Papers by Angelo Ferrando
Macromolecules, 1992
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European Polymer Journal, 1996
A complete one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study was carried out on the... more A complete one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study was carried out on the styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) dimer fraction of a sample of SAN thermal copolymer. A crude sample of SAN oligomers was first fractionated by distillation and then the dimers were isolated by thin-layer chromatography. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were then determined by NMR and the presence of disubstituted cyclobutanes was pointed out. This suggests that the Flory mechanism of initiation must be taken into account in spontaneous styrene-acrylonitrile copolymerization.
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Polymer, 2000
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Sensors, 2022
Petrochemical companies aim at assessing final product quality in real time, in order to rapidly ... more Petrochemical companies aim at assessing final product quality in real time, in order to rapidly deal with possible plant faults and to reduce chemical wastes and staff effort resulting from the many laboratory analyses performed every day. In order to answer these needs, the main purpose of the current work is to explore the feasibility of multiblock regression methods to build real-time monitoring models for the prediction of two quality properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) by fusing near-infrared (NIR) and process sensors data. Data come from a production plant, which operates continuously, and where four NIR probes are installed on-line, in addition to standard process sensors. Multiblock-PLS (MB-PLS) and Response-Oriented Sequential Alternation (ROSA) methods were here utilized to assess which of such sensors and plant areas were the most relevant for the quality parameters prediction. Several prediction models were constructed exploiting measurements provided by...
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European Polymer Journal, 1992
ABSTRACT
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Structural Chemistry, 1998
A new reaction scheme for obtaining cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane is described. Using 1H-... more A new reaction scheme for obtaining cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane is described. Using 1H-NMR at 600 MHz, full spectral assignment was made for both isomers, obtaining all J coupling constants and chemical shifts. NMR results on cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane are compared with the vicinal coupling constants obtained by the Barfield–Smith equations from the literature internal and dihedral angles of
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Macromolecular Research
An anomalous polystyrene gel was obtained during the copper-catalyzed “activators regenerated by ... more An anomalous polystyrene gel was obtained during the copper-catalyzed “activators regenerated by electron transfer” “atom transfer radical polymerization” (ARGET ATRP) of styrene at 60–70 °C, using ascorbic acid/Na2CO3 as the reducing system and EtOAc/EtOH as the solvent mixture. The result is remarkable since no branching nor cross-linking reagents were added to the reaction mixture and their formation in situ was excluded. The anomalous PS branching, at the origin of the phenomenon, requires a generic bifunctional initiator and is mechanistically bound to termination reactions between bifunctional macroinitiators. As a matter of fact, the branching/cross-linking phenomenon loses intensity, or even disappears, under reaction conditions that cause the built-up of CuII or increase the chain polymerization rate. The temperature is also a critical variable since no branching was observed for temperatures higher than 90 °C. We believe that the route toward gelation starts with a controlled chain polymerization of styrene from the bifunctional initiator, soon integrated by a step-growth polymerization due to radical coupling of the terminal units. The progressive decrease in the number of chains and free radicals in the reaction mixture should make more and more probable the intramolecular coupling between the C−Cl ends of the remaining long and entangled chains, producing a polycatenane network.
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Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A
Abstract “Activator regenerated by electron transfer” “atom transfer radical polymerization” (ARG... more Abstract “Activator regenerated by electron transfer” “atom transfer radical polymerization” (ARGET ATRP) process catalyzed by CuCl2/tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) (1/1) in ethyl acetate/ethanol (EtOAc/EtOH) for the polymerization of styrene from ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoate (EDCP) is described. The (re)generation of the activating CuI complex is accomplished by Na2CO3 without the addition of any explicit reducing agent. Differently from the analogous process operating in the presence of ascorbic acid/carbonate as the reducing system, branching is not present and control over polymerization is improved. The activation mechanism should follow a composite route, where both EtOH and TPMA contribute to the regeneration of the catalyst. The oxidation of TPMA is suggested by the absence of the ligand in the final reaction mixture and by the reduction of CuII even in t-BuOAc/t-BuOH, notwithstanding the very poor ability of t-BuOH as a reducing agent. Oxidative degradation of TPMA causes a progressive malfunctioning of the redox catalyst. Consequently, the polymerization rate, after a prompt start, becomes slower and slower, fixing conversions at around 50% (4.5 h). This means a gradual decrease of the free radical concentration, which develops unfavorable conditions for the reductive coupling (termination) between the bifunctional growing chains, preserving a controlled growth of the polymer. Graphical Abstract
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ABSTRACT
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NIR news, 2013
Introduction I n the last 20 years, Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) technology has been ... more Introduction I n the last 20 years, Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) technology has been increasingly deployed for process and quality control applications. In particular, this technology is widely used for process control in the petrochemicals industry. The work described in this report, implementation of FT-NIR technology for the determination of virgin naphtha feed components, is part of a broader project in the area of Advanced Process Control (APC) for an ethylene cracker plant. To improve overall performance of the plant, APC requires the use of in-line analysers and the purpose of this work has been an evaluation of the use of an FT-NIR analyser. As a first step, this technique has been evaluated at-line in the control laboratory with the eventual goal of in-line implementation. Ethylene is produced from virgin naphtha in steam cracking plants; the cracking furnaces are the most important process units within ethylene production plants. Thermal cracking reactions take place in the furnace and the valuable products produced are ethylene and propylene. The pyrolysis, even though quite a complex phenomenon, can be defined as a dehydrogenation reaction involving simultaneous cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds of the organic radicals. These two basic reactions are endothermal so heat must be provided to facilitate the conversion. At high temperature, hydrocarbons became unstable and decompose into hydrogen, methane, olefins and aromatic compounds; side-products such as heavy aromatics and oils are also formed. Given that the reactions are endothermic, pyrolysis is a process which consumes large amounts of energy. Process optimisation is therefore of fundamental importance in terms of achievable profit margins; advanced process control allows maximisation of the yield of ethylene and propylene at any given energy usage level. The technology defined for the advanced process control system requires the use of the on-line SPYRO routine that needs, as input data, composition data for the feedstock (virgin naphtha). To obtain data on the 32 components required (Table 1), NIR technology was preferred over chromatographic analysis because it is faster and easier to implement in-line. The layout of the APC (Figure 1) requires the use of SPYRO software. NIR-predicted composition is used as input data with a fixed tolerance (propylene : ethylene ratio). The most important output parameter of SPYRO is the Cracking Output Temperature (COT); once this is obtained, the APC is able to optimise the plant operating variables to keep the target set tolerance.
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Macromolecules, 2007
... Wallace O. Parker, Jr.,* † Angelo Ferrando, ‡ Dino Ferri, ‡ and Valentino Canepari ‡. ... b)W... more ... Wallace O. Parker, Jr.,* † Angelo Ferrando, ‡ Dino Ferri, ‡ and Valentino Canepari ‡. ... b)Walton, JH Polym. Polym. Compos. 1994, 2, 35−41. [CAS]. (5) Simonutti, R.; Bracco, S.; Comotti, A.; Mauri, M.; Sozzani, P. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 4651−4657. ...
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Macromolecules, 1998
ABSTRACT
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Papers by Angelo Ferrando