The symposium examines how individuals’ socioeconomic status (SES) shapes micro-level processes r... more The symposium examines how individuals’ socioeconomic status (SES) shapes micro-level processes relevant to productivity, talent utilization, and ultimately socioeconomic mobility and stratificatio...
Understanding the causes and consequences income inequality and economic scarcity has been a cent... more Understanding the causes and consequences income inequality and economic scarcity has been a central concern for social scientists. Not only is the study of income dynamics theoretically intriguing for organizational scholars because of the ways in which firms provide a link between both macro and micro dimensions of social stratification, but also because of its relationship with a host of important societal outcomes, including social mobility and economic well-being. In this symposium, we offer five papers that examine the causes and consequences of income inequality and economic scarcity situated at various levels of analysis, highlighting how organizations, along with their practices, serve as a primary mechanism through which inequality and scarcity can be generated, mitigated, or even maintained. Compensation and Income Inequality Inside Organizations: A Field Study Presenter: Dionne Pohler; U. of Saskatchewan Presenter: Chris Riddell; Cornell U. Poor Performers or Poor Employees? Employee Finances ...
Employment instability is a common experience for working individuals. As a result of continuous ... more Employment instability is a common experience for working individuals. As a result of continuous changes in the labor market and unexpected events occurring at both the societal and individual leve...
Most organizational research has focused on skilled workers, professional employees, and managers... more Most organizational research has focused on skilled workers, professional employees, and managers; little attention has been paid to workers at the bottom of the organizational hierarchy, those who earn low wages or are at the lower ends of socioeconomic status. The four papers in this symposium shine light on these “under-examinedx employees, addressing questions such as: Do individuals from an economically disadvantaged background use traditional pathways for career advancement, such as mentoring and networking? Do the working poor form high-quality work relationships, and what benefits–if any–do they gain from these relationships? Do individuals at the bottom of the social hierarchy appreciate the significance of their jobs, and does task significance increase their work engagement and commitment? Do individuals from a background of poverty lead as effectively, and what personal characteristics help them develop a transformational leadership style against all odds?" Employees Who Felt Economicall...
In this paper, we examine the influence of a person’s financial worry on his or her ability to pe... more In this paper, we examine the influence of a person’s financial worry on his or her ability to perform at work. Across two studies, we show that people who are worried about their financial situation have less working memory available to them, which subsequently spills over into their work performance. In Study 1, we demonstrate this relationship in a field study with short-haul truck drivers where we combine survey responses with lagged archival data on preventable accidents. We find that a one standard deviation increase in financial worry is associated with a 4.4% increase in the odds of a preventable accident through its influence on working memory – a comparable effect than that of cell phone use while driving. In Study 2, we establish the causal ordering among the variables by manipulating financial worry and confirming its relationship with performance through decrements in working memory. Our research is the first to explicitly develop and test theory regarding the effect of employee finances on t...
The context of “challenging employment settings” is a vital-yet-overlooked part of the broader co... more The context of “challenging employment settings” is a vital-yet-overlooked part of the broader conversation regarding the relationships between organizations and their employees. Challenging employ...
American educators, policymakers, and philanthropists are overselling the role of the highly skil... more American educators, policymakers, and philanthropists are overselling the role of the highly skilled individual teacher and undervaluing the benefits that come from teacher collaborations.
The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by ... more The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by Arlie Russell Hochschild; and “Finding Time: How Corporations, Individuals, and Families Can Benefit from New Work Practices,” by Leslie Perlow.
The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by ... more The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by Arlie Russell Hochschild; and “Finding Time: How Corporations, Individuals, and Families Can Benefit from New Work Practices,” by Leslie Perlow.
Purpose: This study describes the development of a self-report survey measure of empathetic care.... more Purpose: This study describes the development of a self-report survey measure of empathetic care. Empathetic care is defined as caregiving that supports clients’ socioemotional capabilities and addresses their emotional needs. It is distinct from instrumental care, which involves assisting with physical needs such as activities of daily living. Design and Method: Based on a literature review, structured interviews, and focus groups, we identify three dimensions of empathetic care: extra-role behavior, emotional support, and relational richness. We then developed a large pool of items that could tap into these dimensions and administered versions of the survey to nearly 300 health care paraprofessionals. Results: After performing exploratory factor analyses on a larger survey of 138 paraprofessionals, a 10-item, three-factor measure, the Empathetic Care Scale (ECS), was developed that predicts decisions on consequential allocation scenarios. A second sample of 125 paraprofessionals provided data for a confirmatory factor analysis; results suggested that the ECS has desirable psychometric properties and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Further samples demonstrated acceptable levels of test-retest reliability and no social desirability bias. Implications: This study provides a short self-report measure that can be used to gauge care workers’ individual levels of empathetic care. Future research can use this measure to explore relationships between ECS responses and previously proposed but untested outcomes such as patient well-being and employee burnout or turnover rates.
The symposium examines how individuals’ socioeconomic status (SES) shapes micro-level processes r... more The symposium examines how individuals’ socioeconomic status (SES) shapes micro-level processes relevant to productivity, talent utilization, and ultimately socioeconomic mobility and stratificatio...
Understanding the causes and consequences income inequality and economic scarcity has been a cent... more Understanding the causes and consequences income inequality and economic scarcity has been a central concern for social scientists. Not only is the study of income dynamics theoretically intriguing for organizational scholars because of the ways in which firms provide a link between both macro and micro dimensions of social stratification, but also because of its relationship with a host of important societal outcomes, including social mobility and economic well-being. In this symposium, we offer five papers that examine the causes and consequences of income inequality and economic scarcity situated at various levels of analysis, highlighting how organizations, along with their practices, serve as a primary mechanism through which inequality and scarcity can be generated, mitigated, or even maintained. Compensation and Income Inequality Inside Organizations: A Field Study Presenter: Dionne Pohler; U. of Saskatchewan Presenter: Chris Riddell; Cornell U. Poor Performers or Poor Employees? Employee Finances ...
Employment instability is a common experience for working individuals. As a result of continuous ... more Employment instability is a common experience for working individuals. As a result of continuous changes in the labor market and unexpected events occurring at both the societal and individual leve...
Most organizational research has focused on skilled workers, professional employees, and managers... more Most organizational research has focused on skilled workers, professional employees, and managers; little attention has been paid to workers at the bottom of the organizational hierarchy, those who earn low wages or are at the lower ends of socioeconomic status. The four papers in this symposium shine light on these “under-examinedx employees, addressing questions such as: Do individuals from an economically disadvantaged background use traditional pathways for career advancement, such as mentoring and networking? Do the working poor form high-quality work relationships, and what benefits–if any–do they gain from these relationships? Do individuals at the bottom of the social hierarchy appreciate the significance of their jobs, and does task significance increase their work engagement and commitment? Do individuals from a background of poverty lead as effectively, and what personal characteristics help them develop a transformational leadership style against all odds?" Employees Who Felt Economicall...
In this paper, we examine the influence of a person’s financial worry on his or her ability to pe... more In this paper, we examine the influence of a person’s financial worry on his or her ability to perform at work. Across two studies, we show that people who are worried about their financial situation have less working memory available to them, which subsequently spills over into their work performance. In Study 1, we demonstrate this relationship in a field study with short-haul truck drivers where we combine survey responses with lagged archival data on preventable accidents. We find that a one standard deviation increase in financial worry is associated with a 4.4% increase in the odds of a preventable accident through its influence on working memory – a comparable effect than that of cell phone use while driving. In Study 2, we establish the causal ordering among the variables by manipulating financial worry and confirming its relationship with performance through decrements in working memory. Our research is the first to explicitly develop and test theory regarding the effect of employee finances on t...
The context of “challenging employment settings” is a vital-yet-overlooked part of the broader co... more The context of “challenging employment settings” is a vital-yet-overlooked part of the broader conversation regarding the relationships between organizations and their employees. Challenging employ...
American educators, policymakers, and philanthropists are overselling the role of the highly skil... more American educators, policymakers, and philanthropists are overselling the role of the highly skilled individual teacher and undervaluing the benefits that come from teacher collaborations.
The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by ... more The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by Arlie Russell Hochschild; and “Finding Time: How Corporations, Individuals, and Families Can Benefit from New Work Practices,” by Leslie Perlow.
The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by ... more The article reviews two books: “The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work,” by Arlie Russell Hochschild; and “Finding Time: How Corporations, Individuals, and Families Can Benefit from New Work Practices,” by Leslie Perlow.
Purpose: This study describes the development of a self-report survey measure of empathetic care.... more Purpose: This study describes the development of a self-report survey measure of empathetic care. Empathetic care is defined as caregiving that supports clients’ socioemotional capabilities and addresses their emotional needs. It is distinct from instrumental care, which involves assisting with physical needs such as activities of daily living. Design and Method: Based on a literature review, structured interviews, and focus groups, we identify three dimensions of empathetic care: extra-role behavior, emotional support, and relational richness. We then developed a large pool of items that could tap into these dimensions and administered versions of the survey to nearly 300 health care paraprofessionals. Results: After performing exploratory factor analyses on a larger survey of 138 paraprofessionals, a 10-item, three-factor measure, the Empathetic Care Scale (ECS), was developed that predicts decisions on consequential allocation scenarios. A second sample of 125 paraprofessionals provided data for a confirmatory factor analysis; results suggested that the ECS has desirable psychometric properties and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Further samples demonstrated acceptable levels of test-retest reliability and no social desirability bias. Implications: This study provides a short self-report measure that can be used to gauge care workers’ individual levels of empathetic care. Future research can use this measure to explore relationships between ECS responses and previously proposed but untested outcomes such as patient well-being and employee burnout or turnover rates.
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Papers by Carrie Leana