The AISI 440B (DIN 1.2210, X90CrMoV18) steel is one of the hardest among martensitic stainless st... more The AISI 440B (DIN 1.2210, X90CrMoV18) steel is one of the hardest among martensitic stainless steels. This type of steel is used in a variety of industrial applications where wear and corrosion are determinant, such as molds, parts and tools for the automotive and biomedical industries. Their superior mechanical properties are due to its high carbon (0.75-0.95 % C) and chromium (16-18% Cr) contents. Suitable coatings can increase wear resistance and expand these materials usability range. Boride coatings, with their high hardness and wear resistance are good candidates for this purpose. Boride layers were obtained by boriding treatment in a salt bath (a mixture of sodium borate and aluminum). The layer properties, such as hardness, thickness, layer/substrate interface morphology and phases formed are influenced by steel composition. In this work, the layers produced on AISI 440B steel were harder, thinner, with a smoother interface when compared to plain carbon steels due the larger amount of alloying elements. In order to evaluate mechanical properties of borided layers in samples of stainless steel AISI 440B, Optical Microscopy (OM) microstructural analysis, Vickers microhardness tests and micro-adhesive and micro-abrasive wear resistance tests were performed. The layers produced exhibited a hardness close to 2250 HV and excellent wear resistance far superior to that of substrate
Several types of powders can be deposited on metal alloys for property improvement using thermal ... more Several types of powders can be deposited on metal alloys for property improvement using thermal spray processes. Aircraft grade 7075 aluminum alloy possesses good mechanical properties but poor wear and corrosion resistance. Thermal spray coatings can improve the poor wear performance of 7075 so that it is suitable for use in severe conditions by depositing a hard, wear-resisting layer over the base material. This can be done by a simple production process while maintaining the base material properties. Among the available coatings, cobalt-base superalloys, such as Stellites, provides excellent protection against corrosion and wear. However, the treatment must not deteriorate the substrate hardness. In the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process, the short resident time of the powder in the flame results in a relatively small temperature increase, which in turn results in a lower substrate temperature during the coating deposition. In the present work, HVOF thermal s...
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2020
The quest for vehicle safety improvement with weight reduction and consequently lower fuel consum... more The quest for vehicle safety improvement with weight reduction and consequently lower fuel consumption led the automotive industry to begin research into the third generation of advanced high-strength steels. These steels present complex microstructures, composed of martensite, bainite and stable retained austenite. Two of the main treatments for obtaining these microstructures are the low-temperature austempering and quenching and partitioning (Q&P). The objective of this work is to evaluate the microhardness and adhesive wear performance of C-Si-Mn and C-Si-Mn-Nb steels submitted to the treatments mentioned above. Both austempering and the partitioning steps were conducted at Ms+50 °C. Treatment times were 1 and 3 h for austempering and 10, 30 and 60 min for Q&P. Results show that niobium addition promotes improvement in wear performance despite inferior levels of austenite stabilization and changes in the bainite morphology.
The large economic and environmental impact caused by corrosion of metal structures has demanded ... more The large economic and environmental impact caused by corrosion of metal structures has demanded new types of anti-corrosion coatings. This study proposes the application of silica-based coatings for corrosion protection of AA7075 aluminum alloy in saline environments rich in chloride ions. These coatings were obtained using the sol-gel technique. The samples were dip-coated in two types of solutions: (a) a mix of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMPM) (Coating 1); and (b) a mix of titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TIP) with TMPM (Coating 2). The cure temperatures of the coatings were of 25°C, 60°C, 100°C, and 130°C, with treatment times of 1 and 3 hours. Characterization of the coatings was done by potentiodynamic polarization in aqueous saline solution (sodium chloride 3.5 %), nanoscratching, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The layers produced were uniform with good scratch resistance and with superior corrosion resistance when compared to the substrate.
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are iron-nickel-chromium alloys containing precipitation... more Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are iron-nickel-chromium alloys containing precipitation hardening elements such as aluminum, titanium, niobium, and copper. In this work, heat treatment of a novel precipitation hardening stainless steel using niobium as a forming element for the hardening precipitates was carried out in order to increase its hardness. The steel composition was 0.03C - 0.22Si - 17.86Cr - 3.91Ni - 2.19Mo - 1.96Nb (in wt.%). The samples were solution annealed at 1100°C for 2 h. Cooling was done in oil and the samples were subsequently aged at 500, 550, and 600°C. The solution annealed samples exhibited an average hardness of 30 Hardness Rockwell–Scale C and after the aging treatments, the hardness increased to 46 HRC. The hardness increases during the aging treatments were very fast. A 5 min treatment achieved hardness levels that were close to the maximum obtained for this alloy. Niobium was an efficient precipitation hardeners forming a Laves phase of the type Fe2Nb.
Page 303. Charles G. Fey, 1 George E. Totten, 2 and Yinghua H. Sun3 Analysis of Common Failure Mo... more Page 303. Charles G. Fey, 1 George E. Totten, 2 and Yinghua H. Sun3 Analysis of Common Failure Modes of Axial Piston Pumps Reference: Fey, CG, Totten, GE, and YH Sun," Analysis of Common Failure Modes of Axial Piston ...
Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 2019
In this investigation, the authors use a Tensi probe to obtain cooling curves for canola and palm... more In this investigation, the authors use a Tensi probe to obtain cooling curves for canola and palm oils and determine their heat transfer coefficient profiles. For comparison, the cooling curve of an accelerated petroleum oil quenchant is also presented. Canola oil exhibited minimal evidence of film boiling, while palm oil showed a pronounced film boiling behavior. This behavior suggests the presence of unrefined volatile by-products or subsequent degradation. The petroleum quenchant exhibited wetting front movement along the Tensi probe not observed with the vegetable oils.
SELF-ORGANIZATION DURING FRICTION AND PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION CONTROL Principles of Friction Contr... more SELF-ORGANIZATION DURING FRICTION AND PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION CONTROL Principles of Friction Control for Surface-Engineered Materials German S. Fox-Rabinovich Elements of Thermodynamics and Self-Organization during Friction Iosif S. Gershman and Nicolay A. Bushe TRIBOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY AND NANOTRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS TO EVALUATE SURFACE PROPERTIES DURING FRICTION Compatibility of Tribosystems Nicolay A. Bushe and Iosif S. Gershman Surface Analysis Techniques for Investigations of Modified Surfaces, Nanocomposites, Chemical, and Structure Transformations Anatoliy I. Kovalev and Dmitry L. Wainstein Physical and Mechanical Properties to Characterize Tribological Compatibility of Heavily Loaded Tribosystems (HLTS) German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Lev S. Shuster, Ben D. Beake, and Stephen C. Veldhuis SELF-ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF HEAVILY LOADED TRIBOSYSTEMS Self-Organization and Structural Adaptation during Cutting and Stamping Operations German S. Fox-Rabinovich and Anatoliy I. Kovalev Tooling Materials and Some Features of Their Self-Organization: Adaptive Tooling Materials German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, Ben D. Beake, and Michael M. Bruhis Formation of Secondary Structures and the Self-Organization Process of Tribosystems during Friction with the Collection of Electric Current Iosif S. Gershman ADAPTIVE SURFACE-ENGINEERED MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS Surface-Engineered Tool Materials for High-Performance Machining German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, Jose L. Endrino, Stephen C. Veldhuis, Lev S. Shuster, and Iosif S. Gershman Synergistic Alloying of Self-Adaptive Wear-Resistant Coatings German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Kenji Yamamoto, and Anatoliy I. Kovalev Development of the Ternary and Higher-Ordered Protective or Wear-Resistant Materials and Coatings for High-Temperature Applications and Thermodynamics-Based Principles of their Synergistic Alloying German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Iosif S. Gershman, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, and Kenji Yamamoto Coolants and Lubricants to Enhance Tribological Compatibility of the "Tool-Workpiece" Tribosystem Stephen C. Veldhuis, German S. Fox-Rabinovich, and Lev S. Shuster Geometrical Adaptation of Cutting Tools Stephen C. Veldhuis, Michael M. Bruhis, Lev S. Shuster, and German S. Fox-Rabinovich INDEX
The AISI 440B (DIN 1.2210, X90CrMoV18) steel is one of the hardest among martensitic stainless st... more The AISI 440B (DIN 1.2210, X90CrMoV18) steel is one of the hardest among martensitic stainless steels. This type of steel is used in a variety of industrial applications where wear and corrosion are determinant, such as molds, parts and tools for the automotive and biomedical industries. Their superior mechanical properties are due to its high carbon (0.75-0.95 % C) and chromium (16-18% Cr) contents. Suitable coatings can increase wear resistance and expand these materials usability range. Boride coatings, with their high hardness and wear resistance are good candidates for this purpose. Boride layers were obtained by boriding treatment in a salt bath (a mixture of sodium borate and aluminum). The layer properties, such as hardness, thickness, layer/substrate interface morphology and phases formed are influenced by steel composition. In this work, the layers produced on AISI 440B steel were harder, thinner, with a smoother interface when compared to plain carbon steels due the larger amount of alloying elements. In order to evaluate mechanical properties of borided layers in samples of stainless steel AISI 440B, Optical Microscopy (OM) microstructural analysis, Vickers microhardness tests and micro-adhesive and micro-abrasive wear resistance tests were performed. The layers produced exhibited a hardness close to 2250 HV and excellent wear resistance far superior to that of substrate
Several types of powders can be deposited on metal alloys for property improvement using thermal ... more Several types of powders can be deposited on metal alloys for property improvement using thermal spray processes. Aircraft grade 7075 aluminum alloy possesses good mechanical properties but poor wear and corrosion resistance. Thermal spray coatings can improve the poor wear performance of 7075 so that it is suitable for use in severe conditions by depositing a hard, wear-resisting layer over the base material. This can be done by a simple production process while maintaining the base material properties. Among the available coatings, cobalt-base superalloys, such as Stellites, provides excellent protection against corrosion and wear. However, the treatment must not deteriorate the substrate hardness. In the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process, the short resident time of the powder in the flame results in a relatively small temperature increase, which in turn results in a lower substrate temperature during the coating deposition. In the present work, HVOF thermal s...
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2020
The quest for vehicle safety improvement with weight reduction and consequently lower fuel consum... more The quest for vehicle safety improvement with weight reduction and consequently lower fuel consumption led the automotive industry to begin research into the third generation of advanced high-strength steels. These steels present complex microstructures, composed of martensite, bainite and stable retained austenite. Two of the main treatments for obtaining these microstructures are the low-temperature austempering and quenching and partitioning (Q&P). The objective of this work is to evaluate the microhardness and adhesive wear performance of C-Si-Mn and C-Si-Mn-Nb steels submitted to the treatments mentioned above. Both austempering and the partitioning steps were conducted at Ms+50 °C. Treatment times were 1 and 3 h for austempering and 10, 30 and 60 min for Q&P. Results show that niobium addition promotes improvement in wear performance despite inferior levels of austenite stabilization and changes in the bainite morphology.
The large economic and environmental impact caused by corrosion of metal structures has demanded ... more The large economic and environmental impact caused by corrosion of metal structures has demanded new types of anti-corrosion coatings. This study proposes the application of silica-based coatings for corrosion protection of AA7075 aluminum alloy in saline environments rich in chloride ions. These coatings were obtained using the sol-gel technique. The samples were dip-coated in two types of solutions: (a) a mix of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMPM) (Coating 1); and (b) a mix of titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TIP) with TMPM (Coating 2). The cure temperatures of the coatings were of 25°C, 60°C, 100°C, and 130°C, with treatment times of 1 and 3 hours. Characterization of the coatings was done by potentiodynamic polarization in aqueous saline solution (sodium chloride 3.5 %), nanoscratching, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The layers produced were uniform with good scratch resistance and with superior corrosion resistance when compared to the substrate.
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are iron-nickel-chromium alloys containing precipitation... more Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are iron-nickel-chromium alloys containing precipitation hardening elements such as aluminum, titanium, niobium, and copper. In this work, heat treatment of a novel precipitation hardening stainless steel using niobium as a forming element for the hardening precipitates was carried out in order to increase its hardness. The steel composition was 0.03C - 0.22Si - 17.86Cr - 3.91Ni - 2.19Mo - 1.96Nb (in wt.%). The samples were solution annealed at 1100°C for 2 h. Cooling was done in oil and the samples were subsequently aged at 500, 550, and 600°C. The solution annealed samples exhibited an average hardness of 30 Hardness Rockwell–Scale C and after the aging treatments, the hardness increased to 46 HRC. The hardness increases during the aging treatments were very fast. A 5 min treatment achieved hardness levels that were close to the maximum obtained for this alloy. Niobium was an efficient precipitation hardeners forming a Laves phase of the type Fe2Nb.
Page 303. Charles G. Fey, 1 George E. Totten, 2 and Yinghua H. Sun3 Analysis of Common Failure Mo... more Page 303. Charles G. Fey, 1 George E. Totten, 2 and Yinghua H. Sun3 Analysis of Common Failure Modes of Axial Piston Pumps Reference: Fey, CG, Totten, GE, and YH Sun," Analysis of Common Failure Modes of Axial Piston ...
Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 2019
In this investigation, the authors use a Tensi probe to obtain cooling curves for canola and palm... more In this investigation, the authors use a Tensi probe to obtain cooling curves for canola and palm oils and determine their heat transfer coefficient profiles. For comparison, the cooling curve of an accelerated petroleum oil quenchant is also presented. Canola oil exhibited minimal evidence of film boiling, while palm oil showed a pronounced film boiling behavior. This behavior suggests the presence of unrefined volatile by-products or subsequent degradation. The petroleum quenchant exhibited wetting front movement along the Tensi probe not observed with the vegetable oils.
SELF-ORGANIZATION DURING FRICTION AND PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION CONTROL Principles of Friction Contr... more SELF-ORGANIZATION DURING FRICTION AND PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION CONTROL Principles of Friction Control for Surface-Engineered Materials German S. Fox-Rabinovich Elements of Thermodynamics and Self-Organization during Friction Iosif S. Gershman and Nicolay A. Bushe TRIBOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY AND NANOTRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS TO EVALUATE SURFACE PROPERTIES DURING FRICTION Compatibility of Tribosystems Nicolay A. Bushe and Iosif S. Gershman Surface Analysis Techniques for Investigations of Modified Surfaces, Nanocomposites, Chemical, and Structure Transformations Anatoliy I. Kovalev and Dmitry L. Wainstein Physical and Mechanical Properties to Characterize Tribological Compatibility of Heavily Loaded Tribosystems (HLTS) German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Lev S. Shuster, Ben D. Beake, and Stephen C. Veldhuis SELF-ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF HEAVILY LOADED TRIBOSYSTEMS Self-Organization and Structural Adaptation during Cutting and Stamping Operations German S. Fox-Rabinovich and Anatoliy I. Kovalev Tooling Materials and Some Features of Their Self-Organization: Adaptive Tooling Materials German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, Ben D. Beake, and Michael M. Bruhis Formation of Secondary Structures and the Self-Organization Process of Tribosystems during Friction with the Collection of Electric Current Iosif S. Gershman ADAPTIVE SURFACE-ENGINEERED MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS Surface-Engineered Tool Materials for High-Performance Machining German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, Jose L. Endrino, Stephen C. Veldhuis, Lev S. Shuster, and Iosif S. Gershman Synergistic Alloying of Self-Adaptive Wear-Resistant Coatings German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Kenji Yamamoto, and Anatoliy I. Kovalev Development of the Ternary and Higher-Ordered Protective or Wear-Resistant Materials and Coatings for High-Temperature Applications and Thermodynamics-Based Principles of their Synergistic Alloying German S. Fox-Rabinovich, Iosif S. Gershman, Anatoliy I. Kovalev, and Kenji Yamamoto Coolants and Lubricants to Enhance Tribological Compatibility of the "Tool-Workpiece" Tribosystem Stephen C. Veldhuis, German S. Fox-Rabinovich, and Lev S. Shuster Geometrical Adaptation of Cutting Tools Stephen C. Veldhuis, Michael M. Bruhis, Lev S. Shuster, and German S. Fox-Rabinovich INDEX
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