Papers by Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya
Salicylic Acid - A Versatile Plant Growth Regulator, 2021
Botanical Studies, 2012
Potato tuberization represents the morphogenetic transition of underground shoot to tuber involvi... more Potato tuberization represents the morphogenetic transition of underground shoot to tuber involving several biochemical and molecular changes under complex environmental, nutritional and endogenous regulation. Among the nutritional factors, the role of calcium in potato tuberization is documented in several earlier studies. Calcium is a major essential nutrient required for normal growth and development of plants. As a second messenger it plays a role in a number of fundamental cellular processes like cytoplasmic streaming, thigmotropism, gravitropism, cell division, cell differentiation, photomorphogenesis, plant defense and various stress responses. Calcium in the cytosol regulates the activity of Ca (superscript 2+)-sensor proteins and these proteins will subsequently activate and/or modify the activity of target proteins in biological pathways. Also, cytosolic calcium regulates oxidative burst via calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and induces many intracellular signaling...
Frontiers in Bioscience, 2018
Introduction 3. Pathway engineering for enhanced amino acid/protein 3.1. Transgenic potato with e... more Introduction 3. Pathway engineering for enhanced amino acid/protein 3.1. Transgenic potato with enhanced amino acid content 3.2. Transgenic potato for quality proteins 4. Pathway engineering for the high Vitamin content 4.1. Transgenic potato with enhanced carotenoids 4.2. Transgenic potato with enhanced vitamin-E 4.3. Transgenic potato with enhanced vitamin-C 5. Pathway engineering for the lipids biosynthesis 6. Pathway engineering for the carbohydrates quality 7. Pathway engineering of potato for production of vaccines and human proteins 7.1. Production of vaccines against viral diseases 7.2. Production of vaccines against bacterial diseases 8. Pathway engineering for the functional secondary metabolites 9. Future prospective and conclusions 10. Acknowledgements 11. References
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2012
Plant diseases can drastically abate the crop yields as the degree of disease outbreak is getting... more Plant diseases can drastically abate the crop yields as the degree of disease outbreak is getting severe around the world. Therefore, plant disease management has always been one of the main objectives of any crop improvement program. Plant disease resistance (R) genes have the ability to detect a pathogen attack and facilitate a counter attack against the pathogen. Numerous plant R-genes have been used with varying degree of success in crop improvement programs in the past and many of them are being continuously exploited. With the onset of recent genomic, bioinformatics and molecular biology techniques, it is quite possible to tame the R-genes for efficiently controlling the plant diseases caused by pathogens. This review summarizes the recent applications and future potential of R-genes in crop disease management.
Fungal Associations, 2012
The root endophyte Piriformospora indicabelongs to the Hymenomycetes (Basidiomycota), with a rela... more The root endophyte Piriformospora indicabelongs to the Hymenomycetes (Basidiomycota), with a relatively close relationship to Rhizoctoniaand Sebacina. It drastically improves plant growth and overall biomass and can be easily cultivated on a variety of synthetic media. The hyphae colonize the plant root and show inter- and intracellular structures (vesicles and hyphal differentiations like arbuscules). Chlamydospores are formed both inside the root tissues and externally into the environment. It is already shown that P. indicahas a wide host range among monocots and dicots, including legumes. Biotechnological applications of this fungus open new perspectives in agriculture, floriculture, viticulture and the reclamation of degraded and heavily mined soils.
In spite of few successful reports of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) regeneration, their survi... more In spite of few successful reports of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) regeneration, their survival rate is low on transplantation as these in vitro raised plantlets are usually sensitive to hardening as well as transplantation to soil. The survival rate during hardening and transplantation has been reported to be 65-70%. This study evaluated the response of tissue culture raised blackgram to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Fasciculatum and to the nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum, recovers during hardening process and transplantation shock, growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation activity. The overall survival rate of plants increased up to 90-95% in the in vitro raised tissue cultured plants. The results also demonstrated that the dual inoculation of in vitro grown blackgram plants with Rhizobium and AM fungi significantly increased the percentage of root colonization, plant biomass, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation activity in comparison with the plantlets in...
Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, 2018
Silver nanoparticles have unique assets which lead in molecular diagnostics, therapeutics, and de... more Silver nanoparticles have unique assets which lead in molecular diagnostics, therapeutics, and devices that are used in several medical procedures. The major procedures used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical methods. The problems with the chemical and physical methods, the synthesis is expensive and can also have toxic materials absorbed onto them. To overwhelm this, the biological procedures provide a reasonable alternative. In the biological systems involved in the bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, virus, and plant extracts. Most applications of silver nanoparticles are in the therapeutics, like antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This chapter provides a wide-ranging understanding on the mechanism of action, production, and application in plant protection.
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Apr 23, 2013
Piriformospora indica is an axenically cultivable phytopromotional endosymbiont that mimics capab... more Piriformospora indica is an axenically cultivable phytopromotional endosymbiont that mimics capabilities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This is a basidiomycete of the Sebacinaceae family, which promotes growth, development, and seed production in a variety of plant species. We report that the cell wall extract (CWE) from P. indica induces tuberization in vitro and promotes tuber growth and yield in potato. The CWE altered the calcium signaling pathway that regulates tuberization process. An increase in tuber number and size was correlated with increased transcript expression of the two Ca2+-dependant proteins (CaM1 and St-CDPK1) and the lipoxygenase (LOX) mRNA, which are known to play distinct roles in potato tuberization. External supplementation of Ca2+ ions induced a similar set of tuberization pathway genes, indicating presence of an active Ca2+ in the CWE of P. indica. Since potato tuberization is directly influenced by the presence of microflora in nature, the present study ...
Crop Science, Nov 1, 2011
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world after p... more Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world after potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and its productivity is influenced by different abiotic stresses. Though cultivated tomato is moderately tolerant to various abiotic stresses, the crop losses due to unfavorable environmental conditions can be unpredictably severe. So far, several efforts have been made to improve abiotic stress tolerance in cultivated tomato through cultural practices, breeding techniques, and biotechnological approaches. ...
Plant Science, Jun 21, 2012
Potato tuberization is a complicated biochemical process, which is dependent on external environm... more Potato tuberization is a complicated biochemical process, which is dependent on external environmental factors. Tuber development in potato consists of a series of biochemical and morphological processes at the stolon tip. Signal transduction proteins are involved in the source-sink transition during potato tuberization. In the present study, we examined protein profiles under in vitro tuber-inducing conditions using a shotgun proteomic approach involving denaturing gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. ...
Plant Science, Oct 5, 2012
Manganese stabilizing protein (MSP) is an important component of the Photosystem II (PSII) oxygen... more Manganese stabilizing protein (MSP) is an important component of the Photosystem II (PSII) oxygen evolving complex. In our previous work, transgenic potato plants with reduced expression of MSP (MSP-As) were developed and their physiological and biochemical responses were studied. In this report, we address the response of MSP-As plants toward salinity, heavy metal and osmotic stresses. MSP-As plants treated with NaCl, ZnCl2 or mannitol solution showed significant level of tolerance under all the stress conditions. ...
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Aug 1, 2012
In this report we address the changes in the expression of the genes involved in ROS scavenging a... more In this report we address the changes in the expression of the genes involved in ROS scavenging and ethylene biosynthesis induced by the inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from potato rhizosphere. The two Bacillus isolates used in this investigation had earlier demonstrated a striking influence on potato tuberization. These isolates showed enhanced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. Potato plants ...
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Jul 11, 2012
Manganese-stabilizing protein (MSP) represents a key component of the oxygen-evolving complex (OE... more Manganese-stabilizing protein (MSP) represents a key component of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Transgenic potato plants with both enhanced (sense) and reduced (anti-sense) MSP expression levels were generated to investigate the possible physiological role of MSP in overall plant growth, particularly in tuber development. MSP antisense plants exhibited both higher tuberization frequency and higher tuber yield with increased total soluble carbohydrates. The photosynthetic efficiencies of the plants were examined using ...
Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 28 (SUPPL. I) May 2010, May 1, 2010
ABSTRACT Upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme system in plants provides protection against vari... more ABSTRACT Upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme system in plants provides protection against various abiotic stresses. Transgenic potato plants overexpressing the strawberry d-galacturonic acid reductase (GalUR) gene with enhanced accumulation of ascorbate (AsA) were used to study the antioxidant system involving the ascorbate–glutathione cycle in order to understand the tolerance mechanism in plants in response to various abiotic stresses under in vitro conditions. Transgenic potato tubers subjected to various abiotic stresses induced by methyl viologen, sodium chloride and zinc chloride showed enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.1.1.1.6) and enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.8.1.7), as well as increased levels of ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and proline when compared to untransformed tubers. The increased enzyme activities correlated with the mRNA transcript levels in the stressed transgenic tubers. Significant differences in redox status of AsA and GSH were also observed in stressed transgenic potato tubers that showed increased tolerance to abiotic stresses compared to untransformed tubers. This study suggests that the increased accumulation of AsA could upregulate the antioxidant system which imparts improved tolerance against various abiotic stresses in transgenic tubers compared to untransformed tubers.
L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, AsA) is an important component of human nutrition. Plants and several... more L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, AsA) is an important component of human nutrition. Plants and several animals can synthesize their own ascorbic acid, whereas humans lack the gene essential for ascorbic acid biosynthesis and must acquire from their diet. In the present study, we developed transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Taedong Valley) over-expressing L-gulono-c-lactone oxidase (GLOase gene; NCBI Acc. No. NM022220), isolated from rat cells driven by CaMV35S constitutive promoter that showed enhanced AsA accumulation. Molecular analyses of four independent transgenic lines performed by PCR, Southern and RT-PCR revealed the stable integration of the transgene in the progeny. The transformation frequency was ca. 7.5% and the time required for the generation of transgenic plants was 6-7 weeks. Transgenic tubers showed significantly enhanced AsA content (141%) and GLOase activity as compared to untransformed tubers. These transgenics were also found to withstand various abiotic stresses caused by Methyl Viologen (MV), NaCl or mannitol, respectively. The T 1 transgenic plants exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl) survived better with increased shoot and root length when compared to untransformed plants. The elevated level of AsA accumulation in transgenics was directly correlated with their ability to withstand abiotic stresses. These results further demonstrated that the overexpression of GLOase gene enhanced basal levels of AsA in potato tubers and also the transgenics showed better survival under various abiotic stresses.
Horticulture, …, 2012
lVly,conrruzaue,n has on the plant at mte:rest on the responses of the photosynthetic app:ara eXl... more lVly,conrruzaue,n has on the plant at mte:rest on the responses of the photosynthetic app:ara eXl)er:lIDc~nta1 access to bioenergetics photosynthetic appara pn,puP'''' by the analysis fast fluorescence O-J-I-P exhibit ed by photosynthetic upon illumination et al. 1995). The analysis, on a simple and the Theory Energy Fluxes in Biomembranes (Strasser 1981), provides a of the behav iour of the apparatus et al. 2000). The cOI:lceJJtu:al approach of stress adapf;ati.on The stress concept: description and definitions "-'V~~M'"'" stress is exactly ...."'1.J.ll\.,..... physics, it aDIJearS differing meamngs OlO!10s;l'Y, which mainly COIlve.r2'e attributing stress to environmental 'nniavom:ablle for the org;anism (Levitt the org;arulsm to unfavourable stress non-stress as from the non-stress is at which the ","l.U.o.UlJLV1.l aaaJ]Jr;ea to its environment or, equivalently, the at its thermodynam state minimal entropy pH)(lU:cn'()ll, under a c~lruna~.TheQ'~~t-n CnlilI'actensea as environtmeJllt (Strasser characterisation optJmaJllty, pointing out environment. Any cn,m,:!;e in tile environ Mycorrhization as a stress adaptation procedure 201 However, the environmental conditions never cease to manifest alterations and, thus, the system is perpetually undergoing stress-stress adaptation processes, searching and approaching harmony with its environment. In this concept, based on the dynamic relation between organism and envi ronment and keeping from physics the concept of action-reaction, no environ mental factor is considered a priori as unfavourable and the plant bas not to 'resist', but it simply reacts. As far as the system manages to adapt, which means that the attraction point is within realistic limits (Strasser 1988), stress is not only harmless but, even more, constructive because it results in improved resistance and adaptive evolution; if the adaptability of the system is overtaxed, then stress is destructive, leading to permanent damages or even to death, as stated by Larcher (1987). The stress concept has also been quantitatively elaborated on the basis of the J-K-B trilogy (Strasser 1988), as shown below. This offers the possibility for analytical descrjption and establishment of links with the bioenergetics of the photosynthetic apparatns, both on the phenomenological and the biophysical leveL The J-K-B trilogy The efficiency (11) of a biological system at any given time, i.e. the ratio of its biological activity ('0) or output to the energetic input, has been described by Strasser (1985) as defined by three terms, 11 = f(J,K,B). The terms of this trilogy are: I YJ is a measure of the stress The attraction point is the state adapted to i.e, the "'2" state descuood by-2~ Under the state force created by the dif ference the system undergoes and and B-changes, until it reach es the attraction point K 2-2Bz-2y 2. The strain is either as Y-strain::: 2y z _Iy), or as K
Journal of Horticultural Research
The tuberization phenomenon in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a highly synchronized morphophy... more The tuberization phenomenon in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a highly synchronized morphophysiological process occurring on the underground stolons under the influence of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This involves the participation of the phytochrome sensory system, transport of sucrose from source to stolon, and several regulatory pathways including tuber-inducing hormone biosynthetic lipoxygenase (StLOX1) gene and major calcium-mediated signaling pathway genes (StCDPK and StCaM1). This study was aimed to explore the impacts of distinctive qualities of the light-emitting diode (LED) light with a specific wavelength on in vitro tuberization of potato. Single nodal segments of potato ‘Kufri Jyoti’ were incubated in vitro on the growth medium at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C and exposed to various combinations of red (R) and blue (B) LED light. The results showed that the combination of 30% red + 70% blue LED light (R30B70) significantly shortened the tuber induction per...
Plant Science Today
The study aimed to explore the impacts of distinctive qualities of the LED light (such as to low ... more The study aimed to explore the impacts of distinctive qualities of the LED light (such as to low power consumption, lesser production costs, longer operational lifetime and cool light emission with specific monochromatic wavelength) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and development including plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight etc. The accumulation of phyto-pigments, soluble proteins and sugars, free radical scavenging activity and overall tuber yield were also evaluated. Enhanced plant height with increased diameter and branching was observed with the plant growing under the B100 and R30B70 LED light combination. Similarly, total number of leaves, leaf surface area, health index, phyto-pigments and tuber yield of potato was also significantly increased as compared to the plant growing under the W100 as control. Soluble proteins and sugar content and free radical scavenging enzyme activity were also significantly enhanced in the R30B70 LED light c...
Sustainability
Water hyacinth is a rapidly growing troublesome aquatic weed plant, which causes eutrophication i... more Water hyacinth is a rapidly growing troublesome aquatic weed plant, which causes eutrophication in water bodies and irreversible damage to the ecological system. In this work, we have investigated the water hyacinth biomass (WHB) hydrolysis efficacy of dilute alkaline (DA) pretreatment followed by biological pretreatment with white-rot fungus Alternaria alternata strain AKJK-2. The effectiveness of the dilute alkaline (DA) and biological pretreatment process on WHB was confirmed by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and was further visualized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). XRD spectra showed the increase in the crystallinity of pretreated samples, attributed to the elimination of amorphous components as lignin and hemicellulose. FTIR peak analysis of pre-treated WHB showed substantial changes in the absorption of cellulose functional groups and the elimination of lignin signals....
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Papers by Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya