Papers by Jaylaiza Pinote
1. All living things are structurally made up of cells. (Matthias Scheliden, Theodor Schwann) 2. ... more 1. All living things are structurally made up of cells. (Matthias Scheliden, Theodor Schwann) 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life. (Henry Dutrochet) 3. Cells come from the division of pre-existing cells. (Rudolf Virchow) Robert Hooke-coined the term cell; English Father of Microscopy Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-discovered bacteria and other microscopic organisms in rainwater; studied structure of plant and animal cells; Father of Microscopy Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani-disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation Robert Brown-discovered nuclei within cells Felix Dujardin-noted that all living things contain a thick jelly fluid (sarcode) Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist)-all plants and animals are made up of cells Johannes Purkinje-coined the term protoplasm, the living matter of the cell Rudolf Virchow-"omnia cellula e cellula" or cells come from pre-existing cells Louis Pasteur-proof of Virchow's Theory of Biogenesis Zaccharias Janssen-first compound microscope Microscopy Light Microscope-image is formed by absorption of light in the specimen and its transmission through a set of lenses a. Bright-field-bright, lighted microscopic field b. Dark-field-bright image of the specimen against a dark field of view at an oblique angle c. Phase-contrast-enhances the density differences in the organelles causing certain structures to appear brighter or darker than the others; for observing living cells in their natural condition d. Differential-interference-contrast-contrasting brighter or darker appearance of various organelles through technical optical methods e. Immuno-fluorescent-certain type of protein can be determined f. Confocal-use laser beams and special optics for 'optical sectioning'; 3D Electron Microscope-uses a beam of electrons and magnetic or electrostatic fields as lenses a. Transmission electron microscope-a beam of electrons is aimed through a very thin specimen; magnetic fields bend the beam of electrons b. Scanning electron microscope-specimen is thinly coated by a metal and then bombarded with electrons Fractionation-takes cells to separate major organelles for the study of their individual functions Homogenization-disruptions of cells Cellular Structure Three Major Parts: Cytoplasm-main metabolic life activities; largely water; reservoir for the entry and exit of materials in the cell; consists of: a. A thick, semifluid aggregate of chemical compounds (cytosol) b. Internal membrane (cytomembrane) Protein-most abundant among the organic components of the cytoplasm; provides materials for the growth and development of the cell Cell membrane-outer boundary of the cell; consists of a double layer of fats or lipid (phospolipid or glycolipid) with scattered proteins; differentially permeable; has three major functions: a. Separates the contents of the cell from the external environment b. Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell c. Allows communication with other cells Nucleus-'control center' of the cell; regulates and coordinates all the activities of the cell; consists of: a. Nucleoplasm-semifluid medium separated from the cytoplasm by nuclear membrane; consists of nucleoproteins, granules and fibrils b. Nuclear membrane-a double membrane, each a phospholipid bilayer, with nuclear pores c. Nuclear pores-pathways for the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm d. Nucleolus-suspended in the nucleoplasm; composed of RNA and protein molecules; site where the subunits of ribosomes are formed e. Chromatin-composed of DNA; coils and becomes condensed into chromosomes Organelles in the Cytoplasm: Mitochondria-largest organelle in cell; 'powerhouse' of eukaryotic cells; sites of cellular respiration; made up of: a. Cristae-folds; provide more surface area for greater cellular respiratory productivity b. Matrix-inner cavity into which the cristae project c. Intermembrane space-narrow region between the inner and outer membranes Ribosomes-sites of protein synthesis; of two types: a. Bound-attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; make secretory proteins b. Free-suspended in the cytosol; produce proteins that are localized in the cytosol Different kinds of protein: a. Channel Protein-allows a particular molecule/ion to cross the cell membrane freely as it enters/exits the cell Ex. Cystic fibrosis
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Papers by Jaylaiza Pinote