Performance assessment of human teaming in complex, real-world contexts is a fundamental challeng... more Performance assessment of human teaming in complex, real-world contexts is a fundamental challenge for research and training communities alike. We highlight a unique partnership between the cybersecurity training and research communities with the common goal of capturing human team performance. Whether in the context of a training assessment or a research endeavor; both are two sides of the same coin. As cybersecurity training events and competitions have evolved, there is increasing interest in analyzing the performance of the defenders as well as identifying the best methods of training, assessing, and educating the cybersecurity workforce. This includes analysis of the types of training, pedagogy, and the relationship between education, training, and commercial Information Technology (IT) certifications. In this work, we present a high-level look along with some initial findings from the premiere cyber training event for the Army National Guard Bureau focused on enhancing the capabilities of cyber defense teams to mitigate threats to critical national infrastructure. Our first year data collection effort was conducted in the spring of 2015 and involved multiple threads of data collection. The main realization to come from this study is that improved systems and procedures should be put in place to effectively monitor and quantify team behavior for valid analyses. As the research and training partnership matures, we hope to significantly improve the data collection and assessment of human team performance in follow-on exercises.
... STP 1306 Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: BioMarkers and Risk Assessment—Fifth V... more ... STP 1306 Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: BioMarkers and Risk Assessment—Fifth Volume David A. Bengtson and Diane S. Henshel ... Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, ...
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, Sep 1, 2003
Treatment of chickens as pre-incubation embryos with TCDD or PCB-126 altered fatty acid concentra... more Treatment of chickens as pre-incubation embryos with TCDD or PCB-126 altered fatty acid concentrations in their plasma 21 days later, compared with their oil vehicles (sunflower and corn oils, respectively). TCDD increased the concentrations of total fatty acids, lipid classes (phospholipids and cholesterol ester), fatty acid families (saturated, n-7 and n-6), and many specific fatty acids. The only fatty acid concentrations decreased by TCDD treatment were those of cholesterol ester fatty acids 20:3n3 and 24:6n3 and overall plasma 24:6n3. In contrast, PCB-126 treatment decreased total phospholipid, saturated and plasmogen fatty acid concentrations with generally decreasing trends in specific fatty acid concentrations. However, both TCDD and PCB-126 treatments increased total 22:1n9 and decreased 24:6n3 concentrations compared with their respective vehicles. The potential relationship between those fatty acid concentrations altered by toxicant treatment and alterations in brain symmetry was then examined using correlation analysis. Several fatty acid concentrations were significantly correlated with differences in brain morphology between the right and left hemispheres and these potential associations were different between toxicant and vehicle.
We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐d... more We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) injected either into the yolk or into the air cell. The TCDD was injected at the start of incubation (embryonic day 0) and the embryos were sacrificed at multiple times during embryonic development. A subset of embryos were allowed to hatch undisturbed. The chick embryo was significantly more sensitive to TCDD when injected into the yolk than when injected into the air cell. The resultant median lethal dose (LD50) (122 pg/g egg, determined by probit analysis; 146 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) was 60% lower than the LD50 (297 pg/g egg by probit; 255 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) for air‐cell‐injected TCDD. A significant decrease in hatch weight of embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD compared to controls occurred, and this decrease was even more pronounced at a lower concentration in the yolk‐injected birds. Interestingly, during the period of embryonic days 11 through 15, the mean weight of the yolk‐injected embryos was smaller than the mean weight of the air‐cell‐injected embryos. This difference was not noticably evident just before or just after this developmental period. Embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD injected into either the yolk or the air cell tended to die within the first 2 weeks of incubation. A number of TCDD‐exposed embryos survived the entire 21‐d incubation period, but only air‐cell‐injected embryos were able to hatch successfully. Because the injection site varies in studies reported by different laboratories, the relative sensitivity must be considered when comparing results from different studies.
This unit describes methods for injecting, incubating, handling and analyzing domestic chicken em... more This unit describes methods for injecting, incubating, handling and analyzing domestic chicken embryos used in teratology studies. It also includes a discussion of caveats and special handling issues as well as some discussion of statistical analyses that differentiate working with chicken embryos from working with clutches of eggs or litters of pups. As an example of potential data, preliminary data from a study of abnormalities in early embryos and hatchling chicks exposed to chlordane are presented.
Diane S. Henshel1, Brent M. Hehn2, Mylinh T. Vo3 and John D. Steeves3 A SHORT-TERM TEST FOR DIOXI... more Diane S. Henshel1, Brent M. Hehn2, Mylinh T. Vo3 and John D. Steeves3 A SHORT-TERM TEST FOR DIOXIN TERATOGENICITY USING ... GD, Norstrom, RJ, Whitehead, PE, Elliott, JE, Bandiera, SM, Dworschak, C, Chang, T., Forbes, S., Cadario, B., Hart, LE, and Cheng, KM ...
evaluates the molecular regulation of glutathione synthesis in embryos versus in the visceral yol... more evaluates the molecular regulation of glutathione synthesis in embryos versus in the visceral yolk sac at a relatively early stage of embryonic development (rat gestational days 10 and 11). Glutathione is one of the principal antioxidant free radical sca-vengers in animal cells, and the most abundant low molecular weight thiol (Josephy, 1997). Glutathione contributes to key antioxidant metabolic pathways by acting as a proton donor, or as the cofactor and nucleophilic conjugate. The first reaction, catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase, reduces hydrogen peroxide to water and yields oxidized glutathione. Similarly, glutathione can donate a proton directly to a free radical, including the very reactive hydroxyl radical. Glutathione also scavenges electro-philes, either by direct interaction (noncatalyzed) or in a reaction catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase. It is by this last mode of action that glutathione acts as a key cofactor in metabolism
It is important to have and use standardized terminology and develop a comprehensive common under... more It is important to have and use standardized terminology and develop a comprehensive common understanding of what is meant by cyber security and cyber security risk given the multidisciplinary nature of cyber security and the pervasiveness of cyber security concerns throughout society. Using expert elicitation methods, collaborating cyber researchers from multiple disciplines and two sectors (academia, government–military) were individually interviewed and asked to define cyber security and cyber security risk. Data‐driven thematic analysis was used to identify the most salient themes within each definition, sector, and cyber expert group as a whole with results compared to current standards definitions. Network analysis was employed to visualize the interconnection of salient themes within and across sectors and disciplines. When examined as a whole group, “context‐driven,” “resilient system functionality,” and “maintenance of CIA (confidentiality, integrity, availability)” were the most salient themes and influential network nodes for the definition of cyber security, while “impacts of CIA vulnerabilities,” “probabilities of outcomes,” and “context‐driven” were the most salient themes for cyber security risk. We used this expert elicitation process to develop comprehensive definitions of cyber security (cybersecurity) and cyber security risk that encompass the contextual frameworks of all the disciplines represented in the collaboration and explicitly incorporates human factors as significant cyber security risk factors.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1997
We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐d... more We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) injected either into the yolk or into the air cell. The TCDD was injected at the start of incubation (embryonic day 0) and the embryos were sacrificed at multiple times during embryonic development. A subset of embryos were allowed to hatch undisturbed. The chick embryo was significantly more sensitive to TCDD when injected into the yolk than when injected into the air cell. The resultant median lethal dose (LD50) (122 pg/g egg, determined by probit analysis; 146 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) was 60% lower than the LD50 (297 pg/g egg by probit; 255 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) for air‐cell‐injected TCDD. A significant decrease in hatch weight of embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD compared to controls occurred, and this decrease was even more pronounced at a lower concentration in the yolk‐injected birds. Interestingly, during the period of embryonic days 11 through 15, the mean weight of the yolk‐injected embryos was smaller than the mean weight of the air‐cell‐injected embryos. This difference was not noticably evident just before or just after this developmental period. Embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD injected into either the yolk or the air cell tended to die within the first 2 weeks of incubation. A number of TCDD‐exposed embryos survived the entire 21‐d incubation period, but only air‐cell‐injected embryos were able to hatch successfully. Because the injection site varies in studies reported by different laboratories, the relative sensitivity must be considered when comparing results from different studies.
In ovo exposure to dioxin and dioxin‐like compounds has been shown to be associated with the deve... more In ovo exposure to dioxin and dioxin‐like compounds has been shown to be associated with the development of grossly asymmetric avian brains. This asymmetry is primarily seen in two major brain regions, the forebrain and the tectum, and is detectable in the intact (but isolated) brain or in cross sections, as in computer tomographic (CT) images of the brain. Brain asymmetry has been observed in several wildlife species (heron, cormorant, and eagle) exposed to a mixture of contaminants in the wild, as well as in a domestic species (chicken) exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) in ovo under controlled conditions. Asymmetry appears with increasing frequency and severity in embryos and hatchlings exposed to increasing doses of TCDD beginning early in embryonic development. Since asymmetry is evident in early embryos (embryonic day 9) when the braincase is just a thin covering, it is unlikely that brain asymmetry is caused by effects on the braincase rather than on the brain itself. In addition, preliminary histological evaluation of heron hatchling brains indicates that the pyriform (striate) cortex has increased cell density in contaminated versus control brains, although it is not yet clear whether this change in cell density is also manifested asymmetrically. Immunohistochemical analysis of embryonic chicken spinal cord demonstrated that TCDD exposure in ovo also induces a dysmyelination.
Performance assessment of human teaming in complex, real-world contexts is a fundamental challeng... more Performance assessment of human teaming in complex, real-world contexts is a fundamental challenge for research and training communities alike. We highlight a unique partnership between the cybersecurity training and research communities with the common goal of capturing human team performance. Whether in the context of a training assessment or a research endeavor; both are two sides of the same coin. As cybersecurity training events and competitions have evolved, there is increasing interest in analyzing the performance of the defenders as well as identifying the best methods of training, assessing, and educating the cybersecurity workforce. This includes analysis of the types of training, pedagogy, and the relationship between education, training, and commercial Information Technology (IT) certifications. In this work, we present a high-level look along with some initial findings from the premiere cyber training event for the Army National Guard Bureau focused on enhancing the capabilities of cyber defense teams to mitigate threats to critical national infrastructure. Our first year data collection effort was conducted in the spring of 2015 and involved multiple threads of data collection. The main realization to come from this study is that improved systems and procedures should be put in place to effectively monitor and quantify team behavior for valid analyses. As the research and training partnership matures, we hope to significantly improve the data collection and assessment of human team performance in follow-on exercises.
... STP 1306 Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: BioMarkers and Risk Assessment—Fifth V... more ... STP 1306 Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: BioMarkers and Risk Assessment—Fifth Volume David A. Bengtson and Diane S. Henshel ... Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, ...
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, Sep 1, 2003
Treatment of chickens as pre-incubation embryos with TCDD or PCB-126 altered fatty acid concentra... more Treatment of chickens as pre-incubation embryos with TCDD or PCB-126 altered fatty acid concentrations in their plasma 21 days later, compared with their oil vehicles (sunflower and corn oils, respectively). TCDD increased the concentrations of total fatty acids, lipid classes (phospholipids and cholesterol ester), fatty acid families (saturated, n-7 and n-6), and many specific fatty acids. The only fatty acid concentrations decreased by TCDD treatment were those of cholesterol ester fatty acids 20:3n3 and 24:6n3 and overall plasma 24:6n3. In contrast, PCB-126 treatment decreased total phospholipid, saturated and plasmogen fatty acid concentrations with generally decreasing trends in specific fatty acid concentrations. However, both TCDD and PCB-126 treatments increased total 22:1n9 and decreased 24:6n3 concentrations compared with their respective vehicles. The potential relationship between those fatty acid concentrations altered by toxicant treatment and alterations in brain symmetry was then examined using correlation analysis. Several fatty acid concentrations were significantly correlated with differences in brain morphology between the right and left hemispheres and these potential associations were different between toxicant and vehicle.
We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐d... more We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) injected either into the yolk or into the air cell. The TCDD was injected at the start of incubation (embryonic day 0) and the embryos were sacrificed at multiple times during embryonic development. A subset of embryos were allowed to hatch undisturbed. The chick embryo was significantly more sensitive to TCDD when injected into the yolk than when injected into the air cell. The resultant median lethal dose (LD50) (122 pg/g egg, determined by probit analysis; 146 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) was 60% lower than the LD50 (297 pg/g egg by probit; 255 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) for air‐cell‐injected TCDD. A significant decrease in hatch weight of embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD compared to controls occurred, and this decrease was even more pronounced at a lower concentration in the yolk‐injected birds. Interestingly, during the period of embryonic days 11 through 15, the mean weight of the yolk‐injected embryos was smaller than the mean weight of the air‐cell‐injected embryos. This difference was not noticably evident just before or just after this developmental period. Embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD injected into either the yolk or the air cell tended to die within the first 2 weeks of incubation. A number of TCDD‐exposed embryos survived the entire 21‐d incubation period, but only air‐cell‐injected embryos were able to hatch successfully. Because the injection site varies in studies reported by different laboratories, the relative sensitivity must be considered when comparing results from different studies.
This unit describes methods for injecting, incubating, handling and analyzing domestic chicken em... more This unit describes methods for injecting, incubating, handling and analyzing domestic chicken embryos used in teratology studies. It also includes a discussion of caveats and special handling issues as well as some discussion of statistical analyses that differentiate working with chicken embryos from working with clutches of eggs or litters of pups. As an example of potential data, preliminary data from a study of abnormalities in early embryos and hatchling chicks exposed to chlordane are presented.
Diane S. Henshel1, Brent M. Hehn2, Mylinh T. Vo3 and John D. Steeves3 A SHORT-TERM TEST FOR DIOXI... more Diane S. Henshel1, Brent M. Hehn2, Mylinh T. Vo3 and John D. Steeves3 A SHORT-TERM TEST FOR DIOXIN TERATOGENICITY USING ... GD, Norstrom, RJ, Whitehead, PE, Elliott, JE, Bandiera, SM, Dworschak, C, Chang, T., Forbes, S., Cadario, B., Hart, LE, and Cheng, KM ...
evaluates the molecular regulation of glutathione synthesis in embryos versus in the visceral yol... more evaluates the molecular regulation of glutathione synthesis in embryos versus in the visceral yolk sac at a relatively early stage of embryonic development (rat gestational days 10 and 11). Glutathione is one of the principal antioxidant free radical sca-vengers in animal cells, and the most abundant low molecular weight thiol (Josephy, 1997). Glutathione contributes to key antioxidant metabolic pathways by acting as a proton donor, or as the cofactor and nucleophilic conjugate. The first reaction, catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase, reduces hydrogen peroxide to water and yields oxidized glutathione. Similarly, glutathione can donate a proton directly to a free radical, including the very reactive hydroxyl radical. Glutathione also scavenges electro-philes, either by direct interaction (noncatalyzed) or in a reaction catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase. It is by this last mode of action that glutathione acts as a key cofactor in metabolism
It is important to have and use standardized terminology and develop a comprehensive common under... more It is important to have and use standardized terminology and develop a comprehensive common understanding of what is meant by cyber security and cyber security risk given the multidisciplinary nature of cyber security and the pervasiveness of cyber security concerns throughout society. Using expert elicitation methods, collaborating cyber researchers from multiple disciplines and two sectors (academia, government–military) were individually interviewed and asked to define cyber security and cyber security risk. Data‐driven thematic analysis was used to identify the most salient themes within each definition, sector, and cyber expert group as a whole with results compared to current standards definitions. Network analysis was employed to visualize the interconnection of salient themes within and across sectors and disciplines. When examined as a whole group, “context‐driven,” “resilient system functionality,” and “maintenance of CIA (confidentiality, integrity, availability)” were the most salient themes and influential network nodes for the definition of cyber security, while “impacts of CIA vulnerabilities,” “probabilities of outcomes,” and “context‐driven” were the most salient themes for cyber security risk. We used this expert elicitation process to develop comprehensive definitions of cyber security (cybersecurity) and cyber security risk that encompass the contextual frameworks of all the disciplines represented in the collaboration and explicitly incorporates human factors as significant cyber security risk factors.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1997
We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐d... more We compared the relative sensitivity of chicken embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) injected either into the yolk or into the air cell. The TCDD was injected at the start of incubation (embryonic day 0) and the embryos were sacrificed at multiple times during embryonic development. A subset of embryos were allowed to hatch undisturbed. The chick embryo was significantly more sensitive to TCDD when injected into the yolk than when injected into the air cell. The resultant median lethal dose (LD50) (122 pg/g egg, determined by probit analysis; 146 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) was 60% lower than the LD50 (297 pg/g egg by probit; 255 pg/g egg determined by interpolation) for air‐cell‐injected TCDD. A significant decrease in hatch weight of embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD compared to controls occurred, and this decrease was even more pronounced at a lower concentration in the yolk‐injected birds. Interestingly, during the period of embryonic days 11 through 15, the mean weight of the yolk‐injected embryos was smaller than the mean weight of the air‐cell‐injected embryos. This difference was not noticably evident just before or just after this developmental period. Embryos exposed to high concentrations of TCDD injected into either the yolk or the air cell tended to die within the first 2 weeks of incubation. A number of TCDD‐exposed embryos survived the entire 21‐d incubation period, but only air‐cell‐injected embryos were able to hatch successfully. Because the injection site varies in studies reported by different laboratories, the relative sensitivity must be considered when comparing results from different studies.
In ovo exposure to dioxin and dioxin‐like compounds has been shown to be associated with the deve... more In ovo exposure to dioxin and dioxin‐like compounds has been shown to be associated with the development of grossly asymmetric avian brains. This asymmetry is primarily seen in two major brain regions, the forebrain and the tectum, and is detectable in the intact (but isolated) brain or in cross sections, as in computer tomographic (CT) images of the brain. Brain asymmetry has been observed in several wildlife species (heron, cormorant, and eagle) exposed to a mixture of contaminants in the wild, as well as in a domestic species (chicken) exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) in ovo under controlled conditions. Asymmetry appears with increasing frequency and severity in embryos and hatchlings exposed to increasing doses of TCDD beginning early in embryonic development. Since asymmetry is evident in early embryos (embryonic day 9) when the braincase is just a thin covering, it is unlikely that brain asymmetry is caused by effects on the braincase rather than on the brain itself. In addition, preliminary histological evaluation of heron hatchling brains indicates that the pyriform (striate) cortex has increased cell density in contaminated versus control brains, although it is not yet clear whether this change in cell density is also manifested asymmetrically. Immunohistochemical analysis of embryonic chicken spinal cord demonstrated that TCDD exposure in ovo also induces a dysmyelination.
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