Journal of soil science and plant nutrition v.11 n.2 2011, Apr 25, 2019
In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advan... more In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advancing in the knowledge of the soils in the zone, to determine the soil moisture and soil temperature regimes, and to establish its taxonomic classification. In one area, at the base of the slopes of the Irruputuncu volcano, where the occurrence of lahars and the presence of moraine deposits is described, 5 soil profiles were examined morphologically and some of their chemical and physical properties were determined. Moreover, the degree of pedogenic evolution of the volcanic parent materials was assessed. The depth of the solum did not exceed 0.40 m, and the low organic carbon content, combined with the dominance of the sand fraction, determined a low water holding capacity, which hampers the development of vegetation. It was determined that the soil temperature regime is frigid and its moisture regime is ustic. None of the soils showed andic soil properties. Hence, given the limited pedogenic development it was proposed to classify them as Ustorthents (Entisols, USDA, 2010).
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Processes diagram, main process steps and transformations, and mass... more Additional file 3: Figure S2. Processes diagram, main process steps and transformations, and mass balances for sugarcane bagasse and total pCAs and FAs by treatment and analytical procedure. The photomicrography of the untreated sugarcane bagasse was obtained after toluidine blue staining.
Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignments of 1H/13C correlation signals in the 2D HSQC spectra fro... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignments of 1H/13C correlation signals in the 2D HSQC spectra from untreated and pretreated sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) bagasse in DMSO-d6.
Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignment of the carbohydrate and lignin 13C/1H correlation signals... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignment of the carbohydrate and lignin 13C/1H correlation signals in the 2D HSQC NMR spectra of the GAX samples.
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfi... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the enzymatic method and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S2. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the De Lopez method and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S3. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the Hoijemethod and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S4. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S5. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment f...
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Time course of the enzymatic glucan and xylan conversion of sugarca... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Time course of the enzymatic glucan and xylan conversion of sugarcane bagasse after chemithermomechanical pretreatment with increasing alkaline-sulfite loads. A reference chlorite-delignified sugarcane bagasse sample is also included in the dataset.
Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed micropho... more Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed microphones that measure environmental noise. These networks provide historical and real-time environmental data to citizens and decision makers and are therefore a key technology to steer environmental policy. However, the high cost of certified environmental microphone sensors render large-scale environmental networks prohibitively expensive. Several environmental network projects have started using off-the-shelf low-cost microphone sensors to reduce their costs, but these sensors have higher failure rates and produce lower quality data. To offset this disadvantage, we developed a low-cost noise sensor that actively checks its condition and indirectly the integrity of the data it produces. The main design concept is to embed a 13 mm speaker in the noise sensor casing and, by regularly scheduling a frequency sweep, estimate the evolution of the microphone's frequency response over time. This paper presents our noise sensor's hardware and software design together with the results of a test deployment in a large-scale environmental network in Belgium. Our middle-range-value sensor (around e50) effectively detected all experienced malfunctions, in laboratory tests and outdoor deployments, with a few false positives. Future improvements could further lower the cost of our sensor below e10.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the enzymatic extraction of xylan using xylanases act... more The purpose of this work was to investigate the enzymatic extraction of xylan using xylanases active in alkaline conditions. One on-site produced and three commercial xylanases designed to boost bleaching of pulped wood were characterized for their optimal pH, temperature and stability to compare their effects on xylan extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. On-site produced xylanase was prepared from cultures of the alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 strain. The optimal temperatures and pH levels for all commercial xylanases were 60°C and 6, whereas for B. pumilus xylanase, they were 50°C and 8, respectively. B. pumilus was active up to pH 10, but it had low thermal stability. Five sugarcane substrates were prepared to contain decreasing lignin content based on alkaline-sulfite pretreatment or acid-chlorite delignification. Xylanase doses (5 to 100 IU/g substrate) were applied to these substrates at pH 8.0, 50 ºC and a 24-h reaction. Xylan extraction yields were strongly dependent on the lignin content of the substrates. Maximal xylan extraction yields were obtained in acid-chlorite delignified substrates, reaching values of 64% and 45% for Luminase and B. pumilus xylanases, respectively. Residual (non-extractable) xylans seemed occluded by and/or complexed with residual lignin of the substrates.
Preparing multiple products from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock enhances the profit and sustai... more Preparing multiple products from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock enhances the profit and sustainability of future biorefineries. Grasses are suitable feedstocks for biorefineries as they permit a variety of possible by-products due to their particular chemical characteristics and morphology. Elucidating the fate of -hydroxycinnamates (ferulates-FAs and -coumarates-CAs) and major structural components during bioprocessing helps to discriminate the sources of recalcitrance in grasses and paves the way for the recovery of -hydroxycinnamates, which have multiple applications. To address these subjects, we assessed sugarcane bagasse biorefining under alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical (AS-CTM) pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. The mass balances of the major bagasse components were combined with 2D-NMR structural evaluation of process solids to advance our understanding of sugarcane bagasse changes during biorefining. AS-CTM pretreatment provided a high yield and thorough...
New biorefinery concepts are necessary to drive industrial use of lignocellulose biomass componen... more New biorefinery concepts are necessary to drive industrial use of lignocellulose biomass components. Xylan recovery before enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucan component is a way to add value to the hemicellulose fraction, which can be used in papermaking, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Hemicellulose removal can also facilitate subsequent cellulolytic glucan hydrolysis. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with an alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical process to facilitate subsequent extraction of xylan by enzymatic or alkaline procedures. Alkaline extraction methods yielded 53% (w/w) xylan recovery. The enzymatic approach provided a limited yield of 22% (w/w) but produced the xylan with the lowest contamination with lignin and glucan components. All extracted xylans presented arabinosyl side groups and absence of acetylation. 2D-NMR data suggested the presence of O-methyl-glucuronic acid and p-coumarates only in enzymatically extracted xylan. Xylans isolated using the enzymatic ap...
In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advan... more In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advancing in the knowledge of the soils in the zone, to determine the soil moisture and soil temperature regimes, and to establish its taxonomic classification. In one area, at the base of the slopes of the Irruputuncu volcano, where the occurrence of lahars and the presence of moraine deposits is described, 5 soil profiles were examined morphologically and some of their chemical and physical properties were determined. Moreover, the degree of pedogenic evolution of the volcanic parent materials was assessed. The depth of the solum did not exceed 0.40 m, and the low organic carbon content, combined with the dominance of the sand fraction, determined a low water holding capacity, which hampers the development of vegetation. It was determined that the soil temperature regime is frigid and its moisture regime is ustic. None of the soils showed andic soil properties. Hence, given the limited pedogenic development it was proposed to classify them as Ustorthents (Entisols, USDA, 2010).
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) equipped with microphones are low-cost solutions for real-time au... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) equipped with microphones are low-cost solutions for real-time audio data acquisition, offering numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance and bioacoustics. These networks consist of small nodes capturing sound data and transmitting it via a wireless link to a collection point. Usually software and hardware implementations, followed by in situ tests, are used to validate the performance of the network. This study proposes a new validation step using small anechoic boxes, called ABoxes. These boxes allow emulation of the complete acoustic sensor network in a laboratory environment to obtain first impressions, reducing costs and labor. The new validation-step we are proposing simulates an open-field environment by setting up an electro-acoustic chain in individual small anechoic boxes, isolating every node from one another. Two different designs are being presented: the first ABox has modular pieces making it easier to build; the second and improved ABox design is more complex due to the application of advanced room acoustics theory. Both boxes were built using materials and components that can easily be obtained in a standard hardware store. With this method, basic testing of an acoustic wireless sensor network is possible and future work could expand the field of application of this validation step. For example, ABox could be further developed to allow testing of microphone array sensor networks. ABox also provides opportunities for the development of methods to characterize anechoic environments.
Los tiempos de estabilidad del negocio energético, que caracterizaron la década de los 50 y 60 ll... more Los tiempos de estabilidad del negocio energético, que caracterizaron la década de los 50 y 60 llegaron a su fin en los años 70. Desde entonces, los nuevos tiempos se caracterizan por rápidos cambios y una alta incertidumbre sobre la trayectoria futura que seguirá el mercado energético.
Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed micropho... more Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed microphones that measure environmental noise. These networks provide historical and real-time environmental data to citizens and decision makers and are therefore a key technology to steer environmental policy. However, the high cost of certified environmental microphone sensors render large-scale environmental networks prohibitively expensive. Several environmental network projects have started using off-the-shelf low-cost microphone sensors to reduce their costs, but these sensors have higher failure rates and produce lower quality data. To offset this disadvantage, we developed a low-cost noise sensor that actively checks its condition and indirectly the integrity of the data it produces. The main design concept is to embed a 13 mm speaker in the noise sensor casing and, by regularly scheduling a frequency sweep, estimate the evolution of the microphone's frequency response over time. This paper presents our noise sensor's hardware and software design together with the results of a test deployment in a large-scale environmental network in Belgium. Our middle-range-value sensor (around e50) effectively detected all experienced malfunctions, in laboratory tests and outdoor deployments, with a few false positives. Future improvements could further lower the cost of our sensor below e10.
Journal of soil science and plant nutrition v.11 n.2 2011, Apr 25, 2019
In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advan... more In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advancing in the knowledge of the soils in the zone, to determine the soil moisture and soil temperature regimes, and to establish its taxonomic classification. In one area, at the base of the slopes of the Irruputuncu volcano, where the occurrence of lahars and the presence of moraine deposits is described, 5 soil profiles were examined morphologically and some of their chemical and physical properties were determined. Moreover, the degree of pedogenic evolution of the volcanic parent materials was assessed. The depth of the solum did not exceed 0.40 m, and the low organic carbon content, combined with the dominance of the sand fraction, determined a low water holding capacity, which hampers the development of vegetation. It was determined that the soil temperature regime is frigid and its moisture regime is ustic. None of the soils showed andic soil properties. Hence, given the limited pedogenic development it was proposed to classify them as Ustorthents (Entisols, USDA, 2010).
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Processes diagram, main process steps and transformations, and mass... more Additional file 3: Figure S2. Processes diagram, main process steps and transformations, and mass balances for sugarcane bagasse and total pCAs and FAs by treatment and analytical procedure. The photomicrography of the untreated sugarcane bagasse was obtained after toluidine blue staining.
Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignments of 1H/13C correlation signals in the 2D HSQC spectra fro... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignments of 1H/13C correlation signals in the 2D HSQC spectra from untreated and pretreated sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) bagasse in DMSO-d6.
Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignment of the carbohydrate and lignin 13C/1H correlation signals... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Assignment of the carbohydrate and lignin 13C/1H correlation signals in the 2D HSQC NMR spectra of the GAX samples.
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfi... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the enzymatic method and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S2. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the De Lopez method and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S3. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by GAX extraction based on the Hoijemethod and enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S4. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of unwashed pretreated solids. Figure S5. Mass balance for sugarcane bagasse components during alkaline-sulfite chemothermomechanical pretreatment f...
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Time course of the enzymatic glucan and xylan conversion of sugarca... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Time course of the enzymatic glucan and xylan conversion of sugarcane bagasse after chemithermomechanical pretreatment with increasing alkaline-sulfite loads. A reference chlorite-delignified sugarcane bagasse sample is also included in the dataset.
Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed micropho... more Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed microphones that measure environmental noise. These networks provide historical and real-time environmental data to citizens and decision makers and are therefore a key technology to steer environmental policy. However, the high cost of certified environmental microphone sensors render large-scale environmental networks prohibitively expensive. Several environmental network projects have started using off-the-shelf low-cost microphone sensors to reduce their costs, but these sensors have higher failure rates and produce lower quality data. To offset this disadvantage, we developed a low-cost noise sensor that actively checks its condition and indirectly the integrity of the data it produces. The main design concept is to embed a 13 mm speaker in the noise sensor casing and, by regularly scheduling a frequency sweep, estimate the evolution of the microphone's frequency response over time. This paper presents our noise sensor's hardware and software design together with the results of a test deployment in a large-scale environmental network in Belgium. Our middle-range-value sensor (around e50) effectively detected all experienced malfunctions, in laboratory tests and outdoor deployments, with a few false positives. Future improvements could further lower the cost of our sensor below e10.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the enzymatic extraction of xylan using xylanases act... more The purpose of this work was to investigate the enzymatic extraction of xylan using xylanases active in alkaline conditions. One on-site produced and three commercial xylanases designed to boost bleaching of pulped wood were characterized for their optimal pH, temperature and stability to compare their effects on xylan extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. On-site produced xylanase was prepared from cultures of the alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 strain. The optimal temperatures and pH levels for all commercial xylanases were 60°C and 6, whereas for B. pumilus xylanase, they were 50°C and 8, respectively. B. pumilus was active up to pH 10, but it had low thermal stability. Five sugarcane substrates were prepared to contain decreasing lignin content based on alkaline-sulfite pretreatment or acid-chlorite delignification. Xylanase doses (5 to 100 IU/g substrate) were applied to these substrates at pH 8.0, 50 ºC and a 24-h reaction. Xylan extraction yields were strongly dependent on the lignin content of the substrates. Maximal xylan extraction yields were obtained in acid-chlorite delignified substrates, reaching values of 64% and 45% for Luminase and B. pumilus xylanases, respectively. Residual (non-extractable) xylans seemed occluded by and/or complexed with residual lignin of the substrates.
Preparing multiple products from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock enhances the profit and sustai... more Preparing multiple products from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock enhances the profit and sustainability of future biorefineries. Grasses are suitable feedstocks for biorefineries as they permit a variety of possible by-products due to their particular chemical characteristics and morphology. Elucidating the fate of -hydroxycinnamates (ferulates-FAs and -coumarates-CAs) and major structural components during bioprocessing helps to discriminate the sources of recalcitrance in grasses and paves the way for the recovery of -hydroxycinnamates, which have multiple applications. To address these subjects, we assessed sugarcane bagasse biorefining under alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical (AS-CTM) pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. The mass balances of the major bagasse components were combined with 2D-NMR structural evaluation of process solids to advance our understanding of sugarcane bagasse changes during biorefining. AS-CTM pretreatment provided a high yield and thorough...
New biorefinery concepts are necessary to drive industrial use of lignocellulose biomass componen... more New biorefinery concepts are necessary to drive industrial use of lignocellulose biomass components. Xylan recovery before enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucan component is a way to add value to the hemicellulose fraction, which can be used in papermaking, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Hemicellulose removal can also facilitate subsequent cellulolytic glucan hydrolysis. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with an alkaline-sulfite chemithermomechanical process to facilitate subsequent extraction of xylan by enzymatic or alkaline procedures. Alkaline extraction methods yielded 53% (w/w) xylan recovery. The enzymatic approach provided a limited yield of 22% (w/w) but produced the xylan with the lowest contamination with lignin and glucan components. All extracted xylans presented arabinosyl side groups and absence of acetylation. 2D-NMR data suggested the presence of O-methyl-glucuronic acid and p-coumarates only in enzymatically extracted xylan. Xylans isolated using the enzymatic ap...
In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advan... more In the Altiplano of the Iquique Province, Chile, a study was carried out for the purpose of advancing in the knowledge of the soils in the zone, to determine the soil moisture and soil temperature regimes, and to establish its taxonomic classification. In one area, at the base of the slopes of the Irruputuncu volcano, where the occurrence of lahars and the presence of moraine deposits is described, 5 soil profiles were examined morphologically and some of their chemical and physical properties were determined. Moreover, the degree of pedogenic evolution of the volcanic parent materials was assessed. The depth of the solum did not exceed 0.40 m, and the low organic carbon content, combined with the dominance of the sand fraction, determined a low water holding capacity, which hampers the development of vegetation. It was determined that the soil temperature regime is frigid and its moisture regime is ustic. None of the soils showed andic soil properties. Hence, given the limited pedogenic development it was proposed to classify them as Ustorthents (Entisols, USDA, 2010).
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) equipped with microphones are low-cost solutions for real-time au... more Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) equipped with microphones are low-cost solutions for real-time audio data acquisition, offering numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance and bioacoustics. These networks consist of small nodes capturing sound data and transmitting it via a wireless link to a collection point. Usually software and hardware implementations, followed by in situ tests, are used to validate the performance of the network. This study proposes a new validation step using small anechoic boxes, called ABoxes. These boxes allow emulation of the complete acoustic sensor network in a laboratory environment to obtain first impressions, reducing costs and labor. The new validation-step we are proposing simulates an open-field environment by setting up an electro-acoustic chain in individual small anechoic boxes, isolating every node from one another. Two different designs are being presented: the first ABox has modular pieces making it easier to build; the second and improved ABox design is more complex due to the application of advanced room acoustics theory. Both boxes were built using materials and components that can easily be obtained in a standard hardware store. With this method, basic testing of an acoustic wireless sensor network is possible and future work could expand the field of application of this validation step. For example, ABox could be further developed to allow testing of microphone array sensor networks. ABox also provides opportunities for the development of methods to characterize anechoic environments.
Los tiempos de estabilidad del negocio energético, que caracterizaron la década de los 50 y 60 ll... more Los tiempos de estabilidad del negocio energético, que caracterizaron la década de los 50 y 60 llegaron a su fin en los años 70. Desde entonces, los nuevos tiempos se caracterizan por rápidos cambios y una alta incertidumbre sobre la trayectoria futura que seguirá el mercado energético.
Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed micropho... more Large-scale noise pollution sensor networks consist of hundreds of spatially distributed microphones that measure environmental noise. These networks provide historical and real-time environmental data to citizens and decision makers and are therefore a key technology to steer environmental policy. However, the high cost of certified environmental microphone sensors render large-scale environmental networks prohibitively expensive. Several environmental network projects have started using off-the-shelf low-cost microphone sensors to reduce their costs, but these sensors have higher failure rates and produce lower quality data. To offset this disadvantage, we developed a low-cost noise sensor that actively checks its condition and indirectly the integrity of the data it produces. The main design concept is to embed a 13 mm speaker in the noise sensor casing and, by regularly scheduling a frequency sweep, estimate the evolution of the microphone's frequency response over time. This paper presents our noise sensor's hardware and software design together with the results of a test deployment in a large-scale environmental network in Belgium. Our middle-range-value sensor (around e50) effectively detected all experienced malfunctions, in laboratory tests and outdoor deployments, with a few false positives. Future improvements could further lower the cost of our sensor below e10.
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