Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Jul 16, 2009
This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry... more This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry production in Turkey between 1961 and 2007. CH4(enteric) (from enteric fermentation), CH4(manure) (from manure management), and N2O(AWM) (from animal waste management) emissions in Turkey were estimated at 1,164, 216, and 55 Gg in 1961 and decreased to 844, 187, and 39 Gg in 2007, contributing a share of roughly 2% to the global livestock-related CH4 emissions and %1.5 to the global N2O(AWM) emissions, respectively. Total CO2-eq emissions were estimated at 50.7 Tg in 1961 and declined from a maximum value of 60.7 Tg in 1982 to a minimum value of 34.5 Tg in 2003, with a mean emission rate of 48 Tg year(-1) due to a significant reduction in the number of ruminant livestock. The highest mean share of emissions belonged to West Black Sea (14% and 16%) for CH4(enteric) and CH4(manure) and to North East Anatolia (12% and %13) for N2O(AWM) and total CO2-eq emissions, respectively. The highest emission density was 1.7 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for CH4(enteric), 0.3 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for CH4(manure), and 0.07 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for the total CO2-eq emissions in the West and North East Anatolia regions and 0.09 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for N2O(AWM) in the East Marmara region. Temporal and spatial variations in CH4(enteric), CH4(manure), and N2O(AWM) emissions in Turkey were estimated using regression models and ordinary kriging at a 500-m resolution, respectively.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases (GHG) whose increased emission... more Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases (GHG) whose increased emissions have significantly enhanced greenhouse effect, thus changing global climate. To keep up with the rising growth rates of human population and consumption in spite of decreasing agricultural human labour, finding ways to boost sustainable agricultural production through mechanization has gained importance instead of relying solely on human efforts. The present study aims at the quantification of total CO2-equivalent GHG emissions (CO2eq) from agricultural human labour required in tillage, cultivation, maintenance, harvesting, and transportation for 58 agricultural crops cultivated in Turkey. Our quantification was based on minimum and maximum values of human labour energy reported in related literature and the coefficient of 0.36 kg CO2eq per MJ. Our results showed that GHG emissions varied between 49.41 and 1232.66 Gg CO2eq for wheat, 1.44 and 72.68 Gg CO2eq for chickpea, and 49.50 and ...
Abstract: Though one of the most significant driving forces behind ecological processes such as b... more Abstract: Though one of the most significant driving forces behind ecological processes such as biogeochemical cycles and energy flows, solar radiation data are limited or nonexistent by conventional ground-based measurements, and thus, often estimated from other meteorological data through (geo)statistical models. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface at the ground level were quantified using 130 climate stations for the entire Turkey and its conventionallyaccepted seven geographical regions through multiple linear regression (MLR) models as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude, aspect, distance to sea; minimum, maximum and mean air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, pan evapotranspiration, day length, maximum possible sunshine duration, monthly average daily extraterrestrial solar radiation, and time (month), and universal kriging method. The resulting 20 reg...
Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari insanlar icin medeniyetin baslangicindan beri onemli bir yer tutm... more Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari insanlar icin medeniyetin baslangicindan beri onemli bir yer tutmustur. Ote yandan, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojileri gunes, ruzgâr gibi temiz ve bol bulunan kaynaklardan enerji elde etmeyi amaclamaktadir. Bu enerji kaynaklarindan biri de gunes pili enerjisidir. Gunes isigini kullanarak elektrik enerjisi ureten gunes pillerine talep, hem tarimsal uretimin bircok uygulamasinda, hem de gunluk yasamda gun gectikce artmaktadir. Gunes pili enerjisi ozellikle elektrik sebekesinin olmadigi kirsal alanlarda elektrik enerjisi saglamak amaciyla kendine pek cok uygulama alani bulabilmektedir. Kullanimi gun gectikce artan gunes enerjili su pompalama sistemlerinden en uygun ve ekonomik sekilde yararlanmak icin sistem tasarimina dikkat edilmelidir. Bu calismada, gunes pili teknolojisi tartisilmis, tarimsal sulama icin gunes enerjili su pompalama sistemlerinin kullanim ve tasarim hesaplamalarina yonelik cesitli oneriler verilmistir.
Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2014
This paper presents a study dealing with the experimental and theoretical analysis of a flat plat... more This paper presents a study dealing with the experimental and theoretical analysis of a flat plate solar air heater. The air collectors were tested experimentally for the tilt angle of 35$^{\circ}$ and 2 m $s^{-1}$ air velocity, and ambient temperature, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, absorber plate temperature, bottom plate temperature, solar radiation, air velocity, and airflow velocity from the duct were measured. The outlet air temperature and energy and exergy efficiencies of the collector were calculated theoretically. The results showed that the collector has the maximum mean outlet temperature for the airflow velocity of 1 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.001 m, triple glass cover, and length of 3 m; the maximum mean energy efficiency for the airflow velocity of 4 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.04 m, triple glass cover, and length of 1 m; and the maximum mean exergy efficiency for the airflow velocity of 1 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.005 m, triple glass cover, and length o...
Received 6 December 2010 Received in revised form 6 October 2011 Accepted 10October 2011 Renewabl... more Received 6 December 2010 Received in revised form 6 October 2011 Accepted 10October 2011 Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilization. The technologies of this energy offer the promise of clean and abundant energy garnered from self-renewing resources such as the sun and wind. One of these energy sources is photovoltaic energy. There is an increasing demand for solar cells that convert sun light into electricity in both agricultural applications and daily life. Photovoltaic energy can have many applications in agriculture, providing electrical energy in various cases, particularly in areas without an electric grid. With the increased use of solar water pumping systems, more attention has been paid to their design and optimum utilization in order to achieve the most reliable and economical operation. In this study, photovoltaic technology was discussed and various suggestions have been made for the calculations in the design and use of t...
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2014
Abstract This paper investigates viability of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 MW grid-connected photovol... more Abstract This paper investigates viability of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 MW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants using 22-year data for 135 locations across Turkey and RETScreen model to predict energy production. Mean annual global solar radiation (GSR), sunshine duration (SSD), and ambient air temperature ( T air ) were spatially interpolated over Turkey based on universal kriging method. The technical renewable energy potential of grid-connected solar PV in Turkey estimated for a 0.2–10 MW power plant, on average, ranged from 0.31 to 15.56 GW h m −2 yr −1 for a fixed system, and from 0.41 to 20.81 GW h m −2 yr −1 for a dual-axis tracker in direct alignment with the sun. The use of the proposed PV grid-connected power plants was found to provide the highest energy production in Osmaniye, Dalaman, and Koycegiz and the lowest energy production in Tosya, Gumushane, and Artvin.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Jul 16, 2009
This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry... more This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry production in Turkey between 1961 and 2007. CH4(enteric) (from enteric fermentation), CH4(manure) (from manure management), and N2O(AWM) (from animal waste management) emissions in Turkey were estimated at 1,164, 216, and 55 Gg in 1961 and decreased to 844, 187, and 39 Gg in 2007, contributing a share of roughly 2% to the global livestock-related CH4 emissions and %1.5 to the global N2O(AWM) emissions, respectively. Total CO2-eq emissions were estimated at 50.7 Tg in 1961 and declined from a maximum value of 60.7 Tg in 1982 to a minimum value of 34.5 Tg in 2003, with a mean emission rate of 48 Tg year(-1) due to a significant reduction in the number of ruminant livestock. The highest mean share of emissions belonged to West Black Sea (14% and 16%) for CH4(enteric) and CH4(manure) and to North East Anatolia (12% and %13) for N2O(AWM) and total CO2-eq emissions, respectively. The highest emission density was 1.7 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for CH4(enteric), 0.3 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for CH4(manure), and 0.07 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for the total CO2-eq emissions in the West and North East Anatolia regions and 0.09 Mg km(-2) year(-1) for N2O(AWM) in the East Marmara region. Temporal and spatial variations in CH4(enteric), CH4(manure), and N2O(AWM) emissions in Turkey were estimated using regression models and ordinary kriging at a 500-m resolution, respectively.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases (GHG) whose increased emission... more Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases (GHG) whose increased emissions have significantly enhanced greenhouse effect, thus changing global climate. To keep up with the rising growth rates of human population and consumption in spite of decreasing agricultural human labour, finding ways to boost sustainable agricultural production through mechanization has gained importance instead of relying solely on human efforts. The present study aims at the quantification of total CO2-equivalent GHG emissions (CO2eq) from agricultural human labour required in tillage, cultivation, maintenance, harvesting, and transportation for 58 agricultural crops cultivated in Turkey. Our quantification was based on minimum and maximum values of human labour energy reported in related literature and the coefficient of 0.36 kg CO2eq per MJ. Our results showed that GHG emissions varied between 49.41 and 1232.66 Gg CO2eq for wheat, 1.44 and 72.68 Gg CO2eq for chickpea, and 49.50 and ...
Abstract: Though one of the most significant driving forces behind ecological processes such as b... more Abstract: Though one of the most significant driving forces behind ecological processes such as biogeochemical cycles and energy flows, solar radiation data are limited or nonexistent by conventional ground-based measurements, and thus, often estimated from other meteorological data through (geo)statistical models. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface at the ground level were quantified using 130 climate stations for the entire Turkey and its conventionallyaccepted seven geographical regions through multiple linear regression (MLR) models as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude, aspect, distance to sea; minimum, maximum and mean air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, pan evapotranspiration, day length, maximum possible sunshine duration, monthly average daily extraterrestrial solar radiation, and time (month), and universal kriging method. The resulting 20 reg...
Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari insanlar icin medeniyetin baslangicindan beri onemli bir yer tutm... more Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari insanlar icin medeniyetin baslangicindan beri onemli bir yer tutmustur. Ote yandan, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojileri gunes, ruzgâr gibi temiz ve bol bulunan kaynaklardan enerji elde etmeyi amaclamaktadir. Bu enerji kaynaklarindan biri de gunes pili enerjisidir. Gunes isigini kullanarak elektrik enerjisi ureten gunes pillerine talep, hem tarimsal uretimin bircok uygulamasinda, hem de gunluk yasamda gun gectikce artmaktadir. Gunes pili enerjisi ozellikle elektrik sebekesinin olmadigi kirsal alanlarda elektrik enerjisi saglamak amaciyla kendine pek cok uygulama alani bulabilmektedir. Kullanimi gun gectikce artan gunes enerjili su pompalama sistemlerinden en uygun ve ekonomik sekilde yararlanmak icin sistem tasarimina dikkat edilmelidir. Bu calismada, gunes pili teknolojisi tartisilmis, tarimsal sulama icin gunes enerjili su pompalama sistemlerinin kullanim ve tasarim hesaplamalarina yonelik cesitli oneriler verilmistir.
Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2014
This paper presents a study dealing with the experimental and theoretical analysis of a flat plat... more This paper presents a study dealing with the experimental and theoretical analysis of a flat plate solar air heater. The air collectors were tested experimentally for the tilt angle of 35$^{\circ}$ and 2 m $s^{-1}$ air velocity, and ambient temperature, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, absorber plate temperature, bottom plate temperature, solar radiation, air velocity, and airflow velocity from the duct were measured. The outlet air temperature and energy and exergy efficiencies of the collector were calculated theoretically. The results showed that the collector has the maximum mean outlet temperature for the airflow velocity of 1 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.001 m, triple glass cover, and length of 3 m; the maximum mean energy efficiency for the airflow velocity of 4 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.04 m, triple glass cover, and length of 1 m; and the maximum mean exergy efficiency for the airflow velocity of 1 m $s^{-1}$, duct height of 0.005 m, triple glass cover, and length o...
Received 6 December 2010 Received in revised form 6 October 2011 Accepted 10October 2011 Renewabl... more Received 6 December 2010 Received in revised form 6 October 2011 Accepted 10October 2011 Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilization. The technologies of this energy offer the promise of clean and abundant energy garnered from self-renewing resources such as the sun and wind. One of these energy sources is photovoltaic energy. There is an increasing demand for solar cells that convert sun light into electricity in both agricultural applications and daily life. Photovoltaic energy can have many applications in agriculture, providing electrical energy in various cases, particularly in areas without an electric grid. With the increased use of solar water pumping systems, more attention has been paid to their design and optimum utilization in order to achieve the most reliable and economical operation. In this study, photovoltaic technology was discussed and various suggestions have been made for the calculations in the design and use of t...
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2014
Abstract This paper investigates viability of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 MW grid-connected photovol... more Abstract This paper investigates viability of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 MW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants using 22-year data for 135 locations across Turkey and RETScreen model to predict energy production. Mean annual global solar radiation (GSR), sunshine duration (SSD), and ambient air temperature ( T air ) were spatially interpolated over Turkey based on universal kriging method. The technical renewable energy potential of grid-connected solar PV in Turkey estimated for a 0.2–10 MW power plant, on average, ranged from 0.31 to 15.56 GW h m −2 yr −1 for a fixed system, and from 0.41 to 20.81 GW h m −2 yr −1 for a dual-axis tracker in direct alignment with the sun. The use of the proposed PV grid-connected power plants was found to provide the highest energy production in Osmaniye, Dalaman, and Koycegiz and the lowest energy production in Tosya, Gumushane, and Artvin.
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