Este artículo pretende contribuir a la toma de conciencia sobre la diversidad lingüístico-cultura... more Este artículo pretende contribuir a la toma de conciencia sobre la diversidad lingüístico-cultural de las personas sordas y sus necesidades, así como sobre la situación de exclusión que vivencian en todas las áreas de la vida debido, por un lado, al desconocimiento social de sus características y necesidades y, por otro, a las barreras de comunicación y de acceso a la información. Las personas sordas se encuentran en una situación de discapacidad socialmente desapercibida. Para conocer su realidad, se muestran algunas pinceladas sobre sus características audiológicas y lingüístico-culturales, y se exponen algunos hechos y situaciones que explicitan las barreras sociales y actitudinales a las que se enfrentan en diversos ámbitos de su vida cotidiana. De esta manera se pretende evidenciar la vulneración de los derechos que recoge la legislación vigente y la situación de discriminación en la que viven.Recibido: 03 octubre 2019Aceptado: 24 febrero 2020Publicación en línea: Artículos en ...
The study aimed to design and evaluate a program for the prevention of childhood depression ("Poz... more The study aimed to design and evaluate a program for the prevention of childhood depression ("Pozik-Bizi" [in English, "Live-Happily"]), comparing its effects with a socio-emotional intervention program based on cooperative play. The sample comprised 420 students aged 7 to 10 years from the Basque Country, 51.9% were randomly assigned to the experimental condition ("Pozik-Bizi") program and 48.1% to the control group ("Play program"). Using a pretest-posttest repeated measures experimental design, 7 evaluation instruments were administered. When comparing the two interventions, it was confirmed that those who participated in the "Pozik-Bizi" program significantly decreased their level of clinical maladjustment, school maladjustment, emotional, and behavioral problems, and they increased positive behaviors that inhibit depression. However, the cooperative play program improved self-concept and social skills significantly more than the "Pozik-Bizi" program. The effect size in all the variables was small. The discussion analyzes the effectiveness of specific programs of prevention of childhood depression versus global programs of social-emotional development. This work provides a program to prevent childhood depression that has been shown to be effective in the reduction of clinical variables. In addition, this study confirms the positive potential of programs of cooperative play, to increase self-concept and social skills.
Resumen: El objetivo del estudio consistía en analizar la tasa de sintomatología depresiva infant... more Resumen: El objetivo del estudio consistía en analizar la tasa de sintomatología depresiva infantil en el ámbito escolar a partir del examen de las variables clínicas y escolares relacionadas con la sintomatología depresiva, para obtener un modelo predictor de la depresión que ayude a detectar y a entender mejor esta patología. La muestra estaba compuesta por 1104 estudiantes de 8 a 12 años de edad de distintos centros escolares de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Los participantes cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (CDS) y el autoinforme S-2 del Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes (BASC). Los maestros tutores proporcionaron información sobre el rendimiento académico de cada estudiante. Los resultados mostraron una interacción entre el sexo y la edad de los alumnos, lo que apoyaría la perspectiva evolutiva del trastorno depresivo. En los chicos los niveles de sintomatología depresiva descendían con la edad, pero en las chicas se daba un ligero repunte a la edad de 12 años. Los predictores más destacables de la depresión infantil eran el estrés social, la ansiedad, el sentido de incapacidad y la baja autoestima, lo que vendría a demostrar la vertiente emocional, social y cognitiva de la sintomatología depresiva. Palabras clave: Sintomatología depresiva; infancia; contexto escolar; autoestima; relaciones entre iguales; ansiedad.
The aims were to analyze depression rates in 8-12 year olds in a Spanish sample, to explore the r... more The aims were to analyze depression rates in 8-12 year olds in a Spanish sample, to explore the relationship between depression and school adjustment, and to study teachers' competence in detecting depression symptoms. The sample comprised 1102 students who filled out the Behaviour Assessment System for Children (BASC), and the Children's Depression Scale (CDS). Teachers completed an adapted version of the Teacher's Report Form (TRF). About 4% of the sample presented clinically significant depressive symptoms. The findings show that school maladjustment predicts depression. Self-esteem is also a predictive factor for girls, but not for boys. Teachers' assessment correlated with girls' self-reports.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
School maladjustment can be understood as students’ broad pattern of psychological uneasiness in ... more School maladjustment can be understood as students’ broad pattern of psychological uneasiness in the school context, which can be caused by different factors. Taking into account the relevance of the school context in children’s and adolescents’ lives, it is important to analyze their adjustment. This study explores school maladjustment in 1843 children and adolescents aged 11 to 18 from public and grant-assisted private schools in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country (Spain). The students filled out the self-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Results showed that clinically significant school maladjustment increased considerably in the age ranges of 13-14 and 17-18 years old. Moreover, statistical analysis supported that especially boys aged 13-14 scored higher in school maladjustment. Different predictive factors of school maladjustment were found, depending on the age ranges, though some factors were present in all age groups: Atypicality and Sens...
Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport
El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la prevalencia de la violencia de control a trav... more El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la prevalencia de la violencia de control a través de las redes sociales y el móvil en parejas jóvenes, y analizar su relación con el apego inseguro, la dependencia emocional, el sexo y la edad. Se seleccionó una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por 188 alumnos y alumnas universitarios. Las personas participantes completaron la Escala de Violencia de Pareja en las Redes Sociales en Adolescentes (e-VPA), el cuestionario Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) y el cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional en el Noviazgo de Jóvenes y Adolescentes (DEN). El 42% del total de la muestra estudiada afirmó haber sufrido violencia por parte de sus parejas al menos en alguna ocasión y el 41.5%, que habían ejercido violencia hacia su pareja en alguna ocasión. En el caso de la cibervictimización, los chicos fueron los que más alto puntuaron. En el caso de la ciberviolencia, las variables que predecían la violencia perpetrada a través de las redes sociales...
The reorganization of teaching orientated to convergence of the university systems at the EEES sh... more The reorganization of teaching orientated to convergence of the university systems at the EEES should positively influence the methodologies. It is the teachers who will take the proposals to the classroom and their effective implication will be essential to updating. The methodological proposals of the convergence process have been condensed at ten, and they have been analysed by four teaching teams, each from a different college of the University of the Basque Country. The teachers have evaluated the importance of each proposal as chance to improve and considered their feasibility at the centre. The balance importance/feasibility and the reflections of the four discussions groups shows the way in which this group of teachers seems to confront changes. Even though each Correspondencia:
Objetivo. Desde los anos ochenta, la violencia entre iguales ha suscitado una gran preocupacion d... more Objetivo. Desde los anos ochenta, la violencia entre iguales ha suscitado una gran preocupacion dentrode la comunidad cientifica y ha generado un intenso debate social. El principal objetivo de este estudio fueevaluar los efectos de un programa antibullying (Cyberprogram2.0) en factores del desarrollo socioemocionaly en la violencia. Metodo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 176 adolescentes espanoles, de 13 a 15 anos(77 hombres, 99 mujeres), de los cuales 93 fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la condicion experimentaly 83 a la de control. Se empleo un diseno cuasi-experimental postest con grupo de control equivalente.El programa contiene actividades para prevenir/reducir el bullying/cyberbullying. La intervencion consistioen realizar 19 sesiones de una hora de duracion durante un curso escolar. Al finalizar la intervencion, seadministro el Cuestionario de Evaluacion del Programa CEP-Cyberprogram-2.0. Resultados. Los ANOVApostest confirmaron que el programa estimulo una mejora significativa de los experimentales en diversascogniciones, emociones y conductas asociadas al desarrollo socioemocional y a la disminucion de la violencia(F[41,134]=58.82, p<.001; η²=.95; r=.97). La intervencion afecto similarmente en ambos sexos. Conclusion.La discusion se centra en la importancia de implementar programas para prevenir la violencia y fomentar eldesarrollo socioemocional.Palabras clave. Violencia, cond
AbstractThe goal of this study is to explore the relationship between students’ self-reported str... more AbstractThe goal of this study is to explore the relationship between students’ self-reported stress and teacher-informed depression, and to determine whether students’ resilience, self-concept, and social skills moderate this relationship. The sample included 481 participants aged 7–10 years, with a total of 252 boys (52.4%) and 229 girls (47.6%). The participants were selected from schools in the Basque country, 59.5% from public schools (n = 286) and 40.5% from private/subsidized schools (n = 195). To measure the variables under study, we requested the teachers to complete a questionnaire on depressive symptomatology for each of their students (CDS-teacher), and the students completed another four assessment tools to evaluate their levels of stress (IECI), their self-concept (CAG), social skills (SSiS), and resilience (RSCA). We found a positive correlation between depression and school stress and a negative one between depression and intellectual self-concept, sense of control, social skills (cooperation and responsibility), and variables that make up resilience (optimism, adaptability, trust, support, and tolerance). We found that self-concept, social skills, and resilience all moderated the relationship between stress and childhood depression. The amount of variance explained in the moderation models obtained ranged from 18 to 76%. The results obtained may be useful for the design of prevention and intervention programs for childhood depression, including strengthening children’s self-concept, social skills, and resilience as protective factors against depression.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Apr 13, 2020
The aim of this research was to know the factors associated with teen dating violence and victimi... more The aim of this research was to know the factors associated with teen dating violence and victimization because violence in teenagers' relationships is increasing in recent years, constituting a serious social problem. For this purpose, we analyzed teen dating violence and explored the variables (sexist attitudes, personal adjustment, clinical maladjustment, and resilience) related to teen dating violence and victimization using multinomial logistic models. The sample was composed of 268 school teenagers aged 12 to 17 from the Basque Country (Spain). Results showed that sex, age, sexism, and self-esteem predicted teen dating violence and that sex and social problems predicted victimization. Associations between the wide range of variables and types of perpetration and victimization (verbal-emotional, relational, and physical) were also explored. These results could be taken into consideration for future prevention programs.
Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Studies charting the pr... more Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. This review analyzes the construct and explanatory theories of depression and offers a succinct overview of the main evaluation instruments used to measure this disorder in children and adolescents, as well as the prevention programs developed for the school environment and the different types of clinical treatment provided. The analysis reveals that in mental classifications, the child depression construct is no different from the adult one, and that multiple explanatory theories must be taken into account in order to arrive at a full understanding of depression. Consequently, both treatment and prevention should also be multifactorial in nature. Although universal programs may be more appropriate due to their broad scope of application, the results are inconclusive and fail to demonstrate any solid long-term efficacy. In conclusion, we can state that: (1) There are biological factors (such as tryptophan-a building block for serotonin-depletion, for example) which strongly influence the appearance of depressive disorders; (2) Currently, negative interpersonal relations and relations with one's environment, coupled with social-cultural changes, may explain the increase observed in the prevalence of depression; (3) Many instruments can be used to evaluate depression, but it is necessary to continue to adapt tests for diagnosing the condition at an early age; (4) Prevention programs should be developed for and implemented at an early age; and (5) The majority of treatments are becoming increasingly rigorous and effective. Given that initial manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Scientific interest in students’ emotional and psychosocial experiences has been increasing in th... more Scientific interest in students’ emotional and psychosocial experiences has been increasing in the last years due to their influence on students’ learning processes and academic performance. The present manuscript tries to go further in the study of the relationship between perceived parenting socialization and academic performance by analyzing not only their direct effects, but also by testing their indirect influence through other variables such as students’ psychological and school maladjustment, especially focusing on gender differences (both of students and parents). The sample comprised 823 students (416 males and 407 females) from the Basque Country (Spain), with ages ranging between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.7, SD = 1.2). Students completed a sociodemographic data form, the PARQ-Control questionnaire, and the BASC-S3 test. Teachers answered an ad hoc question on each student’s academic performance. The data showed that, both for males and females, the same structure of parent–...
Este artículo pretende contribuir a la toma de conciencia sobre la diversidad lingüístico-cultura... more Este artículo pretende contribuir a la toma de conciencia sobre la diversidad lingüístico-cultural de las personas sordas y sus necesidades, así como sobre la situación de exclusión que vivencian en todas las áreas de la vida debido, por un lado, al desconocimiento social de sus características y necesidades y, por otro, a las barreras de comunicación y de acceso a la información. Las personas sordas se encuentran en una situación de discapacidad socialmente desapercibida. Para conocer su realidad, se muestran algunas pinceladas sobre sus características audiológicas y lingüístico-culturales, y se exponen algunos hechos y situaciones que explicitan las barreras sociales y actitudinales a las que se enfrentan en diversos ámbitos de su vida cotidiana. De esta manera se pretende evidenciar la vulneración de los derechos que recoge la legislación vigente y la situación de discriminación en la que viven.Recibido: 03 octubre 2019Aceptado: 24 febrero 2020Publicación en línea: Artículos en ...
The study aimed to design and evaluate a program for the prevention of childhood depression ("Poz... more The study aimed to design and evaluate a program for the prevention of childhood depression ("Pozik-Bizi" [in English, "Live-Happily"]), comparing its effects with a socio-emotional intervention program based on cooperative play. The sample comprised 420 students aged 7 to 10 years from the Basque Country, 51.9% were randomly assigned to the experimental condition ("Pozik-Bizi") program and 48.1% to the control group ("Play program"). Using a pretest-posttest repeated measures experimental design, 7 evaluation instruments were administered. When comparing the two interventions, it was confirmed that those who participated in the "Pozik-Bizi" program significantly decreased their level of clinical maladjustment, school maladjustment, emotional, and behavioral problems, and they increased positive behaviors that inhibit depression. However, the cooperative play program improved self-concept and social skills significantly more than the "Pozik-Bizi" program. The effect size in all the variables was small. The discussion analyzes the effectiveness of specific programs of prevention of childhood depression versus global programs of social-emotional development. This work provides a program to prevent childhood depression that has been shown to be effective in the reduction of clinical variables. In addition, this study confirms the positive potential of programs of cooperative play, to increase self-concept and social skills.
Resumen: El objetivo del estudio consistía en analizar la tasa de sintomatología depresiva infant... more Resumen: El objetivo del estudio consistía en analizar la tasa de sintomatología depresiva infantil en el ámbito escolar a partir del examen de las variables clínicas y escolares relacionadas con la sintomatología depresiva, para obtener un modelo predictor de la depresión que ayude a detectar y a entender mejor esta patología. La muestra estaba compuesta por 1104 estudiantes de 8 a 12 años de edad de distintos centros escolares de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Los participantes cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (CDS) y el autoinforme S-2 del Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes (BASC). Los maestros tutores proporcionaron información sobre el rendimiento académico de cada estudiante. Los resultados mostraron una interacción entre el sexo y la edad de los alumnos, lo que apoyaría la perspectiva evolutiva del trastorno depresivo. En los chicos los niveles de sintomatología depresiva descendían con la edad, pero en las chicas se daba un ligero repunte a la edad de 12 años. Los predictores más destacables de la depresión infantil eran el estrés social, la ansiedad, el sentido de incapacidad y la baja autoestima, lo que vendría a demostrar la vertiente emocional, social y cognitiva de la sintomatología depresiva. Palabras clave: Sintomatología depresiva; infancia; contexto escolar; autoestima; relaciones entre iguales; ansiedad.
The aims were to analyze depression rates in 8-12 year olds in a Spanish sample, to explore the r... more The aims were to analyze depression rates in 8-12 year olds in a Spanish sample, to explore the relationship between depression and school adjustment, and to study teachers' competence in detecting depression symptoms. The sample comprised 1102 students who filled out the Behaviour Assessment System for Children (BASC), and the Children's Depression Scale (CDS). Teachers completed an adapted version of the Teacher's Report Form (TRF). About 4% of the sample presented clinically significant depressive symptoms. The findings show that school maladjustment predicts depression. Self-esteem is also a predictive factor for girls, but not for boys. Teachers' assessment correlated with girls' self-reports.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
School maladjustment can be understood as students’ broad pattern of psychological uneasiness in ... more School maladjustment can be understood as students’ broad pattern of psychological uneasiness in the school context, which can be caused by different factors. Taking into account the relevance of the school context in children’s and adolescents’ lives, it is important to analyze their adjustment. This study explores school maladjustment in 1843 children and adolescents aged 11 to 18 from public and grant-assisted private schools in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country (Spain). The students filled out the self-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Results showed that clinically significant school maladjustment increased considerably in the age ranges of 13-14 and 17-18 years old. Moreover, statistical analysis supported that especially boys aged 13-14 scored higher in school maladjustment. Different predictive factors of school maladjustment were found, depending on the age ranges, though some factors were present in all age groups: Atypicality and Sens...
Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport
El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la prevalencia de la violencia de control a trav... more El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la prevalencia de la violencia de control a través de las redes sociales y el móvil en parejas jóvenes, y analizar su relación con el apego inseguro, la dependencia emocional, el sexo y la edad. Se seleccionó una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por 188 alumnos y alumnas universitarios. Las personas participantes completaron la Escala de Violencia de Pareja en las Redes Sociales en Adolescentes (e-VPA), el cuestionario Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) y el cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional en el Noviazgo de Jóvenes y Adolescentes (DEN). El 42% del total de la muestra estudiada afirmó haber sufrido violencia por parte de sus parejas al menos en alguna ocasión y el 41.5%, que habían ejercido violencia hacia su pareja en alguna ocasión. En el caso de la cibervictimización, los chicos fueron los que más alto puntuaron. En el caso de la ciberviolencia, las variables que predecían la violencia perpetrada a través de las redes sociales...
The reorganization of teaching orientated to convergence of the university systems at the EEES sh... more The reorganization of teaching orientated to convergence of the university systems at the EEES should positively influence the methodologies. It is the teachers who will take the proposals to the classroom and their effective implication will be essential to updating. The methodological proposals of the convergence process have been condensed at ten, and they have been analysed by four teaching teams, each from a different college of the University of the Basque Country. The teachers have evaluated the importance of each proposal as chance to improve and considered their feasibility at the centre. The balance importance/feasibility and the reflections of the four discussions groups shows the way in which this group of teachers seems to confront changes. Even though each Correspondencia:
Objetivo. Desde los anos ochenta, la violencia entre iguales ha suscitado una gran preocupacion d... more Objetivo. Desde los anos ochenta, la violencia entre iguales ha suscitado una gran preocupacion dentrode la comunidad cientifica y ha generado un intenso debate social. El principal objetivo de este estudio fueevaluar los efectos de un programa antibullying (Cyberprogram2.0) en factores del desarrollo socioemocionaly en la violencia. Metodo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 176 adolescentes espanoles, de 13 a 15 anos(77 hombres, 99 mujeres), de los cuales 93 fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la condicion experimentaly 83 a la de control. Se empleo un diseno cuasi-experimental postest con grupo de control equivalente.El programa contiene actividades para prevenir/reducir el bullying/cyberbullying. La intervencion consistioen realizar 19 sesiones de una hora de duracion durante un curso escolar. Al finalizar la intervencion, seadministro el Cuestionario de Evaluacion del Programa CEP-Cyberprogram-2.0. Resultados. Los ANOVApostest confirmaron que el programa estimulo una mejora significativa de los experimentales en diversascogniciones, emociones y conductas asociadas al desarrollo socioemocional y a la disminucion de la violencia(F[41,134]=58.82, p<.001; η²=.95; r=.97). La intervencion afecto similarmente en ambos sexos. Conclusion.La discusion se centra en la importancia de implementar programas para prevenir la violencia y fomentar eldesarrollo socioemocional.Palabras clave. Violencia, cond
AbstractThe goal of this study is to explore the relationship between students’ self-reported str... more AbstractThe goal of this study is to explore the relationship between students’ self-reported stress and teacher-informed depression, and to determine whether students’ resilience, self-concept, and social skills moderate this relationship. The sample included 481 participants aged 7–10 years, with a total of 252 boys (52.4%) and 229 girls (47.6%). The participants were selected from schools in the Basque country, 59.5% from public schools (n = 286) and 40.5% from private/subsidized schools (n = 195). To measure the variables under study, we requested the teachers to complete a questionnaire on depressive symptomatology for each of their students (CDS-teacher), and the students completed another four assessment tools to evaluate their levels of stress (IECI), their self-concept (CAG), social skills (SSiS), and resilience (RSCA). We found a positive correlation between depression and school stress and a negative one between depression and intellectual self-concept, sense of control, social skills (cooperation and responsibility), and variables that make up resilience (optimism, adaptability, trust, support, and tolerance). We found that self-concept, social skills, and resilience all moderated the relationship between stress and childhood depression. The amount of variance explained in the moderation models obtained ranged from 18 to 76%. The results obtained may be useful for the design of prevention and intervention programs for childhood depression, including strengthening children’s self-concept, social skills, and resilience as protective factors against depression.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Apr 13, 2020
The aim of this research was to know the factors associated with teen dating violence and victimi... more The aim of this research was to know the factors associated with teen dating violence and victimization because violence in teenagers' relationships is increasing in recent years, constituting a serious social problem. For this purpose, we analyzed teen dating violence and explored the variables (sexist attitudes, personal adjustment, clinical maladjustment, and resilience) related to teen dating violence and victimization using multinomial logistic models. The sample was composed of 268 school teenagers aged 12 to 17 from the Basque Country (Spain). Results showed that sex, age, sexism, and self-esteem predicted teen dating violence and that sex and social problems predicted victimization. Associations between the wide range of variables and types of perpetration and victimization (verbal-emotional, relational, and physical) were also explored. These results could be taken into consideration for future prevention programs.
Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Studies charting the pr... more Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. This review analyzes the construct and explanatory theories of depression and offers a succinct overview of the main evaluation instruments used to measure this disorder in children and adolescents, as well as the prevention programs developed for the school environment and the different types of clinical treatment provided. The analysis reveals that in mental classifications, the child depression construct is no different from the adult one, and that multiple explanatory theories must be taken into account in order to arrive at a full understanding of depression. Consequently, both treatment and prevention should also be multifactorial in nature. Although universal programs may be more appropriate due to their broad scope of application, the results are inconclusive and fail to demonstrate any solid long-term efficacy. In conclusion, we can state that: (1) There are biological factors (such as tryptophan-a building block for serotonin-depletion, for example) which strongly influence the appearance of depressive disorders; (2) Currently, negative interpersonal relations and relations with one's environment, coupled with social-cultural changes, may explain the increase observed in the prevalence of depression; (3) Many instruments can be used to evaluate depression, but it is necessary to continue to adapt tests for diagnosing the condition at an early age; (4) Prevention programs should be developed for and implemented at an early age; and (5) The majority of treatments are becoming increasingly rigorous and effective. Given that initial manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Scientific interest in students’ emotional and psychosocial experiences has been increasing in th... more Scientific interest in students’ emotional and psychosocial experiences has been increasing in the last years due to their influence on students’ learning processes and academic performance. The present manuscript tries to go further in the study of the relationship between perceived parenting socialization and academic performance by analyzing not only their direct effects, but also by testing their indirect influence through other variables such as students’ psychological and school maladjustment, especially focusing on gender differences (both of students and parents). The sample comprised 823 students (416 males and 407 females) from the Basque Country (Spain), with ages ranging between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.7, SD = 1.2). Students completed a sociodemographic data form, the PARQ-Control questionnaire, and the BASC-S3 test. Teachers answered an ad hoc question on each student’s academic performance. The data showed that, both for males and females, the same structure of parent–...
Uploads
Papers by Elena Bernaras