Papers by Donald Patthoff
Neptune’s biggest moon Triton orbits at an almost constant distance of about 355,000 km from its ... more Neptune’s biggest moon Triton orbits at an almost constant distance of about 355,000 km from its parent body. The satellite has a very low eccentricity (e = 10 -5 ), and rotates synchronously about Neptune. It is thought to have been differentiated enough for the formation of interior solid and even liquid layers [1]. Generally, diurnal tidal forcing is the main stressing mechanism a satellite with a sufficient eccentricity can experience. Other possibly combined sources participating in the tidal evolution of a satellite can be nonsynchronous rotation (NSR), axis tilt (obliquity), polar wander, and ice shell thickening. Given Triton’s current very low eccentricity, the induced diurnal tidal forcing must be relatively non existent. Triton’s eccentricity has most likely changed since its capture [2] and this change in eccentricity may account for the formation of surface features and maintaining a subsurface liquid ocean [2, 3]. Furthermore, obliquity induced tides have been shown to...
Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2020
Laplace‐like resonances among Ganymede, Europa, and Io may have once led Ganymede to have an ecce... more Laplace‐like resonances among Ganymede, Europa, and Io may have once led Ganymede to have an eccentricity (presently e = 0.0013) as high as ~0.07 (Showman & Malhotra, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.5669). While diurnal stresses at Ganymede today are small (less than 10 kPa), a previous period of higher eccentricity may have allowed for an order of magnitude increase in the diurnal tidal stresses that could drive fault initiation and result in a past period of active tectonism. To investigate the role of tidal stresses on faulting, we use the numerical model SatStress (Wahr et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.11.002) to calculate diurnal tidal stresses on Ganymede's surface assuming e = 0.05, representative of a more eccentric orbit in Ganymede's past. We resolve normal and shear stresses onto discrete mapped fault segments and assess Coulomb failure criteria along three inferred shear zones on Ganymede's surface: Dardanus Sulcus, Tiamat Sulcus, a...
Icarus, 2019
High-resolution Galileo data of Ganymede's complex surface provide strong and ubiquitous evidence... more High-resolution Galileo data of Ganymede's complex surface provide strong and ubiquitous evidence of strike-slip motion: en echelon structures, strike-slip duplexes, laterally offset pre-existing features, and strained craters. In a previous study, we performed a detailed mapping of these strike-slip morphologies within nine regions of Ganymede: Dardanus Sulcus, Tiamat Sulcus, Nun Sulci, Byblus Sulcus, Nippur and Philus Sulci, the Transitional Terrain of Northern Marius Regio, Anshar Sulcus, Arbela Sulcus, and Uruk Sulcus. Strike-slip indicators were inferred in various combinations at each site, in addition to extensional processes. However, the prominence of strike-slip indicators suggests shearing has been an important process to the structural development of Ganymede's surface. Moreover, tidal stresses on Ganymede, under particular circumstances, may have been sufficient to induce Coulomb failure and generate strike-slip faulting. Here we investigate the role of both diurnal and non-synchronous rotation (NSR) tidal stresses on Ganymede using the numerical code SatStress. We resolve normal and shear tractions onto discrete fault segments of specified orientation and assess Coulomb failure potential for the nine inferred fault zones. Testing a range of subsurface fault depths (z = 0-5 km) and ice friction (μ f = 0.2-0.6), we find that tidal stress models of combined diurnal and NSR stress readily promote Coulomb failure within each studied fault zone. High friction (μ f = 0.6) limits failure depths to ∼1 km, while low friction (μ f = 0.2) extends failure depths to ∼2 km, consistent with elastic thickness estimates. We also compare each fault zone's predicted shear sense to the inferred shear sense from our structural mapping efforts and find compatible senses of shear among six of the nine regions that exhibit notable fault offset and/or prevalent inferences of en echelon, duplexes, and strained craters. In addition, principal stress orientations and failure feasibility computed on a global scale suggest that combined diurnal and NSR tidal stresses promote Coulomb failure within the shallow (< 2 km) icy lithosphere across much of Ganymede. Coulomb failure is limited near the equator by large compressive NSR stresses, but stresses at mid-to high-latitudes readily promote Coulomb failure along a wide range of fault orientations. Based on these results, we infer that nonsynchronous rotation may have assisted the formation and evolution of strike-slip structures on Ganymede.
Proceedings of SPIE, Mar 8, 2012
In the beginning of the age of enlightenment (or reason), the language of philosophy, science, an... more In the beginning of the age of enlightenment (or reason), the language of philosophy, science, and theology stemmed equally from the same pens. Many of these early enlightenment authors also applied their thoughts and experiences to practical inventions and entrepreneurship; in the process, they noted and measured different characteristics of light and redirected the use of lenses beyond that of the heat lens which had been developing for over 2000 years. Within decades, microscopes, telescopes, theodolites, and many variations of the heat lens were well known. These advances rapidly changed and expanded the nature of science, subsequent technology, and many boundary notions; that is the way boundaries are defined not just in the sense of what is land and commercial property, but also what notions of boundary help shape and define society, including the unique role that professions play within society. The advent of lasers in the mid twenty century, though, introduced the ability to measure the effects and characteristic of single coherent wavelengths. This also introduced more ways to evaluate the relationship of specific wavelengths of light to other variables and interactions. At the most basic level, the almost revolutionary boundary developments of lasers seem to split down two paths of work: 1) a pursuit of more sophisticated heat lenses having better controls over light's destructive and cutting powers and, 2) more nuanced light-based instruments that not only enhanced the powers of observation, but also offered more minute measurement opportunities and subtle treatment capabilities. It is well worth deliberating, then, if "enlightenment" and "light" might share more than five letters in a row. And (if a common underlying foundation is revealed within these deliberations) , is it worth questioning any possible revelations that might arise, or that might bear relevance on today's research and developments in light based sciences, technology, clinical professions, and other bio applications. And, finally, how might any such insight influence, then, the future of light based research and its possible application?
Journal of Dental Education, Feb 1, 2007
Richard Masella's "Renewing Professionalism in Dental Education: Overcoming the Market Environmen... more Richard Masella's "Renewing Professionalism in Dental Education: Overcoming the Market Environment" reveals why professionalism is nearly dead in America; it also shows the good of commerce and the excesses of commercialism in the market. More importantly, it collects and summarizes most of the relevant forms of education currently available to teach professionalism and professional ethics in dentistry; it then briefly examines whether those forms of education are used and if they are effective. Masella also asks some key challenging questions. His select and limited references lead to deeper studies about the nature and definition of professionalism and how it might be learned and presented. His suggestions for renewing professionalism are minimal; this sets the stage for proposing and selecting other ideas that need attention and development. Some of those ideas and suggestions, such as competition and collaboration, four types of dentistry, understanding two conflicting meanings of desire and need, and universal patient acceptance were recently explored in a workshop, "Professional Promises: Hopes and Gaps in Access to Oral Health Care" (procedings published in the November 2006 Journal of Dental Education), and were not yet available to Masella when his article was authored. His article, though, stimulates good discussion and action. Its data and substance show why, for example, dentistry needs to develop a core cadre of full-time practicing professional dental ethicists. Currently, there is only a small but very dedicated group of volunteers trying to meet our society's need to bring new life to professionalism in dentistry and our market. Dr. Patthoff is a general dentist in private practice in Martinsburg, West Virginia. He is the liaison of the American Society for Dental Ethics to the American College of Dentists and the American Dental Association and serves on the Ethics Committee of the American College of Dentists. Direct correspondence to him at 300 Foxcroft Ave.,
American College of Dentists, 2013
A hypothetical case of alleged sexual misconduct in a practice with high employee turnover and st... more A hypothetical case of alleged sexual misconduct in a practice with high employee turnover and stress is analyzed by three experts. This case commentary examines the ethical role expectations of an office manager who is not directly involved but becomes aware of the activities. The commentators bring the perspectives of a dental hygienist. academic administrator. and attorney; a teacher of behavioral sciences in a dental school; and a general dentist with many years of practice experience.
Journal of Dental Education, 2007
Richard Masella's "Renewing Professionalism in Dental Education: Overcoming the Market Environmen... more Richard Masella's "Renewing Professionalism in Dental Education: Overcoming the Market Environment" reveals why professionalism is nearly dead in America; it also shows the good of commerce and the excesses of commercialism in the market. More importantly, it collects and summarizes most of the relevant forms of education currently available to teach professionalism and professional ethics in dentistry; it then briefly examines whether those forms of education are used and if they are effective. Masella also asks some key challenging questions. His select and limited references lead to deeper studies about the nature and definition of professionalism and how it might be learned and presented. His suggestions for renewing professionalism are minimal; this sets the stage for proposing and selecting other ideas that need attention and development. Some of those ideas and suggestions, such as competition and collaboration, four types of dentistry, understanding two conflicting meanings of desire and need, and universal patient acceptance were recently explored in a workshop, "Professional Promises: Hopes and Gaps in Access to Oral Health Care" (procedings published in the November 2006 Journal of Dental Education), and were not yet available to Masella when his article was authored. His article, though, stimulates good discussion and action. Its data and substance show why, for example, dentistry needs to develop a core cadre of full-time practicing professional dental ethicists. Currently, there is only a small but very dedicated group of volunteers trying to meet our society's need to bring new life to professionalism in dentistry and our market. Dr. Patthoff is a general dentist in private practice in Martinsburg, West Virginia. He is the liaison of the American Society for Dental Ethics to the American College of Dentists and the American Dental Association and serves on the Ethics Committee of the American College of Dentists. Direct correspondence to him at 300 Foxcroft Ave.,
Journal of Dental Education, 2006
Journal of Dental Education, 2006
This article reviews the history and future good of acceptance ethics and helps frame the publica... more This article reviews the history and future good of acceptance ethics and helps frame the publication of papers presented at the workshop on Professional Promises: Hopes and Gaps in Access to Oral Health Care. Discovery and development of Universal Patient Acceptance (UPA), a practical application of acceptance ethics, is key to systematizing access to oral health; UPA expands partnerships among professional volunteerism, culture, and economic structures. A Veterans' Administration health services preventive dentistry research project and a West Virginia school children's preventive dental program raised awareness of acceptance. A state insurance crisis revealed an underlying systems ethics problem that was not purely legal, political, educational, economic, or scientific in nature. Key players were identified for dialogue, and questions were ranked. UPA was articulated and proposed as a unique, practical, and positive professional promise. The experience involved PEDNET, a dental ethics education group. An intensive applied dental ethics course for practicing dentists was developed; it attracted the American College of Dentists (ACD) and American Dental Association (ADA). Annual ACD LeaderSkills helped expand continuing education of ethics; several dental ethics summits were initiated. Concepts like discourse, adequate care, and viewing organizations as both persons and machines motivated further exploration of acceptance. Separating acceptance from diagnosis, treatment, and payment improves discourse on the various philosophical notions and practical applications that dominate each area. Dr. Patthoff is a general dentist in private practice in Martinsburg, West Virginia. He is the liaison of the American Society for Dental Ethics to the American College of Dentists and the American Dental Association and serves on the Ethics Committee of the American College of Dentists. Direct correspondence and requests for reprints to him at 300 Foxcroft Ave.,
Journal of Dental Education, 2006
Acceptance" is an often presupposed, hidden core value and ethic focused on how dental and other ... more Acceptance" is an often presupposed, hidden core value and ethic focused on how dental and other health practitioners first accept people as possible patients. The three basic styles of patient acceptance are random, selective, and universal. Reduced public access to care results from the practice of random and selective acceptance. Only universal acceptance creates a potential pathway for improved access to care. The notion of Universal Patient Acceptance (UPA) is discussed here as one kind of applied ethical tool or clinical practice that allows for the ethic of acceptance to be more effectively pursued in daily practice. We suggest that health providers falsely surmise that they already understand and practice Universal Patient Acceptance. That myth and perspective are partly what keeps Acceptance hidden as an ethic and overlooked as a potential way to foster dialogue and indirectly promote better access to care. Without Universal Patient Acceptance, dental and health providers will continue to silently engage in practice patterns that adversely affect public access to care. The actual benefits of Universal Patient Acceptance are the subject of ongoing review and debate. Whatever those benefits might be will not likely be realized until Acceptance and Universal Patient Acceptance are included as part of dental and other health professional codes of ethics and training curricula. That is what we argue for here.
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2008
Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy X, 2015
Low level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) also known as photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been pr... more Low level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) also known as photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been practiced for almost fifty years, and hundreds of positive clinical trials and thousands of laboratory studies have been published. Despite these impressive accomplishments LLLT has still not reached the stage of acceptance by mainstream medicine. The reasons for this were discussed at a recent Optical Society of America (OSA) Incubator meeting in Washington DC in 2014. Uncertainty about mechanisms was highlighted, and this paper will describe the current thinking. To drive LLLT towards mainstream medicine, we need better guidelines with standardized protocols and consistent parameters. Studies should be published in higher impact scientific and medical journals. Companies should avoid false promises and deceptive marketing, and physicians should receive a clearly defined return on investment with insurance reimbursement.
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2013
A hypothetical case of alleged sexual misconduct in a practice with high employee turnover and st... more A hypothetical case of alleged sexual misconduct in a practice with high employee turnover and stress is analyzed by three experts. This case commentary examines the ethical role expectations of an office manager who is not directly involved but becomes aware of the activities. The commentators bring the perspectives of a dental hygienist, academic administrator, and attorney; a teacher of behavioral sciences in a dental school; and a general dentist with many years of practice experience.
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2011
Three dentists who have been involved in teaching ethics comment on a case where an associate dis... more Three dentists who have been involved in teaching ethics comment on a case where an associate discovers that the 40% of collections she was expecting as compensation is being reduced because of the practice in the office of routinely writing off patient copays. The commentators note legal requirements and professional codes, but generally seek alternatives that do not require that patients pay the amount agreed by insurance contracts.
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2008
The future development of professional dental ethics requires a core group of dentists well-train... more The future development of professional dental ethics requires a core group of dentists well-trained in ethics: teachers, scholars, and researchers who are also firmly grounded in the clinical aspects of the profession.This will require a significant increase in the number of individuals who can work with a range of moral views, ethical communities, and religious traditions. Proposals for addressing this situation include: the creation of a dental ethics institute, the funding of an endowed dental ethics chair, a one-year professional dental ethics fellowship program, the development of a program of ethics certification, and the initiation of a "positive ethics" self-assessment program designed specifically for dental practices and organizations. Systemic and philanthropic efforts from dental organizations will be needed to support these endeavors. Some can be initiated through existing programs and organizations.
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2001
The authors discuss ways that dentistry engages silently and sometimes unknowingly in practice pa... more The authors discuss ways that dentistry engages silently and sometimes unknowingly in practice patterns that adversely affect public access to dental care. The concept of acceptance is explained and contrasted with treatment and with access to care. The concept of Universal Patient Acceptance (UPA) is introduced, with a focus on how it underlies and precedes access, creating a pathway so that truer universal access to dental care can be realized. The authors argue that a commitment to Universal Patient Acceptance shows promise as an important starting point in the dental profession's concern to address society's unmet oral health needs.
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2000
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 2000
The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 1998
This group was charged to explore what it might mean for an organization (as opposed to an indivi... more This group was charged to explore what it might mean for an organization (as opposed to an individual) to be ethical. The group explored issues and key assumptions, produced a single, leading recommendation, supported by several additional suggestions.
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Papers by Donald Patthoff