Historically, violent male victimization has been substantially higher than females, but since th... more Historically, violent male victimization has been substantially higher than females, but since the 1970s has declined toward near gender parity. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify causes or correlates for this unprecedented change. Victimization data (NCS/NCVS, 1973–2018) were combined with social, economic, behavioral, and criminal justice data from eight sources to examine longitudinal trends using time series (ARIMA) and panel data modeling. Results show that the narrowing of the gender victimization ratio was not a direct byproduct of changes in crime but was correlated with lower high school dropout rates, improved economic conditions, more women in the workforce, and increased numbers of police officers. Further research is needed to identify specific causal mechanisms related to these variables.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2021
The purpose of this article was to reassess patterns previously identified in the Federal Bureau ... more The purpose of this article was to reassess patterns previously identified in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data, expanding the time frame from 5 years to 20 years, for application within law enforcement when considering training needs over the life cycle of an officer's career. Consistent with the findings of the earlier analysis, this study identifies two prevalent patterns: the age range with the highest frequency of death was 30–39, and the years of experience with the highest frequency of death was 0–4. In fact, the analysis indicates an even stronger pattern of the deadly combination of age and tenure. Implications of the study include the need for larger scale data collection on the national population of officers, detailed information on transfers and time of service overall (as opposed to time in service at current department), and evaluations of current training programs and practices regarding de-escalation...
Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) is an effective fatal opioid overdose prevention strategy. The ... more Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) is an effective fatal opioid overdose prevention strategy. The study findings describe former opioid users’ phenomenological perspectives regarding their social network, settings of use, and the benefits and barriers to naloxone. Participants ( N = 25) with at least 6 months of recovery time ( M = 30, SD = 14.40) were interviewed individually for an average of 21 ( SD = 5.13) min. The sample was predominately male, Caucasian, and non-Hispanic with an average age of 37 ( SD = 7.22) years. Interview transcripts were analyzed using systematic thematic analysis. During their period of opioid use, most participants differentiated the members of their social network as other people who use opioids (PWUO) and nonusers. The participants described several opportunities for members of their social network to use naloxone. They discussed barriers to naloxone use specific to PWUO within their social network such as apathy toward overdose. Future interventions s...
Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a ... more Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a recent study found evidence that drug courts were associated with increased (rather than decreased) arrests for minor misdemeanor drug offenses (Lilley, 2017; Walsh, 2011). However, the previous study did not utilize an equivalent comparison group and may have relied on a large sample size to generate findings. The current study tested the robustness of those findings by analyzing only cities with over 50,000 population, including four additional years of data, and utilizing a more equivalent comparison group that was propensity-matched to reduce the possibility that a preexisting difference may have generated higher arrest outcomes among drug court jurisdictions. Net-widening, arrest, and crime challenges and implications for drug court policies and law enforcement roles are also discussed.
Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a ... more Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a recent study found evidence that drug courts were associated with increased (rather than decreased) arrests for minor misdemeanor drug offenses. The author of that study noted that findings raised further questions about whether the increased drug arrests should be interpreted as beneficial or harmful and whether they might have had a differential impact on minority residents. This study incorporated race-specific arrest information to partially answer these questions by utilizing a series of fixed-effects regressions among U.S. cities with populations over 50,000 from 1990 to 2006. Findings indicate that drug court implementation was associated with substantial increases in arrests of Black, but not White residents. Ethical and theoretical implications for therapeutic jurisprudence, problem-solving courts, and the minority threat perspective are discussed.
Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 2015
This study explored the potential value of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 (SASS... more This study explored the potential value of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 (SASSI-3; F. G. Miller & Lazowski, 1999) as a means of predicting program attrition and recidivism among perpetrators of intimate partner violence, concluding that the SASSI-3 is not an adequate predictor.
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an effective counseling method, yet the reasons for this effecti... more Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an effective counseling method, yet the reasons for this effectiveness are not well understood. It has been theorized but not empirically verified that AAT participants view therapy animals as possessing Carl Rogers’s core counselor characteristics (Friesen, 2010; Parish-Plass, 2008).This study examined the degree to which 312 middle school students in Grades 4 through 8 rated an AAT dog on Rogers’s core counselor characteristics using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (1962). The findings show that the AAT dog was rated highly on the 3 Rogerian traits level of regard, empathy, and congruence.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2010
This article examines officer age and employment tenure variables in the FBI Law Enforcement Offi... more This article examines officer age and employment tenure variables in the FBI Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted summary from 1995 to 1999. During this time frame, 309 incidents of felonious officer deaths were reported to the FBI. The purpose of this paper is to identify patterns in the data for application within law enforcement when considering training needs over the life cycle of an officer's career, and to conduct original, exploratory research in the field. The research concludes that the combination of 0–4 years of experience combined with the ages 30–39 years was particularly deadly for the years 1995–1999. Finally, based on the findings, considerations for hiring, training and data collection are made.
In an era in which rising costs, shrinking budgets, and personnel shortages are common, it is inc... more In an era in which rising costs, shrinking budgets, and personnel shortages are common, it is increasingly important to provide a positive work situation to ensure worker stability. Research indicates that job burnout is a negative response that is harmful to the employee and to the organization. Depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and feeling a lack of accomplishment at work are all dimensions of job burnout. This study examined the association of job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment with burnout among correctional staff. The findings highlight the significance of these variables in relation to burnout. Specifically, job satisfaction had an inverse relationship with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of reduced accomplishment at work, whereas job stress had a significant positive relationship with depersonalization and emotional exhaustion. Job involvement also had a positive association with emotional exhaustion, where...
Among a convenience sample of college students, the authors found an unexpectedly large differenc... more Among a convenience sample of college students, the authors found an unexpectedly large difference in death penalty support between men and women, with only 45% of women supporting capital punishment in contrast to 71% of men. Reasons for supporting or opposing capital punishment varied by gender as well, with men holding more retributive and utilitarian views. Of the measures used in this study, women appeared to respond more to issues of compassion, caring, and mercy, thus providing inferential support for Gilligan's 'ethic of care' hypothesis (1982).
Historically, violent male victimization has been substantially higher than females, but since th... more Historically, violent male victimization has been substantially higher than females, but since the 1970s has declined toward near gender parity. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify causes or correlates for this unprecedented change. Victimization data (NCS/NCVS, 1973–2018) were combined with social, economic, behavioral, and criminal justice data from eight sources to examine longitudinal trends using time series (ARIMA) and panel data modeling. Results show that the narrowing of the gender victimization ratio was not a direct byproduct of changes in crime but was correlated with lower high school dropout rates, improved economic conditions, more women in the workforce, and increased numbers of police officers. Further research is needed to identify specific causal mechanisms related to these variables.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2021
The purpose of this article was to reassess patterns previously identified in the Federal Bureau ... more The purpose of this article was to reassess patterns previously identified in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data, expanding the time frame from 5 years to 20 years, for application within law enforcement when considering training needs over the life cycle of an officer's career. Consistent with the findings of the earlier analysis, this study identifies two prevalent patterns: the age range with the highest frequency of death was 30–39, and the years of experience with the highest frequency of death was 0–4. In fact, the analysis indicates an even stronger pattern of the deadly combination of age and tenure. Implications of the study include the need for larger scale data collection on the national population of officers, detailed information on transfers and time of service overall (as opposed to time in service at current department), and evaluations of current training programs and practices regarding de-escalation...
Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) is an effective fatal opioid overdose prevention strategy. The ... more Naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) is an effective fatal opioid overdose prevention strategy. The study findings describe former opioid users’ phenomenological perspectives regarding their social network, settings of use, and the benefits and barriers to naloxone. Participants ( N = 25) with at least 6 months of recovery time ( M = 30, SD = 14.40) were interviewed individually for an average of 21 ( SD = 5.13) min. The sample was predominately male, Caucasian, and non-Hispanic with an average age of 37 ( SD = 7.22) years. Interview transcripts were analyzed using systematic thematic analysis. During their period of opioid use, most participants differentiated the members of their social network as other people who use opioids (PWUO) and nonusers. The participants described several opportunities for members of their social network to use naloxone. They discussed barriers to naloxone use specific to PWUO within their social network such as apathy toward overdose. Future interventions s...
Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a ... more Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a recent study found evidence that drug courts were associated with increased (rather than decreased) arrests for minor misdemeanor drug offenses (Lilley, 2017; Walsh, 2011). However, the previous study did not utilize an equivalent comparison group and may have relied on a large sample size to generate findings. The current study tested the robustness of those findings by analyzing only cities with over 50,000 population, including four additional years of data, and utilizing a more equivalent comparison group that was propensity-matched to reduce the possibility that a preexisting difference may have generated higher arrest outcomes among drug court jurisdictions. Net-widening, arrest, and crime challenges and implications for drug court policies and law enforcement roles are also discussed.
Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a ... more Although drug courts were intended to reduce the justice system involvement of drug offenders, a recent study found evidence that drug courts were associated with increased (rather than decreased) arrests for minor misdemeanor drug offenses. The author of that study noted that findings raised further questions about whether the increased drug arrests should be interpreted as beneficial or harmful and whether they might have had a differential impact on minority residents. This study incorporated race-specific arrest information to partially answer these questions by utilizing a series of fixed-effects regressions among U.S. cities with populations over 50,000 from 1990 to 2006. Findings indicate that drug court implementation was associated with substantial increases in arrests of Black, but not White residents. Ethical and theoretical implications for therapeutic jurisprudence, problem-solving courts, and the minority threat perspective are discussed.
Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 2015
This study explored the potential value of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 (SASS... more This study explored the potential value of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 (SASSI-3; F. G. Miller & Lazowski, 1999) as a means of predicting program attrition and recidivism among perpetrators of intimate partner violence, concluding that the SASSI-3 is not an adequate predictor.
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an effective counseling method, yet the reasons for this effecti... more Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an effective counseling method, yet the reasons for this effectiveness are not well understood. It has been theorized but not empirically verified that AAT participants view therapy animals as possessing Carl Rogers’s core counselor characteristics (Friesen, 2010; Parish-Plass, 2008).This study examined the degree to which 312 middle school students in Grades 4 through 8 rated an AAT dog on Rogers’s core counselor characteristics using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (1962). The findings show that the AAT dog was rated highly on the 3 Rogerian traits level of regard, empathy, and congruence.
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2010
This article examines officer age and employment tenure variables in the FBI Law Enforcement Offi... more This article examines officer age and employment tenure variables in the FBI Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted summary from 1995 to 1999. During this time frame, 309 incidents of felonious officer deaths were reported to the FBI. The purpose of this paper is to identify patterns in the data for application within law enforcement when considering training needs over the life cycle of an officer's career, and to conduct original, exploratory research in the field. The research concludes that the combination of 0–4 years of experience combined with the ages 30–39 years was particularly deadly for the years 1995–1999. Finally, based on the findings, considerations for hiring, training and data collection are made.
In an era in which rising costs, shrinking budgets, and personnel shortages are common, it is inc... more In an era in which rising costs, shrinking budgets, and personnel shortages are common, it is increasingly important to provide a positive work situation to ensure worker stability. Research indicates that job burnout is a negative response that is harmful to the employee and to the organization. Depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and feeling a lack of accomplishment at work are all dimensions of job burnout. This study examined the association of job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment with burnout among correctional staff. The findings highlight the significance of these variables in relation to burnout. Specifically, job satisfaction had an inverse relationship with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of reduced accomplishment at work, whereas job stress had a significant positive relationship with depersonalization and emotional exhaustion. Job involvement also had a positive association with emotional exhaustion, where...
Among a convenience sample of college students, the authors found an unexpectedly large differenc... more Among a convenience sample of college students, the authors found an unexpectedly large difference in death penalty support between men and women, with only 45% of women supporting capital punishment in contrast to 71% of men. Reasons for supporting or opposing capital punishment varied by gender as well, with men holding more retributive and utilitarian views. Of the measures used in this study, women appeared to respond more to issues of compassion, caring, and mercy, thus providing inferential support for Gilligan's 'ethic of care' hypothesis (1982).
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