Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, Mar 31, 2024
Malaria infection is a severe parasitic infectious disease transmitted by the bite of an infected... more Malaria infection is a severe parasitic infectious disease transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The disease presents with severe consequences in pregnant women and children <5 years, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of the disease is highest. Malaria in pregnancy may present with severe symptoms such as miscarriages, premature delivery, low-birth-weight neonates, and neonatal death. This study therefore determined the prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women in Jos Metropolis. Capillary blood samples were collected from 200 symptomatic pregnant women attending Eldin Specialist Hospital, in Jos, and thin and thick blood Giemsa-stained films were prepared and examined for the presence of malaria parasites. Our findings revealed that 70(35%) of the 200 pregnant women sampled were infected. Based on gravidity, incidence of malaria infection was highest in the primigravidae 45 (41.9%) as compared to multigravidae 25 (27.8%) although decreasing with gestational age, as subjects in their first trimester were more infected 44 (44.0%) with the least being those in their third trimester14 (21.5%). Two peaks of infection were encountered in respect to age; 46.2% in subjects aged 20-24 years and 42.9% in subjects aged 30-39 years with the least infection recorded in subjects aged > 39 years, 17.9%. Malaria incidence is decreasing in the country due to scale up intervention and prevention measures, however, malaria still remains a major public health problem among pregnant women and deliberate efforts need to be put in place to forestall the negative impact of this disease.
From May to December, 2006, stool samples from 900 patients attending four hospitals in Abuja, Ni... more From May to December, 2006, stool samples from 900 patients attending four hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria were collected and examined for the presence of intestinal protozoan. The aim of the study was to determine if correlation exists between intestinal protozoan infection and diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients. Of the 900 individuals sampled, 700 were HIV seropositive while 200 were seronegative. A significant difference (P.
Background & objectives: The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria paras... more Background & objectives: The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine the relationship between parasitaemia and age/sex; (iii) to correlate the PCV levels with parasitaemia; and (iv) to determine the influence of protection against natural transmission on the prevalence of malaria. Methods: Participants were recruited at the Plateau State Human Virology Research Laboratory (PLASVIREC), Robert Gallo House at the Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 64); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 136). Standard laboratory procedures were used for the HIV and Plasmodium parasites screening, malaria parasite density, and packed cell volume. Results: The results showed a significant difference (p >0.05) among the sexes and age groups. About 64 (32%) of the individuals had Plasmodium infection (30% Plasmodium falciparum, 0.5% P. malariae, and 1.5% mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. malariae). Malaria parasites were more common among the rural dwellers and in the age group of 21-30 yr. Regression analysis showed a negative association of malaria parasitaemia and PCV among the malaria-HIV positive and malaria-HIV negative (r2 = 0.529; p <0.001). Interpretation & conclusion: In the present study, PCV might be of useful indicator and if not monitored could lead to AIDS establishment especially where high malaria parasitaemia is noted. The findings further suggest that the defined stage of HIV infection in the study, malaria coinfection may moderate the impact of HIV infection on PCV.
Tick-borne Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses (SFGR) is a serious disease reported in low income c... more Tick-borne Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses (SFGR) is a serious disease reported in low income communities of many developed countries. The dearth of information on the existence of SFGR in most developing countries particularly in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Nigeria, has been attributed to many factors chiefly amongst which are; poor knowledge of the disease, limitation of diagnostic capacity, leading to misdiagnosis and under reporting of some infectious zoonotic diseases such as SFGR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pastoralists (livestock farmers) and animal health workers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions/practices towards ticks and tick-borne SFGR affecting livestock in 3 Local Government Areas (LGA): i.e., in Plateau State, Nigeria and including Jos the Capital City of the State. A total of 141 semi-structured questionnaires were administered to respondents including 90 pastoralists and 51 health workers from different veterinary clinics. Interestingly, ...
Tick infestation constitutes a major health challenge and setback to the economically viable live... more Tick infestation constitutes a major health challenge and setback to the economically viable livestock industry in Nigeria and the world at large. This informed the continuous research on the economic importance of ticks on domestic animals over the years and research has shown low animal production due to the harm caused by ticks. A total of 300 animals (sheep=121 and goats=179) were selected from three senatorial district of Plateau State. One hundred (100) of the 300 animals were randomly sampled from each Local Government Area (L.G.A.) representing the three senatorial districts. A total of three hundred and twenty three (323) ticks were collected from 139 animals (sheep 81 and goats 58) from September-November, 2018 and identified to species level. Seven species of ticks from three genera were identified of which Rhipicephalus sanguineus had the highest prevalence (54.5%). Higher infestation of tick was recorded in female animals (sheep 71 %; goats 49%) compared to male (sheep 10 %; goats 09%). However, the variation in prevalence between animal type and sex was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The level of infestation was highest in Kanke L.G.A. (68.0%), followed by Jos-South (47.0%) and lowest in Shendam L.G.A. (24.0%). This study revealed that tick infestation on small ruminants cut across the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, posing a high risk of transmission of tick borne pathogens to both humans and animals. Regular treatment of small ruminants and appropriate tick control strategies are advocated and recommended.
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 2017
This present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded concentrations of Allium sativu... more This present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded concentrations of Allium sativum (garlic) powder (GP) in combination with amprolium (AMP) on oocysts counts and haematological parameters of coccidian in experimentally induced Cobb 700 broilers. They were compared with commercial drugs, amprolium and sulphaquinoxaline (SUL). Seventy day-old broiler chicks were used for this research. Broiler chickens were randomly divided into seven groups of ten replicates and five treatments (T1-T5) were administered to five groups while the last two groups served as positive and negative controls. On day nineteen, sixty birds were orally inoculated with 6 × 10³ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella and treatment commenced on day 16 Post Infection (PI). T1 to T3 were treated with 12 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP), 24 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP) and 48 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP) respectively. T4 and T5 received 48 mg (AMP) and 28 mg (AMP+SUL) respectively while T6 and T7 were the positive (Infected not treated) and negative controls (not infected not treated). Results showed that infection of broiler chickens with 6 x 10³ sporulated oocysts of E tenella coccidian oocysts had deleterious effects on the birds, caused faecal oocysts shedding, significant reduction of; red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (HB) and packed cell volume (PCV). Infection also resulted to a significant increase in heterophils (HEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Treatment commenced when 90% of infection was established (day 16 PI) and lasted for seven days. Faecal oocysts counts significantly reduced in all the treated groups with the highest effect observed in groups T3, T4 and T5; while the untreated group T6 had the highest oocyst output and T7 did not shed oocysts all through the experimental period. In the haematological indices, PCV was highest in T1 and T3 while RBC was highest in T3. HB was highest in T1. T3 and T4 had the least HEU values, T2 and T1 had the lowest LYM values while T1, T2 and T4 had the lowest MCV values post treatments. It was concluded that since the addition of A. sativum to amprolium significantly reduced oocysts shedding and improved haematological indices of broiler chickens, it could be used as a substitute for pure chemical drugs in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis
Disturbed with the increasing number of Cockroaches within Jos metropolis and blessed from the be... more Disturbed with the increasing number of Cockroaches within Jos metropolis and blessed from the benefit of hindsight that they could serve as mechanical host to various parasites, thus lead leading to undocumented sources of infection; a study was carried out to ascertain the various types of Cockroaches available in two most polluted areas of Jos. Other objectives considered were to identify the various pathogens fauna on both external and internal parts; to determine whether parasites composition were mainly influenced by phylogenetic, evolutionary or by ecological relationships; to determine which species of Cockroaches is more susceptible to parasitic infection; to determine the specific part of the alimentary canal that harbours the highest concentration of parasites load and to recommend where possible the best method for the control of Cockroaches. To achieve these objectives; insects traps were placed at five different locations (kitchens, toilets, living rooms, refuse dumps ...
The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic inf... more The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic infections and the relationship between infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August, 2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine t... more The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine the relationship between parasitaemia and age/sex; (iii) to correlate the PCV levels with parasitaemia; and (iv) to determine the influence of protection against natural transmission on the prevalence of malaria. Participants were recruited at the Plateau State Human Virology Research Laboratory (PLASVIREC), Robert Gallo House at the Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 64); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 136). Standard laboratory procedures were used for the HIV and Plasmodium parasites screening, malaria parasite density, and packed cell volume. The results showed a significant difference (p >0.05) among the sexes and age groups. About 64 (32%) of the individuals had Plasmodium infection (30% Plasmodium falciparum, 0.5% P. malariae, and 1.5% mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. ...
The effects of Malaria coupled with the yearly climatic changes and variations of certain contrib... more The effects of Malaria coupled with the yearly climatic changes and variations of certain contributing factors embedded in the various ecological zones in Nigeria has continued to sustained the fluctuating indices of disease transmission and its endemicity. To understand these indices as a means of generating a further broad based control approaches, a cross-sectional study was conducted and results compared with retrospective data. Our findings indicate that of the 290 persons enrolled based on presumptive diagnosis, 108 (37%) were positive whereas 182 (63%) negative. Age distributions of those enrolled indicates 128(44.5 %%) were above 31 years, while the least was below 5years 6(2.10%). Coincidentally, diagnosis of malaria corroborates with the age distribution of 52(48.5%) for above 31years and 1(0.01%) for below 5years, although no significant differences recorded at P>0.05. Based on gender, more males 55(38%) than females 53(37%) were positive for malaria. Malaria parasitaemia indicates most malaria positive patients had 57(52.78%) below <1000 µL-, 33 (30.56%) between 1000-5000 µL-, and 18(6.67%) above >5000 µL-. Malaria incidence rate between years 2015-2018 indicates that of the 23,745 positive patients, more males 11,880 (50.03%) than females 11,865 (49.97%) were positive to malaria, although no significant differences at P>0.05. The year 2018 recorded the highest incidence of malaria an indication that despite several efforts aimed at control and elimination, the disease still continues to persist. We therefore suggest that a multi-dimensional strategy to the control and elimination of the parasites and vectors be put in motion to help curb the menace of this disease.
Most humans carry mites in the hair follicles of their skin for their entire lives. Follicular mi... more Most humans carry mites in the hair follicles of their skin for their entire lives. Follicular mites are the only metazoans that continuously live on humans. We propose that Demodex folliculorum (Acari) represents a transitional stage from a host-injuring obligate parasite to an obligate symbiont. Here, we describe the profound impact of this transition on the genome and physiology of the mite. Genome sequencing revealed that the permanent host association of D. folliculorum led to an extensive genome reduction through relaxed selection and genetic drift, resulting in the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet identified among panarthropods. Confocal microscopy revealed that this gene loss coincided with an extreme reduction in the number of cells. Single uninucleate muscle cells are sufficient to operate each of the three segments that form each walking leg. While it has been assumed that the reduction of the cell number in parasites starts early in development, we identified ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative organism of AIDS which has become one of the ... more Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative organism of AIDS which has become one of the greatest public health challenges faced by mankind. AIDS was first
Lactobacillus acidophilus strain TK8912 was found to carry six plasmids having molecular masses o... more Lactobacillus acidophilus strain TK8912 was found to carry six plasmids having molecular masses of 40, 17, 10.5, 5, 2, and 1.8 megadaltons (Mdal). An acriflavin-induced, Lac-mutant had lost a 17-Mdal plasmid (pLAI02) and phospho-p-galactosidase (p-p-gal) activity. Since strain TKI-2TL (Lac+ transformant) restored p-p-gal activity, pLAI02 is likely to encode a p-p-gal gene required for lactose metabolism in strain TK8912. It is also suggested that the gene for the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway, which is responsible for galactose metabolism, is encoded by the 40-Mdal plasmid pLAI01.
Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, Mar 31, 2024
Malaria infection is a severe parasitic infectious disease transmitted by the bite of an infected... more Malaria infection is a severe parasitic infectious disease transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The disease presents with severe consequences in pregnant women and children <5 years, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of the disease is highest. Malaria in pregnancy may present with severe symptoms such as miscarriages, premature delivery, low-birth-weight neonates, and neonatal death. This study therefore determined the prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women in Jos Metropolis. Capillary blood samples were collected from 200 symptomatic pregnant women attending Eldin Specialist Hospital, in Jos, and thin and thick blood Giemsa-stained films were prepared and examined for the presence of malaria parasites. Our findings revealed that 70(35%) of the 200 pregnant women sampled were infected. Based on gravidity, incidence of malaria infection was highest in the primigravidae 45 (41.9%) as compared to multigravidae 25 (27.8%) although decreasing with gestational age, as subjects in their first trimester were more infected 44 (44.0%) with the least being those in their third trimester14 (21.5%). Two peaks of infection were encountered in respect to age; 46.2% in subjects aged 20-24 years and 42.9% in subjects aged 30-39 years with the least infection recorded in subjects aged > 39 years, 17.9%. Malaria incidence is decreasing in the country due to scale up intervention and prevention measures, however, malaria still remains a major public health problem among pregnant women and deliberate efforts need to be put in place to forestall the negative impact of this disease.
From May to December, 2006, stool samples from 900 patients attending four hospitals in Abuja, Ni... more From May to December, 2006, stool samples from 900 patients attending four hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria were collected and examined for the presence of intestinal protozoan. The aim of the study was to determine if correlation exists between intestinal protozoan infection and diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients. Of the 900 individuals sampled, 700 were HIV seropositive while 200 were seronegative. A significant difference (P.
Background & objectives: The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria paras... more Background & objectives: The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine the relationship between parasitaemia and age/sex; (iii) to correlate the PCV levels with parasitaemia; and (iv) to determine the influence of protection against natural transmission on the prevalence of malaria. Methods: Participants were recruited at the Plateau State Human Virology Research Laboratory (PLASVIREC), Robert Gallo House at the Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 64); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 136). Standard laboratory procedures were used for the HIV and Plasmodium parasites screening, malaria parasite density, and packed cell volume. Results: The results showed a significant difference (p >0.05) among the sexes and age groups. About 64 (32%) of the individuals had Plasmodium infection (30% Plasmodium falciparum, 0.5% P. malariae, and 1.5% mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. malariae). Malaria parasites were more common among the rural dwellers and in the age group of 21-30 yr. Regression analysis showed a negative association of malaria parasitaemia and PCV among the malaria-HIV positive and malaria-HIV negative (r2 = 0.529; p <0.001). Interpretation & conclusion: In the present study, PCV might be of useful indicator and if not monitored could lead to AIDS establishment especially where high malaria parasitaemia is noted. The findings further suggest that the defined stage of HIV infection in the study, malaria coinfection may moderate the impact of HIV infection on PCV.
Tick-borne Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses (SFGR) is a serious disease reported in low income c... more Tick-borne Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses (SFGR) is a serious disease reported in low income communities of many developed countries. The dearth of information on the existence of SFGR in most developing countries particularly in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Nigeria, has been attributed to many factors chiefly amongst which are; poor knowledge of the disease, limitation of diagnostic capacity, leading to misdiagnosis and under reporting of some infectious zoonotic diseases such as SFGR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pastoralists (livestock farmers) and animal health workers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions/practices towards ticks and tick-borne SFGR affecting livestock in 3 Local Government Areas (LGA): i.e., in Plateau State, Nigeria and including Jos the Capital City of the State. A total of 141 semi-structured questionnaires were administered to respondents including 90 pastoralists and 51 health workers from different veterinary clinics. Interestingly, ...
Tick infestation constitutes a major health challenge and setback to the economically viable live... more Tick infestation constitutes a major health challenge and setback to the economically viable livestock industry in Nigeria and the world at large. This informed the continuous research on the economic importance of ticks on domestic animals over the years and research has shown low animal production due to the harm caused by ticks. A total of 300 animals (sheep=121 and goats=179) were selected from three senatorial district of Plateau State. One hundred (100) of the 300 animals were randomly sampled from each Local Government Area (L.G.A.) representing the three senatorial districts. A total of three hundred and twenty three (323) ticks were collected from 139 animals (sheep 81 and goats 58) from September-November, 2018 and identified to species level. Seven species of ticks from three genera were identified of which Rhipicephalus sanguineus had the highest prevalence (54.5%). Higher infestation of tick was recorded in female animals (sheep 71 %; goats 49%) compared to male (sheep 10 %; goats 09%). However, the variation in prevalence between animal type and sex was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The level of infestation was highest in Kanke L.G.A. (68.0%), followed by Jos-South (47.0%) and lowest in Shendam L.G.A. (24.0%). This study revealed that tick infestation on small ruminants cut across the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, posing a high risk of transmission of tick borne pathogens to both humans and animals. Regular treatment of small ruminants and appropriate tick control strategies are advocated and recommended.
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 2017
This present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded concentrations of Allium sativu... more This present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded concentrations of Allium sativum (garlic) powder (GP) in combination with amprolium (AMP) on oocysts counts and haematological parameters of coccidian in experimentally induced Cobb 700 broilers. They were compared with commercial drugs, amprolium and sulphaquinoxaline (SUL). Seventy day-old broiler chicks were used for this research. Broiler chickens were randomly divided into seven groups of ten replicates and five treatments (T1-T5) were administered to five groups while the last two groups served as positive and negative controls. On day nineteen, sixty birds were orally inoculated with 6 × 10³ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella and treatment commenced on day 16 Post Infection (PI). T1 to T3 were treated with 12 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP), 24 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP) and 48 mg (GP)+48 mg (AMP) respectively. T4 and T5 received 48 mg (AMP) and 28 mg (AMP+SUL) respectively while T6 and T7 were the positive (Infected not treated) and negative controls (not infected not treated). Results showed that infection of broiler chickens with 6 x 10³ sporulated oocysts of E tenella coccidian oocysts had deleterious effects on the birds, caused faecal oocysts shedding, significant reduction of; red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (HB) and packed cell volume (PCV). Infection also resulted to a significant increase in heterophils (HEU), lymphocyte counts (LYM) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Treatment commenced when 90% of infection was established (day 16 PI) and lasted for seven days. Faecal oocysts counts significantly reduced in all the treated groups with the highest effect observed in groups T3, T4 and T5; while the untreated group T6 had the highest oocyst output and T7 did not shed oocysts all through the experimental period. In the haematological indices, PCV was highest in T1 and T3 while RBC was highest in T3. HB was highest in T1. T3 and T4 had the least HEU values, T2 and T1 had the lowest LYM values while T1, T2 and T4 had the lowest MCV values post treatments. It was concluded that since the addition of A. sativum to amprolium significantly reduced oocysts shedding and improved haematological indices of broiler chickens, it could be used as a substitute for pure chemical drugs in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis
Disturbed with the increasing number of Cockroaches within Jos metropolis and blessed from the be... more Disturbed with the increasing number of Cockroaches within Jos metropolis and blessed from the benefit of hindsight that they could serve as mechanical host to various parasites, thus lead leading to undocumented sources of infection; a study was carried out to ascertain the various types of Cockroaches available in two most polluted areas of Jos. Other objectives considered were to identify the various pathogens fauna on both external and internal parts; to determine whether parasites composition were mainly influenced by phylogenetic, evolutionary or by ecological relationships; to determine which species of Cockroaches is more susceptible to parasitic infection; to determine the specific part of the alimentary canal that harbours the highest concentration of parasites load and to recommend where possible the best method for the control of Cockroaches. To achieve these objectives; insects traps were placed at five different locations (kitchens, toilets, living rooms, refuse dumps ...
The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic inf... more The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic infections and the relationship between infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August, 2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine t... more The study was designed: (i) to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites; (ii) to determine the relationship between parasitaemia and age/sex; (iii) to correlate the PCV levels with parasitaemia; and (iv) to determine the influence of protection against natural transmission on the prevalence of malaria. Participants were recruited at the Plateau State Human Virology Research Laboratory (PLASVIREC), Robert Gallo House at the Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 64); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 136). Standard laboratory procedures were used for the HIV and Plasmodium parasites screening, malaria parasite density, and packed cell volume. The results showed a significant difference (p >0.05) among the sexes and age groups. About 64 (32%) of the individuals had Plasmodium infection (30% Plasmodium falciparum, 0.5% P. malariae, and 1.5% mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. ...
The effects of Malaria coupled with the yearly climatic changes and variations of certain contrib... more The effects of Malaria coupled with the yearly climatic changes and variations of certain contributing factors embedded in the various ecological zones in Nigeria has continued to sustained the fluctuating indices of disease transmission and its endemicity. To understand these indices as a means of generating a further broad based control approaches, a cross-sectional study was conducted and results compared with retrospective data. Our findings indicate that of the 290 persons enrolled based on presumptive diagnosis, 108 (37%) were positive whereas 182 (63%) negative. Age distributions of those enrolled indicates 128(44.5 %%) were above 31 years, while the least was below 5years 6(2.10%). Coincidentally, diagnosis of malaria corroborates with the age distribution of 52(48.5%) for above 31years and 1(0.01%) for below 5years, although no significant differences recorded at P>0.05. Based on gender, more males 55(38%) than females 53(37%) were positive for malaria. Malaria parasitaemia indicates most malaria positive patients had 57(52.78%) below <1000 µL-, 33 (30.56%) between 1000-5000 µL-, and 18(6.67%) above >5000 µL-. Malaria incidence rate between years 2015-2018 indicates that of the 23,745 positive patients, more males 11,880 (50.03%) than females 11,865 (49.97%) were positive to malaria, although no significant differences at P>0.05. The year 2018 recorded the highest incidence of malaria an indication that despite several efforts aimed at control and elimination, the disease still continues to persist. We therefore suggest that a multi-dimensional strategy to the control and elimination of the parasites and vectors be put in motion to help curb the menace of this disease.
Most humans carry mites in the hair follicles of their skin for their entire lives. Follicular mi... more Most humans carry mites in the hair follicles of their skin for their entire lives. Follicular mites are the only metazoans that continuously live on humans. We propose that Demodex folliculorum (Acari) represents a transitional stage from a host-injuring obligate parasite to an obligate symbiont. Here, we describe the profound impact of this transition on the genome and physiology of the mite. Genome sequencing revealed that the permanent host association of D. folliculorum led to an extensive genome reduction through relaxed selection and genetic drift, resulting in the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet identified among panarthropods. Confocal microscopy revealed that this gene loss coincided with an extreme reduction in the number of cells. Single uninucleate muscle cells are sufficient to operate each of the three segments that form each walking leg. While it has been assumed that the reduction of the cell number in parasites starts early in development, we identified ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative organism of AIDS which has become one of the ... more Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative organism of AIDS which has become one of the greatest public health challenges faced by mankind. AIDS was first
Lactobacillus acidophilus strain TK8912 was found to carry six plasmids having molecular masses o... more Lactobacillus acidophilus strain TK8912 was found to carry six plasmids having molecular masses of 40, 17, 10.5, 5, 2, and 1.8 megadaltons (Mdal). An acriflavin-induced, Lac-mutant had lost a 17-Mdal plasmid (pLAI02) and phospho-p-galactosidase (p-p-gal) activity. Since strain TKI-2TL (Lac+ transformant) restored p-p-gal activity, pLAI02 is likely to encode a p-p-gal gene required for lactose metabolism in strain TK8912. It is also suggested that the gene for the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway, which is responsible for galactose metabolism, is encoded by the 40-Mdal plasmid pLAI01.
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