A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and scored, is often referred ... more A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and scored, is often referred to as a box blank. For several box styles, in order to convert the box blank into a box, its two ends must be fastened together with tape, staples or adhesives such as water soluble glues. The location at which the two ends meet is known as the manufacturer\u27s joint. There are several variations within the three fastening techniques mentioned with most corrugated box manufacturers following their own protocols for fastening the manufacturer\u27s joints. This study explored the compression and tensile strengths of RSC style corrugated boxes based on adhesive (glue) coverage, three different types of tapes (acrylic, paper and reinforced paper) and application angle of staples. The fabricated boxes were also tested for compression strength and deflection. Test data (N = 10) was collected for each dependent variable of peak force, deflection at peak force and tensile strength using the ana...
The global demand for corrugated fiberboard is projected to experience a significant upsurge in t... more The global demand for corrugated fiberboard is projected to experience a significant upsurge in the near future. Based on the end-use, packaging for processed and fresh food categories accounted for approximately 39% of the overall consumption of corrugated fiberboard in 2015. With key advantages such as providing an uninterrupted bottom, laminated corners for higher stacking strength, increased material use efficiency, side cutout options for display at retail and a wide range of styles over other styles of containers, Bliss style boxes find prominence in the agriculture sector. While numerous predictive strength models associating corrugated fiberboard material specifications to the box compression strength (BCT), and ultimately the stacking strength of corrugated containers, have been developed over the past century, there is a considerable lack of studies that include Bliss style containers. The overall aim of this empirical study was to develop a mathematical relationship based...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pallet type, tie-sheet and stack configur... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pallet type, tie-sheet and stack configuration on compression strength of a palletized load of boxes. Four boxes made from similar board grade and different dimensions were selected for this study. The col umn stack configuration which represented the control was compared with the 3 stack configurations either on a CHEP ® or GMA pallet. The unitized load either had a tie-sheet in between layers or no tie-sheet between layers of boxes on the respective pallets, for compression strength comparison with the control unitized load represented by a column stack configuration. This is the first of a series of two papers.
An exploratory model for determining post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cont... more An exploratory model for determining post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) content in PET sheets for one specific stream of mechanically recycled PET (RPET) was developed. Six kinds of PET sheets with varying percent of virgin (V) and recycled (R) PET contents (i.e., 100V, 80V20R, 60V40R, 40V60R, 20V80R, and 100R PET) were commercially extruded. The optical, thermal, physicomechanical and barrier properties of the PET sheets were evaluated as function of RPET content. Differences were found between the sheets for UV and visible light absorption in the regions 200-350 nm and 670-700 nm, respectively. Intrinsic viscosities of 100V and 100R PET sheets were different. A censored normal multiple linear regression model including thermal, physical, optical and barrier properties was the best-fit model to predict VPET and RPET content in PET sheets. brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by DigitalCommons@CalPoly Transmittance values are means AE standard deviation (SD); within each row, means with different superscripts are significantly different at a ¼ 0.05.
Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food pac... more Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food packaging materials because they can be obtained from renewable resources; their production consumes quantities of carbon dioxide; they can be recyclable and compostable; and also their physical and mechanical properties can be tailored through polymer architecture. As a consequence, PLA is becoming a growing alternative as a green food packaging material. PLA's optical, physical, and mechanical properties have been compared to those of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) although studies comparing and showing the actual performance of PLA, PS and PET plastics containers are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to compare the role of PLA in package sustainability for the food service industry. Two of the commonly used materials to make containers to package fresh food, PET and oriented polystyrene (OPS), were compared with oriented PLA (OPLA) and OPLA with 40% recycled content from the industrial trimming process. The recycled OPLA provides an opportunity for full material utilization and lowers costs. This study involved a number of tests to quantify the physical, mechanical, barrier, and compatibility properties that would affect the selection criteria for containers to be used for food service applications. Based on the data collected, OPLA, OPLA+40% regrind, OPS, and PET performances were evaluated. Exposure of OPS, PET, OPLA, and OPLA+40% regrind to vegetal oil and weak and strong acids show a minimal reduction in the performance of these polymers. At ambient temperature, PET has the highest impact resistance followed by OPLA, OPS, and OPLA+40% regrind. In terms of barrier properties, PET shows the highest oxygen barrier followed by OPLA, OPLA 40% recycled content, and OPS. Thus, OPLA and OPLA with 40% recycled content can be used for fresh food applications as well as OPS and PET, and in many situations it performs better than OPS and PET.
This study aims at providing a relatively straightforward methodology to serve as a decision‐maki... more This study aims at providing a relatively straightforward methodology to serve as a decision‐making tool when more than one packaging solution could be available to a user. It involves a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and comparison of three currently available 3.79 l (1 gallon) packaging systems for liquid milk. Two of the primary container types studied use reusable plastic crates (RPCs) for stacking and shipping, while the third type is a heavier duty container that does not require secondary shipping containers. The three primary containers studied are identified as original, cube and stackable throughout this paper. The study shows that the use of RPCs for controlled environment distribution reduces the material requirements of the primary containers and therefore reduces the overall CO2 emissions. It was also found that though the transportation‐related emissions varied between the packaging systems for the two end‐of‐life scenarios considered, it had the lowest overall e...
Over the past two decades, there has been a heavy influx in the number of direct‐to‐consumer expr... more Over the past two decades, there has been a heavy influx in the number of direct‐to‐consumer express shipments of packaged products. As a consequence, parcel delivery companies, such as DHL, FedEx and UPS, have strengthened their presence in air transport. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving single packages through air shipments in the USA using one of the newest service providers, DHL. The study also quantified the effect of placing pictorial markings and warning labels on mid‐sized and lightweight packages when using Next‐Day and 2nd Day services provided by the carrier DHL. Instrumented packages measuring 0.38 m × 0.34 m × 0.34 m and weighing 6.8 kg were shipped from Michigan to California and New York. A total of 48 trips were conducted to collect the data for this study.The results show that for the Next‐Day and 2nd Day service, packages with labels, as compared with those without labels, were subjected to approximately the same number of drops for shipmen...
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a term used for any device that can be sensed at a dista... more Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a term used for any device that can be sensed at a distance by radio frequencies with few problems of obstruction. The origins of the term lie in the invention of tags that reflect or retransmit a radio‐frequency signal. According to a recent article by Forrester Research, the minimal ‘Slap and Ship’ approach to RFID compliance will cost an individual company between $2 million and $20 million. Because retailers like Wal‐Mart plan to share with their suppliers all the RFID‐generated data points (from when a case/pallet enters their distribution centre until it leaves their stockroom), suppliers will eventually be able to use this data as a powerful forecasting tool. RFID is an enabling technology that can potentially facilitate a real‐time, end‐to‐end supply chain visibility system. Suppliers who integrate full‐scale RFID systems will realize efficiencies in time, material movement, inventory planning, shipping and warehousing both internally...
Carton Clamp Test Methodologies and the Effects on Load Containment and Retention Tyler Don Blume... more Carton Clamp Test Methodologies and the Effects on Load Containment and Retention Tyler Don Blumer A carton clamp is an alternative device for moving packages and material. Instead of using iron tines like that of a conventional forklift, a carton clamp uses two large aluminum platens to slightly compress and secure the load for handling. This is advantageous as it allows operators to move layers of a unitized load individually, and eliminates the need for a pallet when handling full unitized loads. When using a carton clamp attachment, it is often difficult for operators to accurately gauge the amount of force being applied to the load. The required clamping force changes depending on the size, shape, and weight of the load. This creates the potential for under-clamping (slippage) and over-clamping (compressive damage). Seeing a market need for a reliable means of testing, two organizations set out to develop a testing protocol. A rift formed between schools of thought regarding the correct testing procedure. ISTA provides a sterile, calculated, and stationary simulation of carton clamp handling in its ISTA 6-SAMS test protocol. ASTM offers a more holistic, dynamic, observational approach in its mobile ASTM 6055 standard protocol. One school of thought is suggested to imply that a package should be developed to be handled by the carton clamp (ASTM). The other school of thought is that the carton clamp attachment should be properly adjusted to the package specimen (ISTA). v Previous studies have been performed citing the ISTA standard and using a specialized carton clamping device vibration device that is calibrated for laboratory research. Arguably, this method, though repeatable in nature, does not accurately simulate carton clamp handling found in industry. Likewise, the equipment investment is cost prohibitive for those in industry wishing to duplicate such a study. ASTM uses a carton clamp truck as used in industry, but does not specify any specific parameters making repeatability between laboratories and practitioners ambiguous. This study examined whether or not a common ground can be reached; implementing a carton clamp lift truck as found in industry allowing for mobile (hazard course) testing. A modified version of ISTA 3B will be paired off against ASTM 6055 for evaluating both column and cross stack pallet patterns with a variety of treatments. This study attempted to determine if carton clamps as found in industry are capable and repeatable enough to provide consistent data. Similarly, this study examined the test methodologies effect on load containment via stretch film force, load retention via unitized load slippage, and the effects of ride height and driver interaction. The study sought to understand if these effects are uniform across the unitized load, or if particular layers of the load more affected than others. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following people for their help with my master's thesis.
Worldwide increase in trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread o... more Worldwide increase in trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology has caused an increased focus to be put on designing packages that can protect goods shipped globally. This requires a wide‐ranging understanding of the distribution environments on a global basis. Several past studies have mapped the vibration levels for surface transportation along the most popular shipment routes in countries such as Brazil, Canada, China, India and the USA. This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the vibration levels observed for truck and rail shipments for major transportation routes in Thailand, one of the leading economies in the Southeast Asia region. Data recorders were used to collect the vibration data which were then analysed in terms of power spectral densities. Vibration levels observed from various segments of transportation are presented in the form of power density spectrums. Composite spectrums that can be used...
Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, prot... more Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, protect and deliver products without damage during transportation and handling. Vibration forces that occur during transportation are one of the most significant causes of damage during shipping. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyse the vibration that occurs during truck transport in Brazil. The study was done using two types of trucks: small local trucks for local metropolitan distribution areas and larger tractor‐trailers for cross‐country transportation. Ten metropolitan areas in different regions of Brazil were selected for 1‐day trips representing normal delivery. These trips encountered varying road surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone and dirt). The long distance trips were done on highways that were more than 1200 km long. The vertical vibration levels were higher than the lateral and longitudinal levels as expected. A composite power density spectrum of all trips i...
Packaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two deca... more Packaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two decades, there has been a continuous increase in studies that measure and analyse dynamic events that occur to packages during transportation and handling. These data offer useful information to design and test packages, and provide protection from potential hazards like drops and impacts. However, none of the past studies are directed towards single packages regarded as ‘smalls’. ‘Smalls’ or small‐package product systems are defined as those with volume of less than 0.013 m3, a longest dimension of 0.356 m and a weight of 4.54 kg or less. Packages that qualify for these specifications are often mixed together in a large carrying bag and handled with other single parcel shipments. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving this category of single packages through expedited shipments in the USA. The results showed that these packages experienced as many as 27 events comprising of d...
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology, relying on stori... more Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. This technology is being used in enterprise supply chain management‐related applications to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. However, this technology has not been able to realize its promised potential because of several factors, such as lack of congruous worldwide standards, privacy issues and less than perfect read rates in supply chain applications. This research aimed to evaluate the readability issues commonly faced by tagged cases of palletized consumer products. The variables studied in this research were product‐package type, tag type, tag location on cases, pallet pattern and forklift speed through a RFID portal representative of a dock door in a warehouse. To determine which variables were the most significant, a binary logistic regression was run. The number of tags read was inputted fo...
... Performance Evaluation of PLA against Existing PET and PS Containers. DOI：, 作者 ：, Rafael Aura... more ... Performance Evaluation of PLA against Existing PET and PS Containers. DOI：, 作者 ：, Rafael Auras；Sher Paul Singh；Jagjit Singh. 期刊 ：, Journal of Testing and Evaluation EI SCI. 年，卷(期) ：, 2006, 34(6). 分类号 ：, 关键词 ：, Poly ...
The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of produ... more The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of products and packages. As a result, parcel delivery companies like DHL, FedEx, UPS, and the USPS have strengthened their presence in air transport to deliver products faster and through larger distances. Using cargo planes, they route packages from various destinations to large airport hubs, where they sort millions of packages and ship them to their destinations. There is a continuous need to quantify what happens to these packages as they are handled both manually during collection and delivery and on large high-speed conveying and sortation equipment at hubs. The dynamic events during these moves can cause damage. The information collected in this study helps packaging engineers design protective packaging. This study measured and compared shock and drop events for these carriers during next-day and two-day shipping service between Michigan and California. Data are presented in terms of drop heights associated with the 90, 95, and 99th percentile of occurrence for DHL, FedEx, UPS, and USPS. Impact orientation is also discussed. The data from this study are beneficial to new test methods being developed for drop testing of single parcel shipments by ASTM.
Since the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, they have received much attention with ... more Since the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, they have received much attention with improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of their composites compared to common polymer composites. This study evaluated the effect of incorporating bundled and unbundled carbon nanotubes into Polyurethane/CNT/woven fiber reinforced composites. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nanotubes within the polymer matrix in injection molded CNT/polyurethane composites. Polyurethane/CNT/woven fiber reinforced composite plaques were prepared and then characterized by mechanical compression testing. AFM qualitatively determined a decreased agglomerate size resulting in improved mechanical properties. Results of this study show a significant difference amongst the yield stress values, but no significant differences were found for stress at failure, modulus of elasticity, yield strain, strain at failure and toughness between the bundled and unbundled samples.
There is a growing list of companies implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) systems t... more There is a growing list of companies implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) systems to help optimize their supply chain processes. These companies realize that a successful RFID system can potentially lead to lower supply chain inventory levels, re duced operating expenses, and greater visibility throughout the sup ply chain. However, since RFID technology is still relatively immature, a majority of the applications experience less than perfect read rates for tagged items moving through the supply chain. This paper reports the results for a variety of different arrangements of variables that may influence the readability of the RFID tags in a conveyer belt environ ment. The variables tested for this study were tag placement on the package, tag orientation, conveyer belt speed, tag type, package contents, and the reader antenna distance from the conveyer belt. The goal of this research was to determine how these variables influ enced the readability of the RFID tags. The results from this procedure determined that metal and water have a negative affect on the read ac curacy of the RFID tags. The read accuracy also decreased as con veyer belt speed increased, and as a function of the distance between the antenna and the conveyer belt. Multiple linear regression was used to create 'Hit Rate' equations that can be used to predict the hit rate for the three types of products tested under various speeds and distances. 1.0 INTRODUCTION R ADIO Frequency Identification (RFID) is a means of identifying unique items using radio waves. Typically, a reader interrogates a
Telescoping Half Slotted Containers (HSC) and Diagonal Corner Bliss style containers are popular ... more Telescoping Half Slotted Containers (HSC) and Diagonal Corner Bliss style containers are popular choices for packaging agricultural products such as apples, pears, citrus, potatoes, garlic and most vegetables. This study evaluated two unique corrugated container designs, Kisch ...
A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and scored, is often referred ... more A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and scored, is often referred to as a box blank. For several box styles, in order to convert the box blank into a box, its two ends must be fastened together with tape, staples or adhesives such as water soluble glues. The location at which the two ends meet is known as the manufacturer\u27s joint. There are several variations within the three fastening techniques mentioned with most corrugated box manufacturers following their own protocols for fastening the manufacturer\u27s joints. This study explored the compression and tensile strengths of RSC style corrugated boxes based on adhesive (glue) coverage, three different types of tapes (acrylic, paper and reinforced paper) and application angle of staples. The fabricated boxes were also tested for compression strength and deflection. Test data (N = 10) was collected for each dependent variable of peak force, deflection at peak force and tensile strength using the ana...
The global demand for corrugated fiberboard is projected to experience a significant upsurge in t... more The global demand for corrugated fiberboard is projected to experience a significant upsurge in the near future. Based on the end-use, packaging for processed and fresh food categories accounted for approximately 39% of the overall consumption of corrugated fiberboard in 2015. With key advantages such as providing an uninterrupted bottom, laminated corners for higher stacking strength, increased material use efficiency, side cutout options for display at retail and a wide range of styles over other styles of containers, Bliss style boxes find prominence in the agriculture sector. While numerous predictive strength models associating corrugated fiberboard material specifications to the box compression strength (BCT), and ultimately the stacking strength of corrugated containers, have been developed over the past century, there is a considerable lack of studies that include Bliss style containers. The overall aim of this empirical study was to develop a mathematical relationship based...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pallet type, tie-sheet and stack configur... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pallet type, tie-sheet and stack configuration on compression strength of a palletized load of boxes. Four boxes made from similar board grade and different dimensions were selected for this study. The col umn stack configuration which represented the control was compared with the 3 stack configurations either on a CHEP ® or GMA pallet. The unitized load either had a tie-sheet in between layers or no tie-sheet between layers of boxes on the respective pallets, for compression strength comparison with the control unitized load represented by a column stack configuration. This is the first of a series of two papers.
An exploratory model for determining post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cont... more An exploratory model for determining post-consumer recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) content in PET sheets for one specific stream of mechanically recycled PET (RPET) was developed. Six kinds of PET sheets with varying percent of virgin (V) and recycled (R) PET contents (i.e., 100V, 80V20R, 60V40R, 40V60R, 20V80R, and 100R PET) were commercially extruded. The optical, thermal, physicomechanical and barrier properties of the PET sheets were evaluated as function of RPET content. Differences were found between the sheets for UV and visible light absorption in the regions 200-350 nm and 670-700 nm, respectively. Intrinsic viscosities of 100V and 100R PET sheets were different. A censored normal multiple linear regression model including thermal, physical, optical and barrier properties was the best-fit model to predict VPET and RPET content in PET sheets. brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by DigitalCommons@CalPoly Transmittance values are means AE standard deviation (SD); within each row, means with different superscripts are significantly different at a ¼ 0.05.
Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food pac... more Poly(lactide) (PLA) polymers have garnered increasing attention in the last few years as food packaging materials because they can be obtained from renewable resources; their production consumes quantities of carbon dioxide; they can be recyclable and compostable; and also their physical and mechanical properties can be tailored through polymer architecture. As a consequence, PLA is becoming a growing alternative as a green food packaging material. PLA's optical, physical, and mechanical properties have been compared to those of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) although studies comparing and showing the actual performance of PLA, PS and PET plastics containers are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to compare the role of PLA in package sustainability for the food service industry. Two of the commonly used materials to make containers to package fresh food, PET and oriented polystyrene (OPS), were compared with oriented PLA (OPLA) and OPLA with 40% recycled content from the industrial trimming process. The recycled OPLA provides an opportunity for full material utilization and lowers costs. This study involved a number of tests to quantify the physical, mechanical, barrier, and compatibility properties that would affect the selection criteria for containers to be used for food service applications. Based on the data collected, OPLA, OPLA+40% regrind, OPS, and PET performances were evaluated. Exposure of OPS, PET, OPLA, and OPLA+40% regrind to vegetal oil and weak and strong acids show a minimal reduction in the performance of these polymers. At ambient temperature, PET has the highest impact resistance followed by OPLA, OPS, and OPLA+40% regrind. In terms of barrier properties, PET shows the highest oxygen barrier followed by OPLA, OPLA 40% recycled content, and OPS. Thus, OPLA and OPLA with 40% recycled content can be used for fresh food applications as well as OPS and PET, and in many situations it performs better than OPS and PET.
This study aims at providing a relatively straightforward methodology to serve as a decision‐maki... more This study aims at providing a relatively straightforward methodology to serve as a decision‐making tool when more than one packaging solution could be available to a user. It involves a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and comparison of three currently available 3.79 l (1 gallon) packaging systems for liquid milk. Two of the primary container types studied use reusable plastic crates (RPCs) for stacking and shipping, while the third type is a heavier duty container that does not require secondary shipping containers. The three primary containers studied are identified as original, cube and stackable throughout this paper. The study shows that the use of RPCs for controlled environment distribution reduces the material requirements of the primary containers and therefore reduces the overall CO2 emissions. It was also found that though the transportation‐related emissions varied between the packaging systems for the two end‐of‐life scenarios considered, it had the lowest overall e...
Over the past two decades, there has been a heavy influx in the number of direct‐to‐consumer expr... more Over the past two decades, there has been a heavy influx in the number of direct‐to‐consumer express shipments of packaged products. As a consequence, parcel delivery companies, such as DHL, FedEx and UPS, have strengthened their presence in air transport. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving single packages through air shipments in the USA using one of the newest service providers, DHL. The study also quantified the effect of placing pictorial markings and warning labels on mid‐sized and lightweight packages when using Next‐Day and 2nd Day services provided by the carrier DHL. Instrumented packages measuring 0.38 m × 0.34 m × 0.34 m and weighing 6.8 kg were shipped from Michigan to California and New York. A total of 48 trips were conducted to collect the data for this study.The results show that for the Next‐Day and 2nd Day service, packages with labels, as compared with those without labels, were subjected to approximately the same number of drops for shipmen...
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a term used for any device that can be sensed at a dista... more Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a term used for any device that can be sensed at a distance by radio frequencies with few problems of obstruction. The origins of the term lie in the invention of tags that reflect or retransmit a radio‐frequency signal. According to a recent article by Forrester Research, the minimal ‘Slap and Ship’ approach to RFID compliance will cost an individual company between $2 million and $20 million. Because retailers like Wal‐Mart plan to share with their suppliers all the RFID‐generated data points (from when a case/pallet enters their distribution centre until it leaves their stockroom), suppliers will eventually be able to use this data as a powerful forecasting tool. RFID is an enabling technology that can potentially facilitate a real‐time, end‐to‐end supply chain visibility system. Suppliers who integrate full‐scale RFID systems will realize efficiencies in time, material movement, inventory planning, shipping and warehousing both internally...
Carton Clamp Test Methodologies and the Effects on Load Containment and Retention Tyler Don Blume... more Carton Clamp Test Methodologies and the Effects on Load Containment and Retention Tyler Don Blumer A carton clamp is an alternative device for moving packages and material. Instead of using iron tines like that of a conventional forklift, a carton clamp uses two large aluminum platens to slightly compress and secure the load for handling. This is advantageous as it allows operators to move layers of a unitized load individually, and eliminates the need for a pallet when handling full unitized loads. When using a carton clamp attachment, it is often difficult for operators to accurately gauge the amount of force being applied to the load. The required clamping force changes depending on the size, shape, and weight of the load. This creates the potential for under-clamping (slippage) and over-clamping (compressive damage). Seeing a market need for a reliable means of testing, two organizations set out to develop a testing protocol. A rift formed between schools of thought regarding the correct testing procedure. ISTA provides a sterile, calculated, and stationary simulation of carton clamp handling in its ISTA 6-SAMS test protocol. ASTM offers a more holistic, dynamic, observational approach in its mobile ASTM 6055 standard protocol. One school of thought is suggested to imply that a package should be developed to be handled by the carton clamp (ASTM). The other school of thought is that the carton clamp attachment should be properly adjusted to the package specimen (ISTA). v Previous studies have been performed citing the ISTA standard and using a specialized carton clamping device vibration device that is calibrated for laboratory research. Arguably, this method, though repeatable in nature, does not accurately simulate carton clamp handling found in industry. Likewise, the equipment investment is cost prohibitive for those in industry wishing to duplicate such a study. ASTM uses a carton clamp truck as used in industry, but does not specify any specific parameters making repeatability between laboratories and practitioners ambiguous. This study examined whether or not a common ground can be reached; implementing a carton clamp lift truck as found in industry allowing for mobile (hazard course) testing. A modified version of ISTA 3B will be paired off against ASTM 6055 for evaluating both column and cross stack pallet patterns with a variety of treatments. This study attempted to determine if carton clamps as found in industry are capable and repeatable enough to provide consistent data. Similarly, this study examined the test methodologies effect on load containment via stretch film force, load retention via unitized load slippage, and the effects of ride height and driver interaction. The study sought to understand if these effects are uniform across the unitized load, or if particular layers of the load more affected than others. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following people for their help with my master's thesis.
Worldwide increase in trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread o... more Worldwide increase in trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology has caused an increased focus to be put on designing packages that can protect goods shipped globally. This requires a wide‐ranging understanding of the distribution environments on a global basis. Several past studies have mapped the vibration levels for surface transportation along the most popular shipment routes in countries such as Brazil, Canada, China, India and the USA. This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the vibration levels observed for truck and rail shipments for major transportation routes in Thailand, one of the leading economies in the Southeast Asia region. Data recorders were used to collect the vibration data which were then analysed in terms of power spectral densities. Vibration levels observed from various segments of transportation are presented in the form of power density spectrums. Composite spectrums that can be used...
Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, prot... more Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, protect and deliver products without damage during transportation and handling. Vibration forces that occur during transportation are one of the most significant causes of damage during shipping. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyse the vibration that occurs during truck transport in Brazil. The study was done using two types of trucks: small local trucks for local metropolitan distribution areas and larger tractor‐trailers for cross‐country transportation. Ten metropolitan areas in different regions of Brazil were selected for 1‐day trips representing normal delivery. These trips encountered varying road surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone and dirt). The long distance trips were done on highways that were more than 1200 km long. The vertical vibration levels were higher than the lateral and longitudinal levels as expected. A composite power density spectrum of all trips i...
Packaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two deca... more Packaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two decades, there has been a continuous increase in studies that measure and analyse dynamic events that occur to packages during transportation and handling. These data offer useful information to design and test packages, and provide protection from potential hazards like drops and impacts. However, none of the past studies are directed towards single packages regarded as ‘smalls’. ‘Smalls’ or small‐package product systems are defined as those with volume of less than 0.013 m3, a longest dimension of 0.356 m and a weight of 4.54 kg or less. Packages that qualify for these specifications are often mixed together in a large carrying bag and handled with other single parcel shipments. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving this category of single packages through expedited shipments in the USA. The results showed that these packages experienced as many as 27 events comprising of d...
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology, relying on stori... more Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. This technology is being used in enterprise supply chain management‐related applications to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. However, this technology has not been able to realize its promised potential because of several factors, such as lack of congruous worldwide standards, privacy issues and less than perfect read rates in supply chain applications. This research aimed to evaluate the readability issues commonly faced by tagged cases of palletized consumer products. The variables studied in this research were product‐package type, tag type, tag location on cases, pallet pattern and forklift speed through a RFID portal representative of a dock door in a warehouse. To determine which variables were the most significant, a binary logistic regression was run. The number of tags read was inputted fo...
... Performance Evaluation of PLA against Existing PET and PS Containers. DOI：, 作者 ：, Rafael Aura... more ... Performance Evaluation of PLA against Existing PET and PS Containers. DOI：, 作者 ：, Rafael Auras；Sher Paul Singh；Jagjit Singh. 期刊 ：, Journal of Testing and Evaluation EI SCI. 年，卷(期) ：, 2006, 34(6). 分类号 ：, 关键词 ：, Poly ...
The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of produ... more The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of products and packages. As a result, parcel delivery companies like DHL, FedEx, UPS, and the USPS have strengthened their presence in air transport to deliver products faster and through larger distances. Using cargo planes, they route packages from various destinations to large airport hubs, where they sort millions of packages and ship them to their destinations. There is a continuous need to quantify what happens to these packages as they are handled both manually during collection and delivery and on large high-speed conveying and sortation equipment at hubs. The dynamic events during these moves can cause damage. The information collected in this study helps packaging engineers design protective packaging. This study measured and compared shock and drop events for these carriers during next-day and two-day shipping service between Michigan and California. Data are presented in terms of drop heights associated with the 90, 95, and 99th percentile of occurrence for DHL, FedEx, UPS, and USPS. Impact orientation is also discussed. The data from this study are beneficial to new test methods being developed for drop testing of single parcel shipments by ASTM.
Since the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, they have received much attention with ... more Since the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991, they have received much attention with improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of their composites compared to common polymer composites. This study evaluated the effect of incorporating bundled and unbundled carbon nanotubes into Polyurethane/CNT/woven fiber reinforced composites. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nanotubes within the polymer matrix in injection molded CNT/polyurethane composites. Polyurethane/CNT/woven fiber reinforced composite plaques were prepared and then characterized by mechanical compression testing. AFM qualitatively determined a decreased agglomerate size resulting in improved mechanical properties. Results of this study show a significant difference amongst the yield stress values, but no significant differences were found for stress at failure, modulus of elasticity, yield strain, strain at failure and toughness between the bundled and unbundled samples.
There is a growing list of companies implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) systems t... more There is a growing list of companies implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) systems to help optimize their supply chain processes. These companies realize that a successful RFID system can potentially lead to lower supply chain inventory levels, re duced operating expenses, and greater visibility throughout the sup ply chain. However, since RFID technology is still relatively immature, a majority of the applications experience less than perfect read rates for tagged items moving through the supply chain. This paper reports the results for a variety of different arrangements of variables that may influence the readability of the RFID tags in a conveyer belt environ ment. The variables tested for this study were tag placement on the package, tag orientation, conveyer belt speed, tag type, package contents, and the reader antenna distance from the conveyer belt. The goal of this research was to determine how these variables influ enced the readability of the RFID tags. The results from this procedure determined that metal and water have a negative affect on the read ac curacy of the RFID tags. The read accuracy also decreased as con veyer belt speed increased, and as a function of the distance between the antenna and the conveyer belt. Multiple linear regression was used to create 'Hit Rate' equations that can be used to predict the hit rate for the three types of products tested under various speeds and distances. 1.0 INTRODUCTION R ADIO Frequency Identification (RFID) is a means of identifying unique items using radio waves. Typically, a reader interrogates a
Telescoping Half Slotted Containers (HSC) and Diagonal Corner Bliss style containers are popular ... more Telescoping Half Slotted Containers (HSC) and Diagonal Corner Bliss style containers are popular choices for packaging agricultural products such as apples, pears, citrus, potatoes, garlic and most vegetables. This study evaluated two unique corrugated container designs, Kisch ...
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Papers by Jay Singh