeding at college. However, with sufficient support, they can turn those disadvantages around. To address the persistent challenges of the underserved college-bound students, institutions of higher education created special pre-college outreach initiatives. This study provides finding regarding how an outreach program can apply experiential learning approach to motivate students through an experiential summer pre-business program that targets specifically targeted underserved high school juniors from various school districts in Southern California. This study also presents eleven years' outcome assessment of this private university program. Using information from a survey and a lexical analysis of a sample of 574 students over 11-year period, this study finds that the experiential college outreach program increased underserved students' drive for attending college and may be one promising practice to help close the gap in accessibility to higher education. The results illustrate the value of outreach programs provided by an institution of higher education to support underserved students through the fusion of business education and experiential learning.
Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in indivi... more Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in individuals' social entrepreneurship decisions. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of favourable cultural contexts that influence individuals to pursue social entrepreneurship. Our findings confirmed that cross-national social entrepreneurship differences can be explained in part by considering cultural leadership ideals at the country-level. Specifically, the country context of low self-protective cultural leadership ideal had a positive impact on individual decisions to pursue social entrepreneurship. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis to understand the influence of the contextual factor on social entrepreneurship.
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Papers by Byungku Lee