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Carl Mosser

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My research and writing centers on a handful of topics within biblical studies, theology, and philosophy of religion (see Papers for examples). Current writing commitments relate to two long-term projects. The first is an attempt to situate the Epistle to the Hebrews within its Second Temple Jewish context and the known history of earliest Christianity. The second seeks to correct common misconceptions about the doctrines of deification and atonement within Christian theology.

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Mark D Thompson

Moore Theological College

Lisa Vander Leek

Knox College

Richmont Graduate University

Cranmer Theological House

University of Cambridge

Aaron Pendergrass

Colorado Christian University

CORNELIU C. SIMUȚ

University of Pretoria

Fordham University

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Videos by Carl Mosser

Pluralism in Biblical Criticism

A Philosophy of Biblical Criticism?

What is the Doctrine of Deification?

A brief video in which I discuss the patristic notion of deification and clarify some misconcepti... more

Biblical Basis for the Doctrine of Deification

A short video in which I briefly summarize the biblical basis for the patristic doctrine of deifi... more

Deification and Philosophy

A short video in which I discuss some of the philosophical questions that need to be explored in ... more

Books by Carl Mosser

The Gospel of John and Christian Theology

Eerdmans, 2008.

The Mormon World

Routledge (in preparation) This is a large reference work/textbook covering the study of Mormon ... more

The New Mormon Challenge

Zondervan, 2002. 2003 ECPA Gold Medallion Award Finalist in Theology/Doctrine

Papers by Carl Mosser

Graced Exchange and Vision of God in Calvin's Atonement Theology

Reformed Theological Review, 2023

John Calvin structured his soteriology and doctrine of atonement around the patristic principle o... more John Calvin structured his soteriology and doctrine of atonement around the patristic principle of graced exchange, the idea that Christ became what we are in order to make us what he is. Christ's descent to hell and the believer's ascent to God represent the two furthest poles of the exchange. Descent to hell and ascent to God both involve vision of God. Calvin explains descent to hell as the terror sinners experience in their souls when they sense God's wrath and judgment. In the passion and crucifixion, Christ arraigned himself before God's tribunal as our surety to make satisfaction. Standing in the place of the accused, he saw God as an angry judge prepared to punish sin. As a real human being with the affections and infirmities common to human nature, Christ could not help but experience terror in his soul and even fear for his own salvation. Christ willingly underwent this ordeal to prove his obedience, demonstrate his love for humanity, and secure a more lavish redemption than otherwise possible. Christ emerged from the ordeal victorious, and the Father accepted his obedience as satisfaction for our sin. As a result, the redeemed are adopted as sons who will ascend to God and see him face-to-face as a propitious Father.

God Himself in His Very Substance

Credo, 2022

A popular-level essay on the beatific vision as humanity's chief end in Zwingli, Calvin, and the ... more

An Analysis of the 2017 SBC Resolution on Penal Substitutionary Atonement

London Lyceum Disputation Symposium, 2022

In 2017, messengers to the annual meeting of the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolutio... more In 2017, messengers to the annual meeting of the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolution 'On the Necessity of Penal Substitutionary Atonement.' Ironically, the sentiments expressed in the resolution are incongruous with the SBC's longstanding confessional position. All three of the confessions which govern SBC entities were designed to foster an inclusive orthodoxy that permits a range of penal and non-penal theories of substitutionary atonement. Thus, the resolution is not in any way a conservative document but a revisionist one. Moreover, it is ambiguous about whether the full range of penal substitutionary theories are acceptable. The second half of this article briefly describes the version of penal substitutionary atonement contested in the 'atonement wars' which the resolution's authors apparently endorse. It then contrasts this position with alternative versions of the doctrine found in John Calvin, Leon Morris, and the 1689 London Baptist Confession.

Recovering the Classic Concept of Satisfaction (Parts 1-3)

Blogos (Logos Institute of Analytic and Exegetical Theology at the University of St Andrews), 2021

A three-part blog series on the classic concept of satisfaction (satisfactio, satisfacere) in rel... more A three-part blog series on the classic concept of satisfaction (satisfactio, satisfacere) in relation to sin and wrongdoing. Part 1 highlights the important place the classic concept of satisfaction once held in both Catholic and Protestant explanations of the redemptive work of Christ. It also illustrates that some commonplaces found within standard narratives are simply mistaken. Part 2 discusses some ways the concept of satisfaction developed within medieval theology after Anselm. Three distinctions are described that inform the theology of early Protestant divines. Part 3 elaborates on the concept of satisfaction, makes observations about how the concept is employed in the confessional tradition, draws some further distinctions, and illustrates a couple ways Scripture warrants the claim that Christ made satisfaction for sin.

Resolved to Saw Through the Branch Upon Which They Sit: Southern Baptists and the Varieties of Substitutionary Atonement

Criswell Theological Review, 2021

In 2017, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution “On the Necessity of Penal Substitut... more In 2017, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution “On the Necessity of Penal Substitutionary Atonement.” The theologians who wrote it were apparently unfamiliar with their denomination’s history, the significance of wording in the Baptist Faith & Message designed to permit multiple atonement theories, and the variety of ways PSA has been understood. So, when a Southern Baptist journal invited me to contribute an article on atonement, I decided to help my friends in the SBC learn more about their denomination’s traditionally pluralist approach to the doctrine. The article also discusses some ways members of the PSA family differ from one another.

Folks with research interests in atonement theology generally or the history of American religion may also find the article informative.

Orthodox-Reformed Dialogue and the Ecumenical Recovery of Theosis

The Ecumenical Review, 2021

Agreement about theosis in the Orthodox-Reformed dialogues played a strategic role in the ecumeni... more Agreement about theosis in the Orthodox-Reformed dialogues played a strategic role in the ecumenical recovery of the patristic doctrine of deification and its emergence as a locus of Reformed theology. Ecumenical dialogue helped dispel the idea that theosis is a distinctively Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western tradition. This idea was first propounded in the nineteenth-century by Albrecht Ritschl, Ferdinand Kattenbusch, Adolf von Harnack and others associated with the Ritschlian school. It was later appropriated by Émigré Orthodox scholars. Orthodox-Reformed dialogue helped correct this and other misconceptions about theosis. This began informally in correspondence between Thomas F. Torrance and Georges Florovsky and continued in formal dialogue meetings. Orthodox-Reformed dialogue also highlighted patristic ways of thinking about salvation that were not then prominent in Reformed theology. However, as the Reformed participants consulted the works of John Calvin, they realized that he shared those patristic ways of thinking. Today Reformed theologians are eager contributors to the ecumenical recovery of theosis. They increasingly discuss theosis as a doctrine native to the Reformed tradition.

Deification and Union with God

T&T Clark Handbook of Analytic Theology, 2021

A discussion of deification and union with God focused on some of the biblical desiderata for an ... more A discussion of deification and union with God focused on some of the biblical desiderata for an adequate model, description of traditional ways its metaphysical parameters have been maintained, and examples of contemporary philosophical tools employed to develop the doctrine in interesting and fruitful ways.

The Gospel's End and Our Highest Good: Deification in the Reformed Tradition

The patristic doctrine of deification found in such writers as Irenaeus, Athanasius, Cyril of Ale... more The patristic doctrine of deification found in such writers as Irenaeus, Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Augustine is a biblical doctrine of the universal church affirmed by the Reformers and their immediate heirs. It is neither an exotic import nor invasive species in the garden of Reformed theology. Like Nicene Trinitarianism, creatio ex nihilo, and the canon of the New Testament, it is a constitutive part of the catholic inheritance which the Reformers sought to uphold and defend. Early Reformed theologians like Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and John Calvin affirmed that it is appropriate to describe the goal or telos of salvation in terms of deification.

Recovering the Reformation’s Ecumenical Vision of Redemption as Deification and Beatific Vision

Perichoresis, 2020

The beatific vision is widely perceived as a Roman Catholic doctrine. Many continue to view deifi... more The beatific vision is widely perceived as a Roman Catholic doctrine. Many continue to view deification as a distinctively Eastern Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western theological tradition, especially its Protestant expressions. This essay will demonstrate that several Reformers of the first and second generation promoted a vision of redemption that culminates with deification and beatific vision. They affirmed these concepts without apology in confessional statements, dogmatic works, biblical commentaries, and polemical treatises. Attention will focus on figures in the Reformed tradition though one could produce similar surveys for the Lutheran and Anglican branches of the Reformation as well. John Calvin will receive extended treatment because some scholars dispute whether he affirmed deification. This essay presents important evidence thus far overlooked which should settle the question.

Two Visions of Being Saved as Deiform Perfectability

This essay contrasts transhumanist aspirations for godlike status by technological means with a C... more This essay contrasts transhumanist aspirations for godlike status by technological means with a Christian vision of deification. On one vision human beings instrumentally use technology to accomplish their chosen ends, on the other human beings are transformed to be instrumentally united with God as agents of his rule and reign in the cosmos. The essay also suggests transhumanist aspirations hold little realistic hope for genuine moral transformation and thus may not present visions of perfectibility worth having.

"Torah Instruction, Discussion, and Prophecy in First-Century Synagogues"

This essay argues that close examination of the pertinent evidence does not support the ubiquitou... more This essay argues that close examination of the pertinent evidence does not support the ubiquitous assumption that sermons were a common feature of Second Temple synagogue services. (So much for all those 'sermons' in the NT!) However, a period of open discussion was a common element of the service. This explains why Jesus, Paul, and other members of the Jesus-movement readily found opportunity to proclaim their message in synagogues. The open discussion period seems to have disappeared from the synagogue service in response to the activity of 'Christian' prophets.

"Rahab Outside the Camp"

This essay argues that Hebrews 11 is integral to the argument of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Furt... more This essay argues that Hebrews 11 is integral to the argument of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Furthermore, the author's carefully crafted rhetorical cues indicate that Rahab's commendation is particularly significant. In a subtle but striking way it anticipates the author's climactic exhortation in Hebrews 13:13-14 calling the readers to go "outside the camp." The essay ends with a short demonstration that 'camp' and 'outside the camp' were well-known legal terms of art referring to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period. The author of Hebrews is encouraging his readers to follow, quite literally, Rahab's example.

Pluralism in Biblical Criticism

A Philosophy of Biblical Criticism?

What is the Doctrine of Deification?

A brief video in which I discuss the patristic notion of deification and clarify some misconcepti... more

Biblical Basis for the Doctrine of Deification

A short video in which I briefly summarize the biblical basis for the patristic doctrine of deifi... more

Deification and Philosophy

A short video in which I discuss some of the philosophical questions that need to be explored in ... more

The Gospel of John and Christian Theology

Eerdmans, 2008.

The Mormon World

Routledge (in preparation) This is a large reference work/textbook covering the study of Mormon ... more

The New Mormon Challenge

Zondervan, 2002. 2003 ECPA Gold Medallion Award Finalist in Theology/Doctrine

Graced Exchange and Vision of God in Calvin's Atonement Theology

Reformed Theological Review, 2023

John Calvin structured his soteriology and doctrine of atonement around the patristic principle o... more John Calvin structured his soteriology and doctrine of atonement around the patristic principle of graced exchange, the idea that Christ became what we are in order to make us what he is. Christ's descent to hell and the believer's ascent to God represent the two furthest poles of the exchange. Descent to hell and ascent to God both involve vision of God. Calvin explains descent to hell as the terror sinners experience in their souls when they sense God's wrath and judgment. In the passion and crucifixion, Christ arraigned himself before God's tribunal as our surety to make satisfaction. Standing in the place of the accused, he saw God as an angry judge prepared to punish sin. As a real human being with the affections and infirmities common to human nature, Christ could not help but experience terror in his soul and even fear for his own salvation. Christ willingly underwent this ordeal to prove his obedience, demonstrate his love for humanity, and secure a more lavish redemption than otherwise possible. Christ emerged from the ordeal victorious, and the Father accepted his obedience as satisfaction for our sin. As a result, the redeemed are adopted as sons who will ascend to God and see him face-to-face as a propitious Father.

God Himself in His Very Substance

Credo, 2022

A popular-level essay on the beatific vision as humanity's chief end in Zwingli, Calvin, and the ... more

An Analysis of the 2017 SBC Resolution on Penal Substitutionary Atonement

London Lyceum Disputation Symposium, 2022

In 2017, messengers to the annual meeting of the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolutio... more In 2017, messengers to the annual meeting of the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolution 'On the Necessity of Penal Substitutionary Atonement.' Ironically, the sentiments expressed in the resolution are incongruous with the SBC's longstanding confessional position. All three of the confessions which govern SBC entities were designed to foster an inclusive orthodoxy that permits a range of penal and non-penal theories of substitutionary atonement. Thus, the resolution is not in any way a conservative document but a revisionist one. Moreover, it is ambiguous about whether the full range of penal substitutionary theories are acceptable. The second half of this article briefly describes the version of penal substitutionary atonement contested in the 'atonement wars' which the resolution's authors apparently endorse. It then contrasts this position with alternative versions of the doctrine found in John Calvin, Leon Morris, and the 1689 London Baptist Confession.

Recovering the Classic Concept of Satisfaction (Parts 1-3)

Blogos (Logos Institute of Analytic and Exegetical Theology at the University of St Andrews), 2021

A three-part blog series on the classic concept of satisfaction (satisfactio, satisfacere) in rel... more A three-part blog series on the classic concept of satisfaction (satisfactio, satisfacere) in relation to sin and wrongdoing. Part 1 highlights the important place the classic concept of satisfaction once held in both Catholic and Protestant explanations of the redemptive work of Christ. It also illustrates that some commonplaces found within standard narratives are simply mistaken. Part 2 discusses some ways the concept of satisfaction developed within medieval theology after Anselm. Three distinctions are described that inform the theology of early Protestant divines. Part 3 elaborates on the concept of satisfaction, makes observations about how the concept is employed in the confessional tradition, draws some further distinctions, and illustrates a couple ways Scripture warrants the claim that Christ made satisfaction for sin.

Resolved to Saw Through the Branch Upon Which They Sit: Southern Baptists and the Varieties of Substitutionary Atonement

Criswell Theological Review, 2021

In 2017, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution “On the Necessity of Penal Substitut... more In 2017, the Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution “On the Necessity of Penal Substitutionary Atonement.” The theologians who wrote it were apparently unfamiliar with their denomination’s history, the significance of wording in the Baptist Faith & Message designed to permit multiple atonement theories, and the variety of ways PSA has been understood. So, when a Southern Baptist journal invited me to contribute an article on atonement, I decided to help my friends in the SBC learn more about their denomination’s traditionally pluralist approach to the doctrine. The article also discusses some ways members of the PSA family differ from one another.

Folks with research interests in atonement theology generally or the history of American religion may also find the article informative.

Orthodox-Reformed Dialogue and the Ecumenical Recovery of Theosis

The Ecumenical Review, 2021

Agreement about theosis in the Orthodox-Reformed dialogues played a strategic role in the ecumeni... more Agreement about theosis in the Orthodox-Reformed dialogues played a strategic role in the ecumenical recovery of the patristic doctrine of deification and its emergence as a locus of Reformed theology. Ecumenical dialogue helped dispel the idea that theosis is a distinctively Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western tradition. This idea was first propounded in the nineteenth-century by Albrecht Ritschl, Ferdinand Kattenbusch, Adolf von Harnack and others associated with the Ritschlian school. It was later appropriated by Émigré Orthodox scholars. Orthodox-Reformed dialogue helped correct this and other misconceptions about theosis. This began informally in correspondence between Thomas F. Torrance and Georges Florovsky and continued in formal dialogue meetings. Orthodox-Reformed dialogue also highlighted patristic ways of thinking about salvation that were not then prominent in Reformed theology. However, as the Reformed participants consulted the works of John Calvin, they realized that he shared those patristic ways of thinking. Today Reformed theologians are eager contributors to the ecumenical recovery of theosis. They increasingly discuss theosis as a doctrine native to the Reformed tradition.

Deification and Union with God

T&T Clark Handbook of Analytic Theology, 2021

A discussion of deification and union with God focused on some of the biblical desiderata for an ... more A discussion of deification and union with God focused on some of the biblical desiderata for an adequate model, description of traditional ways its metaphysical parameters have been maintained, and examples of contemporary philosophical tools employed to develop the doctrine in interesting and fruitful ways.

The Gospel's End and Our Highest Good: Deification in the Reformed Tradition

The patristic doctrine of deification found in such writers as Irenaeus, Athanasius, Cyril of Ale... more The patristic doctrine of deification found in such writers as Irenaeus, Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Augustine is a biblical doctrine of the universal church affirmed by the Reformers and their immediate heirs. It is neither an exotic import nor invasive species in the garden of Reformed theology. Like Nicene Trinitarianism, creatio ex nihilo, and the canon of the New Testament, it is a constitutive part of the catholic inheritance which the Reformers sought to uphold and defend. Early Reformed theologians like Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and John Calvin affirmed that it is appropriate to describe the goal or telos of salvation in terms of deification.

Recovering the Reformation’s Ecumenical Vision of Redemption as Deification and Beatific Vision

Perichoresis, 2020

The beatific vision is widely perceived as a Roman Catholic doctrine. Many continue to view deifi... more The beatific vision is widely perceived as a Roman Catholic doctrine. Many continue to view deification as a distinctively Eastern Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western theological tradition, especially its Protestant expressions. This essay will demonstrate that several Reformers of the first and second generation promoted a vision of redemption that culminates with deification and beatific vision. They affirmed these concepts without apology in confessional statements, dogmatic works, biblical commentaries, and polemical treatises. Attention will focus on figures in the Reformed tradition though one could produce similar surveys for the Lutheran and Anglican branches of the Reformation as well. John Calvin will receive extended treatment because some scholars dispute whether he affirmed deification. This essay presents important evidence thus far overlooked which should settle the question.

Two Visions of Being Saved as Deiform Perfectability

This essay contrasts transhumanist aspirations for godlike status by technological means with a C... more This essay contrasts transhumanist aspirations for godlike status by technological means with a Christian vision of deification. On one vision human beings instrumentally use technology to accomplish their chosen ends, on the other human beings are transformed to be instrumentally united with God as agents of his rule and reign in the cosmos. The essay also suggests transhumanist aspirations hold little realistic hope for genuine moral transformation and thus may not present visions of perfectibility worth having.

"Torah Instruction, Discussion, and Prophecy in First-Century Synagogues"

This essay argues that close examination of the pertinent evidence does not support the ubiquitou... more This essay argues that close examination of the pertinent evidence does not support the ubiquitous assumption that sermons were a common feature of Second Temple synagogue services. (So much for all those 'sermons' in the NT!) However, a period of open discussion was a common element of the service. This explains why Jesus, Paul, and other members of the Jesus-movement readily found opportunity to proclaim their message in synagogues. The open discussion period seems to have disappeared from the synagogue service in response to the activity of 'Christian' prophets.

"Rahab Outside the Camp"

This essay argues that Hebrews 11 is integral to the argument of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Furt... more This essay argues that Hebrews 11 is integral to the argument of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Furthermore, the author's carefully crafted rhetorical cues indicate that Rahab's commendation is particularly significant. In a subtle but striking way it anticipates the author's climactic exhortation in Hebrews 13:13-14 calling the readers to go "outside the camp." The essay ends with a short demonstration that 'camp' and 'outside the camp' were well-known legal terms of art referring to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period. The author of Hebrews is encouraging his readers to follow, quite literally, Rahab's example.

"Between the Testaments," "New Testament Background," "Hebrews" & "Revelation"

"The Earliest Patristic Interpretations of Psalm 82, Jewish Antecedents and the Origin of Christian Deification"

The link will take you to a PDF file of the article on the Oxford website, regardless of institut... more

Deification: A Truly Ecumenical Concept

Perspectives: a Journal of Reformed Thought 30/4 (2015): 8-14.

A popular-level summary of some of my work in progress challenging misconceptions about the Chris... more A popular-level summary of some of my work in progress challenging misconceptions about the Christian doctrine of deification's biblical warrant, terminology, and Protestant pedigree. It also briefly tells the story of how deification was cast as an Eastern Orthodox doctrine for apologetic purposes.

An Exotic Flower? Calvin and the Patristic Doctrine of Deification

The main argument of this essay is that deification is a Western as well as Eastern doctrine, his... more The main argument of this essay is that deification is a Western as well as Eastern doctrine, historical narratives depicting it as absent in the West after Augustine are mistaken, and therefore there is no a priori historical reason to think deification an unlikely element in Calvin's theology. It also gauges Calvin's response to three orthodox expressions of deification. Contrary to the assertions of some scholars, Calvin clearly did not consider all forms of deification blasphemous. His commentary on 2 Peter 1:4 appears to be a mature, informed affirmation of the patristic doctrine. Given Calvin's catholicity and commitment to the teachings of the undivided early church, there is nothing surprising about this.

Also see below 'The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification""

"The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification"

This paper argues that the early patristic theme of deification can be found in Calvin's theology... more This paper argues that the early patristic theme of deification can be found in Calvin's theology. More recently I have argued that there are no historical reasons to consider deification an unusual or unlikely element in Calvin's theology (see above 'An Exotic Flower?'). In the next few months I hope to work on a followup piece in response to a few scholars who have replied to this essay.

The link will take you to a PDF of the article.

"Fully Social Trinitarianism"

This essay does three things. First, it questions the cogency of the narrative about the developm... more This essay does three things. First, it questions the cogency of the narrative about the development of Trinitarian thought cited in support of Social Trinitarianism (ST). Second, it argues that ST is committed to incompatible theses regarding personhood, sociality, and perichoresis. One of these commitments must be discarded to make the model stable. Finally, it suggests that a consistent application of the biblical hermeneutic employed to ground ST would lead to a more fully social understanding of God than most proponents of ST would be willing to accept.

Mormonism in Africa

The first half of this article surveys the history and demographics of Mormonism on the African c... more The first half of this article surveys the history and demographics of Mormonism on the African continent. It then discusses some of the reasons Mormonism is attractive to black Africans despite the LDS Church's controversial priesthood ban prior to 1978. Finally, it highlights some of the challenges Mormonism presents to traditional Christianity in an African context.

"Classifying Mormon Theism"

This paper contests some common assumptions about atheism, monotheism, and polytheism. It argues ... more This paper contests some common assumptions about atheism, monotheism, and polytheism. It argues that these terms are not quantitative designations as their etymologies might suggest. Rather, they refer to concepts that are defined by qualitative criteria derived from paradigmatic examples. Having clarified what atheism, monotheism, and polytheism are, it then argues that Mormonism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. It does, however, qualify as atheistic in the narrow sense but theistic in the broad sense. Taken as a whole, Mormon theism is sui generis. If a category is needed to place Mormon theism alongside similar broadly theistic belief systems, then Anglo-American finite theism is probably the best category available.

Review of Jared C. Calaway, The Sabbath and the Sanctuary: Access to God in the Letter to the Hebrews and Its Priestly Context (Mohr Siebeck, 2013)

Review of Jody A. Barnard, The Mysticism of Hebrews: Exploring the Role of Jewish Apocalyptic Mysticism in the Epistle to the Hebrews (Mohr Siebeck, 2012)

Review of Garth Hallett, One God of All? Probing Pluralist Identities (Continuum, 2010)

Review of a recent book on religious pluralism that subjects pluralist identity claims to Wittgen... more

Review of Gabriella Gelardini, "Verhärtet eure Herzen nicht": Der Hebräer, eine Synagogenhomilie zu Tischa be-Aw (Brill, 2007)

A somewhat long review of a German monograph which argued that Hebrews is a synagogue sermon comp... more A somewhat long review of a German monograph which argued that Hebrews is a synagogue sermon composed for the commemoration of the 9th of Av (the day on which Jews remember the destruction of the First and Second Temples, among other travesties). The review touches on several interesting issues related to early Judaism.

I found the argument and method quite problematic in several respects. But there is one major problem that I did not mention in the review due to space. As nearly all Hebrews specialists do, Gelardini simply presumes that synagogue sermons were common in the Second Temple period and interprets the letter through that lens. Her entire case rests on this premise. My essay "Torah Instruction, Discussion, and Prophecy in First-Century Synagogues" demonstrates how little evidence there is for the existence of the kinds of synagogue sermons these scholars envision."

Review of Iutisone Salevao, Legitimation in the Letter to the Hebrews: The Construction and Maintenance of a Symbolic Universe (Sheffield, 2002).

Review-essay of Blomberg & Robinson, How Wide the Divide? (IVP, 1997)

"Nearly book-length review of Blomberg's and Robinson's How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Eva... more

Handout: Biblical, Western, and (Even) Reformed: Correcting Misconceptions about Deification

This is a handout for a talk that attempts to correct some widespread misconceptions about the do... more