Terrestrial ecosystems in the southern United States (SUS) have experienced a complex set of chan... more Terrestrial ecosystems in the southern United States (SUS) have experienced a complex set of changes in climate, atmospheric CO 2 concentration, tropospheric ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen (N) deposition, and land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) during the past century. Although each of these factors has received attention for its alterations on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics, their combined effects and relative contributions are still not well understood. By using the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in combination with spatially explicit, longterm historical data series on multiple environmental factors, we examined the century-scale responses of ecosystem C storage and flux to multiple environmental changes in the SUS. The results indicated that multiple environmental changes shifted SUS ecosystems from a C source of 1.20 ± 0.56 Pg (1 Pg = 10 15 g) during the period 1895 to 1950, to a C sink of 2.00 ± 0.94 Pg during the period 1951 to 2007. Over the entire period spanning 1895-2007, SUS ecosystems were a net C sink of 0.80 ± 0.38 Pg. The C sink was primarily due to an increase in the vegetation C pool, whereas the soil C pool decreased during the study period. The spatiotemporal changes of C storage were caused by changes in multiple environmental factors. Among the five factors examined (climate, LULCC, N deposition, atmospheric CO 2 , and tropospheric O 3 ), elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration was the largest contributor to C sequestration, followed by N deposition. LULCC, climate, and tropospheric O 3 concentration contributed to C losses during the study period. The SUS ecosystem C sink was largely the result of interactive effects among multiple environmental factors, particularly atmospheric N input and atmospheric CO 2.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, Jan 31, 2010
The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts ... more The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leave... more Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [108]-119). Microfilm. s
Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1986. Vita. Includes bibliographica... more Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1986. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (173-176 leaves ).
T he US forest sector is in the midst of an era of tran-sition and opportunity. Expectations that... more T he US forest sector is in the midst of an era of tran-sition and opportunity. Expectations that forests are managed to sustain wildlife, water, soil, and other environ-mental values are increasing as are certification systems and state and national initiatives designed to insure those ex-pectations are met. For landowners who expect a return on their forestry investment, a host of socioeconomic factors and competition from Asia and Latin America have created uncertainties in markets for conventional forest products and potential new ones for energy and biomaterials. Pro-ductive forests that generate fiber for a variety of markets are needed to capture emerging opportunities and provide incentives against converting forests to less environmen-tally beneficial uses. This can only be accomplished through forest technologies and management regimes firmly grounded in research; however, the infrastructure to support these advances has weakened because of reduced funding directed toward ...
Intensive management practices increase productivity of forest plantations by reducing site, stan... more Intensive management practices increase productivity of forest plantations by reducing site, stand, and biological limitations to dry matter production and by maximizing the allocation of production to harvestable tree components. The resulting increase allows greater fiber production from a smaller land base and provides market incentives to keep these lands under forest use. The Southeast and Pacific Northwest contain the largest area of intensively managed plantations in the United States, with smaller pockets in the Midwest and other regions. Projected increases in US planted forest area are among the highest of any world region but maximum tree growth rates and returns on forestry investments are lower than those in South America. Addressing four critical information needs may help ensure that planted forests remain a competitive timber resource and sustainable land use in the United States: (1) improved capacity for understanding and predicting responses to intensive managemen...
Large quantities of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) residuals and boiler ash are generated as by... more Large quantities of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) residuals and boiler ash are generated as by-prod- ucts from the U.S. pulp and paper industry. These by-products have the potential to enhance forest growth and long-term site productivity when land-applied and are generally environmentally benign. Land application may be a particularly valuable tool for replenishing nutrients and organic matter removed from whole-tree harvesting or other intensive forest management practices and could also be used to rejuvenate marginal sites that are naturally infertile or degraded from past land use practices or other anthropogenic factors. Despite the demonstrated and potential benefits of for- est land application, 50-70% of mill by-products con- tinue to be disposed of in landfills at considerable cost while only 10-12% are land applied. Factors that im- pede companies from initiating land application pro- grams include logistic challenges, particularly when a variety of landowners, contract...
. Clearly, when the contribution of soils to forest ecosystem C is being assessed, soil-Forest so... more . Clearly, when the contribution of soils to forest ecosystem C is being assessed, soil-Forest soils are often deep and/or coarse-textured, which does not sampling depths should correspond to the realities of always lend itself to easy unbiased sampling. Two important Pacific the ecosystem being studied (Staley et al., 1988; Prichard Northwest (PNW) forest soil series that are deep and coarse-textured were studied to evaluate methods of estimating soil C: (i) a loamy et al., 2000). sand glacial outwash soil (Indianola series, mixed, mesic Dystric Xer-A study of the effects of N fertilization on soil C opsamments) and (ii) a very gravelly sandy loam glacial outwash soil (Canary, 1994; Canary et al., 2000) found that 37% of (Everett series, sandy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Vitrandic Dystroxerepts). C in the profiles of three forest soils was found at 25 Four methods were compared for estimating soil C, including: (i) to 85 cm, when the soil was sampled to a total depth of large pit (0.5 m 2 ) excavation, (ii) dug pit with 54-mm hammer-core 85 cm. The study also found that conclusions about bulk-density sampling, (iii) 31-mm soil push sampler, and (iv) clod the effects of N fertilization on soil also depended on method. Coarse (Ͼ2 mm) fragments were also collected, processed, sampling depth. For instance, the apparent soil C inand analyzed for soil C. Extending soil sampling deeper than 15 cm crease from N fertilization would have been 20% if only increased soil C estimates by as much as 120%. The pit excavation the forest floor was sampled and 11% if the sample method with sand-displacement volume measurements, which is by included mineral soil to a depth of 25 cm. The positive far the most labor-intensive and time-consuming, was considered the effect of N fertilization on soil C shrank to only 4% "standard" by which other methods were compared, as it didn't conwhen the sample included mineral soil to a depth of 85 tain any obvious biases. Soil core methods overestimated the Ͻ2-mm soil fraction (samples taken between large rocks). Biased methods cm. In this study, it was concluded that redistribution are often accepted as the "best available" due to the high time require-of C was the main effect of N fertilization in these soils, ment of pit excavation. The 31-or 54-mm soil core methods often and increases in total soil C were not as large as the didn't work due to the high rock content (Ͼ50%) of the Everett soil. increase in the forest floor and surface mineral soil Including C analysis of the Ͼ2-mm soil fraction increased soil C
Seasonal rates of nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the surface soil of oak-hickory forest plots ... more Seasonal rates of nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the surface soil of oak-hickory forest plots exposed to 30 years of annual and periodic (4-year) prescribed burning were estimated using an in-situ acetylene reduction procedure. Fixation rates were low, averaging 0.1 kg-ha '-year" 1 for all soil cores assayed in April, August, and October 1980 and April 1981 with approximately 11% of samples displaying activity. Burning treatments had no influence on fixation rates or proportion of samples displaying activity. Highest rates were found in autumn with an average rate for active samples of 2.2 kg-ha~' year '. Higher autumn fixation rates may be related to higher quantities of high energy foliar leachates which could induce a significant seasonal peak on sites demonstrating higher rates of fixation.
ABSTRACT Seasonal levels of extractable ammonium and nitrate in the sur-face soil of oak-hickory ... more ABSTRACT Seasonal levels of extractable ammonium and nitrate in the sur-face soil of oak-hickory (Quercus spp. and Carya spp.) forest plots subjected to 30 yr of annual and periodic (4-yr) prescribed burning were studied. Laboratory incubations were also carried out for ...
Ashes from the burning of wood and other plant-derived materials have been used as soil amendment... more Ashes from the burning of wood and other plant-derived materials have been used as soil amendments for centuries. Although historical interest in land application of ashes declined following the advent of commercial fertilizers and alternative liming materials, additional incentives for this beneficial use have arisen in recent years. The first is from rapidly rising landfill costs for disposal of by-product ashes produced from the paper and electric utility industries. Secondly, the environmental ethic of sustainable management and the concept of recycling have provided incentives to replace nutrients removed from forest and agronomic harvests. Field and greenhouse studies show that wood-fired boiler ashes can be successfully used as a replacement for agricultural lime with additional nutrient benefits. Ash application on forest land is less common, but Scandinavian studies indicate that ashes can enhance long-term productivity of some forested sites. The use of ashes alone or combined with other mill residues, fertilizers, or agricultural wastes could prove particularly valuable for sustaining productivity of intensively managed forests over successive rotations. This overview provides an introduction to a subset of papers presented at the "NCASI Symposium on Land Application of Wood-Fired and Combination Boiler Ashes."
The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts ... more The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
Terrestrial ecosystems in the southern United States (SUS) have experienced a complex set of chan... more Terrestrial ecosystems in the southern United States (SUS) have experienced a complex set of changes in climate, atmospheric CO 2 concentration, tropospheric ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen (N) deposition, and land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) during the past century. Although each of these factors has received attention for its alterations on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics, their combined effects and relative contributions are still not well understood. By using the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in combination with spatially explicit, longterm historical data series on multiple environmental factors, we examined the century-scale responses of ecosystem C storage and flux to multiple environmental changes in the SUS. The results indicated that multiple environmental changes shifted SUS ecosystems from a C source of 1.20 ± 0.56 Pg (1 Pg = 10 15 g) during the period 1895 to 1950, to a C sink of 2.00 ± 0.94 Pg during the period 1951 to 2007. Over the entire period spanning 1895-2007, SUS ecosystems were a net C sink of 0.80 ± 0.38 Pg. The C sink was primarily due to an increase in the vegetation C pool, whereas the soil C pool decreased during the study period. The spatiotemporal changes of C storage were caused by changes in multiple environmental factors. Among the five factors examined (climate, LULCC, N deposition, atmospheric CO 2 , and tropospheric O 3 ), elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration was the largest contributor to C sequestration, followed by N deposition. LULCC, climate, and tropospheric O 3 concentration contributed to C losses during the study period. The SUS ecosystem C sink was largely the result of interactive effects among multiple environmental factors, particularly atmospheric N input and atmospheric CO 2.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, Jan 31, 2010
The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts ... more The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leave... more Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [108]-119). Microfilm. s
Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1986. Vita. Includes bibliographica... more Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1986. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (173-176 leaves ).
T he US forest sector is in the midst of an era of tran-sition and opportunity. Expectations that... more T he US forest sector is in the midst of an era of tran-sition and opportunity. Expectations that forests are managed to sustain wildlife, water, soil, and other environ-mental values are increasing as are certification systems and state and national initiatives designed to insure those ex-pectations are met. For landowners who expect a return on their forestry investment, a host of socioeconomic factors and competition from Asia and Latin America have created uncertainties in markets for conventional forest products and potential new ones for energy and biomaterials. Pro-ductive forests that generate fiber for a variety of markets are needed to capture emerging opportunities and provide incentives against converting forests to less environmen-tally beneficial uses. This can only be accomplished through forest technologies and management regimes firmly grounded in research; however, the infrastructure to support these advances has weakened because of reduced funding directed toward ...
Intensive management practices increase productivity of forest plantations by reducing site, stan... more Intensive management practices increase productivity of forest plantations by reducing site, stand, and biological limitations to dry matter production and by maximizing the allocation of production to harvestable tree components. The resulting increase allows greater fiber production from a smaller land base and provides market incentives to keep these lands under forest use. The Southeast and Pacific Northwest contain the largest area of intensively managed plantations in the United States, with smaller pockets in the Midwest and other regions. Projected increases in US planted forest area are among the highest of any world region but maximum tree growth rates and returns on forestry investments are lower than those in South America. Addressing four critical information needs may help ensure that planted forests remain a competitive timber resource and sustainable land use in the United States: (1) improved capacity for understanding and predicting responses to intensive managemen...
Large quantities of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) residuals and boiler ash are generated as by... more Large quantities of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) residuals and boiler ash are generated as by-prod- ucts from the U.S. pulp and paper industry. These by-products have the potential to enhance forest growth and long-term site productivity when land-applied and are generally environmentally benign. Land application may be a particularly valuable tool for replenishing nutrients and organic matter removed from whole-tree harvesting or other intensive forest management practices and could also be used to rejuvenate marginal sites that are naturally infertile or degraded from past land use practices or other anthropogenic factors. Despite the demonstrated and potential benefits of for- est land application, 50-70% of mill by-products con- tinue to be disposed of in landfills at considerable cost while only 10-12% are land applied. Factors that im- pede companies from initiating land application pro- grams include logistic challenges, particularly when a variety of landowners, contract...
. Clearly, when the contribution of soils to forest ecosystem C is being assessed, soil-Forest so... more . Clearly, when the contribution of soils to forest ecosystem C is being assessed, soil-Forest soils are often deep and/or coarse-textured, which does not sampling depths should correspond to the realities of always lend itself to easy unbiased sampling. Two important Pacific the ecosystem being studied (Staley et al., 1988; Prichard Northwest (PNW) forest soil series that are deep and coarse-textured were studied to evaluate methods of estimating soil C: (i) a loamy et al., 2000). sand glacial outwash soil (Indianola series, mixed, mesic Dystric Xer-A study of the effects of N fertilization on soil C opsamments) and (ii) a very gravelly sandy loam glacial outwash soil (Canary, 1994; Canary et al., 2000) found that 37% of (Everett series, sandy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Vitrandic Dystroxerepts). C in the profiles of three forest soils was found at 25 Four methods were compared for estimating soil C, including: (i) to 85 cm, when the soil was sampled to a total depth of large pit (0.5 m 2 ) excavation, (ii) dug pit with 54-mm hammer-core 85 cm. The study also found that conclusions about bulk-density sampling, (iii) 31-mm soil push sampler, and (iv) clod the effects of N fertilization on soil also depended on method. Coarse (Ͼ2 mm) fragments were also collected, processed, sampling depth. For instance, the apparent soil C inand analyzed for soil C. Extending soil sampling deeper than 15 cm crease from N fertilization would have been 20% if only increased soil C estimates by as much as 120%. The pit excavation the forest floor was sampled and 11% if the sample method with sand-displacement volume measurements, which is by included mineral soil to a depth of 25 cm. The positive far the most labor-intensive and time-consuming, was considered the effect of N fertilization on soil C shrank to only 4% "standard" by which other methods were compared, as it didn't conwhen the sample included mineral soil to a depth of 85 tain any obvious biases. Soil core methods overestimated the Ͻ2-mm soil fraction (samples taken between large rocks). Biased methods cm. In this study, it was concluded that redistribution are often accepted as the "best available" due to the high time require-of C was the main effect of N fertilization in these soils, ment of pit excavation. The 31-or 54-mm soil core methods often and increases in total soil C were not as large as the didn't work due to the high rock content (Ͼ50%) of the Everett soil. increase in the forest floor and surface mineral soil Including C analysis of the Ͼ2-mm soil fraction increased soil C
Seasonal rates of nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the surface soil of oak-hickory forest plots ... more Seasonal rates of nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the surface soil of oak-hickory forest plots exposed to 30 years of annual and periodic (4-year) prescribed burning were estimated using an in-situ acetylene reduction procedure. Fixation rates were low, averaging 0.1 kg-ha '-year" 1 for all soil cores assayed in April, August, and October 1980 and April 1981 with approximately 11% of samples displaying activity. Burning treatments had no influence on fixation rates or proportion of samples displaying activity. Highest rates were found in autumn with an average rate for active samples of 2.2 kg-ha~' year '. Higher autumn fixation rates may be related to higher quantities of high energy foliar leachates which could induce a significant seasonal peak on sites demonstrating higher rates of fixation.
ABSTRACT Seasonal levels of extractable ammonium and nitrate in the sur-face soil of oak-hickory ... more ABSTRACT Seasonal levels of extractable ammonium and nitrate in the sur-face soil of oak-hickory (Quercus spp. and Carya spp.) forest plots subjected to 30 yr of annual and periodic (4-yr) prescribed burning were studied. Laboratory incubations were also carried out for ...
Ashes from the burning of wood and other plant-derived materials have been used as soil amendment... more Ashes from the burning of wood and other plant-derived materials have been used as soil amendments for centuries. Although historical interest in land application of ashes declined following the advent of commercial fertilizers and alternative liming materials, additional incentives for this beneficial use have arisen in recent years. The first is from rapidly rising landfill costs for disposal of by-product ashes produced from the paper and electric utility industries. Secondly, the environmental ethic of sustainable management and the concept of recycling have provided incentives to replace nutrients removed from forest and agronomic harvests. Field and greenhouse studies show that wood-fired boiler ashes can be successfully used as a replacement for agricultural lime with additional nutrient benefits. Ash application on forest land is less common, but Scandinavian studies indicate that ashes can enhance long-term productivity of some forested sites. The use of ashes alone or combined with other mill residues, fertilizers, or agricultural wastes could prove particularly valuable for sustaining productivity of intensively managed forests over successive rotations. This overview provides an introduction to a subset of papers presented at the "NCASI Symposium on Land Application of Wood-Fired and Combination Boiler Ashes."
The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts ... more The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
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