Silzibul, the early monarch of the Western Turks, can be identified as neither the Ištemi Qaghan,... more Silzibul, the early monarch of the Western Turks, can be identified as neither the Ištemi Qaghan, nor the Western Junior Qaghan of the Eastern Turks, Buli Qaghan. The name Silzibul cannot be decomposed into Silzi+bul, but should be decomposed into Sil+zibul. Its exact etymology comes from the Persian *srčypwk, which means "Lord Yabghu". It is a Hephthalite style name given by the Persian monarch to the early Turkic monarch. A lot of evidence shows that Silzibul's true identity should be the son of Ištemi and the brother of Tardu. Silzibul and Mughan Qaghan are not uncle and nephew but cousins. In the early days of the establishment of the Turkic state, the most powerful and critical founders were not the first-generation brothers Bumïn and Ištemi, but the second-generation cousins Mughan and Silzibul. The two conquered and pacified the Mongolian Plateau and Central Asia respectively and reigned for almost the same period, when the Eastern and Western Turkic countries were in a state of relatively independence and non-interference most of the time but supporting each other occasionally.
The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form... more The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form of cpγw (Jabghu), and its reading should be revised to zwγw/ žwγw, the Chinese transcription of which may be Shegui 射匱, and the etymology of which is related to Sogdian žwγ-/žγw/jwγ-/jγw/δrγw, which means “hard, cruel, harsh, severe”. There are two kinds of žwγw coin, each casted by Shegui, grandson of Tardu, son of Dulu, and by Yipi Shegui, grandson of Dielishi. They had different tamgas deriving from different branches within the Tardu line. The tamga of the second kind of žwγw coin i.e. Yipi Shegui coin belonged to the Magha Shad line, and the other tamga that appeared along with it came from the Hephthalite, indicating that the line was closely related to Hephthalite-Tokharistan. From the perspective of the relationship between basic tamga and derived tamga, the possibility that Magha Shad came from the Dulu line can be ruled out, and Magha Shad might be the grandson of Tardu and son of Ton Shad instead. The joint appearance of the two tamgas on the Yipi Shegui coin suggest a marriage relationship between the Magha Shad line and the Hephthalite, which might be a continuation of the earlier tradition of marriage relationship between Tardu and Hephthalite.
The Brahmi text "ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan" appearing twice in the Khüis Tolgoi inscription shou... more The Brahmi text "ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan" appearing twice in the Khüis Tolgoi inscription should be interpreted as "Ni-li Qaghan and Du-lu Qaghan", the latter is the son of Da-tou, the father of She-kui and Tong-yehu, his name also appears in the Sogdian legend "twrk x’γ’n" on several Western Turkic coins that have been preliminarily interpreted in recent years. Du-lu Qaghan is not the same person as Duo-lu Shad, the latter is the son of Ta-bo and the father of Si-mo. During the Turkic Civil War, Ta-bo department was more often controlled by the Western Group, so its titles also showed some Western style. Through the analysis of the eastward spread of Ni-li and Da-tou forces during the Turkic Civil War, combined with the investigation of the trends of Du-lan, Qi-min and the Tie-le tribes during the same period, this article proposes that the founder of Khüis Tolgoi Stele is more likely a Qaghan from the Ta-bo clan, especially Si-mo. Key Words: Khüis Tolgoi inscription; Turk; tü-rüg; ni-ri; Si-mo
Abstract: According to the latest interpretation of Tang Dynasty Chinese inscription of “Haraa-Bo... more Abstract: According to the latest interpretation of Tang Dynasty Chinese inscription of “Haraa-Boroo Monument” discovered in Mongolia, the changes in the residences of Tie-le tribes such as Si-jie, Xue-yan-tuo and Bai-xi have been further clarified. The residence of Si-jie in Mo-bei was located in Haraa-Boroo area, the midstream of Haraa River, north of Tula River, and was located in the middle of the four major Tie-le tribes. As a Tie-le tribe, Si-jie had experienced migrating southward and northward, and kept a close relationship with Türks. Fu-li-yu and A-bu-si were both subordinate tribes of Si-jie, and A-bu-si was also closely related to Türks. Haraa-Boroo area was also the first orda of Xue-yan-tuo tribe after it had migrated eastward to Mo-bei. The previous residence of Bai-xi tribe in Mo-bei was also located in this area or its neighborhood. Key Words: Turk; Tie-le; Residence; Si-jie; Bai-xi; Xue-yan-tuo
Based on a detailed investigation of the origin of the official titles of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanat... more Based on a detailed investigation of the origin of the official titles of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanate and the evolution of the two-wing system, the article proposes that the Baghatur of the northern (western) Turkic Kaghanate, who was canonized by Emperor Taizong as a Qaghan and led to rule the Uighur and other tribes, was neither Baghatur Qi-pi, the uncle of Tong Yabghu of the western Turkic Kaghanate, nor A-shi-na Si-mo of the eastern Turkic Kaghanate, but Xie-li-bi, the eldest son of Zhen-zhu Bilge Qaghan Yi-nan of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanate. The canonization was not the time when Xie-li-bi was upgraded from Tardush Baghatur Shad to Tardush Baghatur Yabghu in the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), but another time later that, in which Xie-li-bi was canonized as Tölis Qaghan. The time range of the canonization can be determined between the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641) when Tardush Shad invaded Si-mo southward, and the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644) when he counterattacked Si-mo. Key Words: Baghatur; Xue-Yantuo; Turk; Xie-li-bi; Uighur; Si-mo
Abstract: According to the Brahmi form mu-g1an in the newly deciphered Bugut inscription, the Sog... more Abstract: According to the Brahmi form mu-g1an in the newly deciphered Bugut inscription, the Sogdian form of “木杆” / “木汗” should be revised from “mwxʾn” to “mwγʾn”, and its Oold Turkic form should be restored to * muɣan / mughan, correspondingly, its Chinese transcription name should be corrected to “木汗” or “木扞”, and “木杆” is the incorrect form of “木扞”. “俟斤”(irkin) was the official title before he ascended the throne as the Great Qaghan. “燕都”(Yan-du) may be the incorrect form of “燕郡”(Yan-jun), and “燕尹”(Yan-yin) is its variant translation, and there is also another variant translation form “伊尼溫”(Yi-ni-wen),. tThe old Turkic corresponding to this group of epithets may be “iniy.gün” in Turkic runic inscriptions “Kül Tegin” and “Bilgä Qaghan”, which means “younger brothers, younger generation, heir to the family". Key Words: Mu-gan; Mughan; Epithet; Türk; Iniy.gün
According to inscriptions, epitaphs and manuscript materials, the ethnonyms Chile and Tiele of no... more According to inscriptions, epitaphs and manuscript materials, the ethnonyms Chile and Tiele of northern tribes in the Middle Ages should be restored to Chiqin and Tieqin, and correspondingly, “Chile Song” should also be restored to “Chiqin Song”. Hypotheses such as Chile originating from the transcription of “Plain” čol and Tiele originating from the transcription of “Türk” can no longer be considered. The etymology of the ethnonyms of Chiqin and Tieqin is the Xianbei *terigin, meaning “Big Carts”, which is derived from the term of the ancient Mongolian groups such as Xianbei and Rouran for designating the Dingling. “Gaoche” is the semantic translation of the ethnonym form. The transliteration of the ethnonym from Chiqin to Tieqin reflects the evolution of ancient Chinese from late Old Chinese phonology to early Middle Chinese phonology. Tieqin and Turks are not the same in terms of ethnonym and ethnic origin, and the two should not be confused. The “Oγuz” in ancient Turkic inscriptions is basically equivalent to the Chinese “Tieqin”. With the decline of the Turkic Khanate, the Uyghur among the tribes of the Tieqin-Oγuz became stronger, and the ethnonym “Tieqin” gradually disappeared from the historical record. 根據碑志和寫本材料，中古北方大族敕勒與鐵勒的族名應復原爲“敕勤”與“鐵勤”，相應地《敕勒歌》也應復原爲《敕勤歌》；而“敕勒”來自čol“川野”的對音、“鐵勒”來自türk“突厥”的對音等假説難再成立。敕勤與鐵勤族名的語源是鮮卑語*terigin，意爲“大車”，來自鮮卑、柔然等古蒙古語族群對丁零的他稱，“高車”是該族名的意譯形式，音譯名從“敕勤”改爲“鐵勤”反映了古漢語從晚期上古音到早期中古音的演變。鐵勤與突厥在族名和族源上各不相同，兩者不容混淆；古突厥語碑銘中的“oγuz（烏護）”基本相當于漢文中的“鐵勤”，隨著突厥汗國的衰落，鐵勤—烏護諸部中的回紇强盛起來，族名“鐵勤”也逐漸淡出了史籍。
Abstract: For the first time, the Epitaph of Qarï Čor provides bilingual materials from earlier a... more Abstract: For the first time, the Epitaph of Qarï Čor provides bilingual materials from earlier ages to determine the specific meaning of the word atï, which means either “nephew” or “grandson” in ancient turkic kinship terms. Based on the bilingual epitaph and Chinese historical materials, the Qarï Čor is presumed to be the grandnephew of Kül Bilgä Qaγan, the son of Čabïš Tegin, the nephew of Qan Totoq and the cousin of Bögü Qaγan. Qan Totoq may refer to Tian-qin (天亲) Qaγan Ton Baγa Tarqan. “Zhu-sun (诸孙) ” in the Chinese part of the epitaph corresponds to atï in the ancient turkic runic part which includes multiple meanings such as “cong-sun (从孙)” and “cong-zhi (从侄)”, i.e. grandson or son of cousins. Bayan Čor and Ton Baγa may be brothers, both of them are the sons of Kül Bilgä Qaγan. The contradictions in the records of the Ozmïš Qaγan lineage at the end of the Second Türk Khanate can be explained by Chinese translation errors. The high similarity of the position in the Qaγan family lineage of both tegins indicates that Qarï Čor had a high status in the Yaγlaqar clan. Key Words: Turkic; Uighur; Kinship Term; Qarï Čor; Ozmïš 《葛啜墓志》首次提供了年代较早的双语材料来确定古突厥亲属称谓中兼指“侄”和“孙”的atï一词的具体含义，通过对墓志双语记载和传世汉文史料的综合比较考证，回鹘王子葛啜的家世被初步推定为：骨力裴罗的侄孙、车毗尸特勤的儿子、汗都督的堂侄和牟羽可汗的再从兄弟，汗都督有可能指天亲可汗顿莫贺达干；墓志汉文部分的“诸孙”与卢尼文部分的atï相对应，后者涵盖了“从孙”、“从侄”等多种亲属关系；磨延啜与顿莫贺可能是亲兄弟，两人同为骨力裴罗之子。突厥第二汗国末期可汗乌苏米施家世记载中的矛盾可以通过atï汉译的疏误来解释；葛啜与乌苏米施两者在可汗家族世系中的位置存在高度相似，表明葛啜在药罗葛宗室中具有较高的地位。 关键词 突厥; 回鹘; 亲属称谓; 葛啜; 乌苏米施
Ancient Türkic personal names and titles could retain their original meaning at the same time as ... more Ancient Türkic personal names and titles could retain their original meaning at the same time as they conferred honor and glory. Through an analysis of ancient Türkic and related Chinese language materials, this article proposes that the names rendered in Chinese transliteration as “Yijian移健” and “Shijian时健” were derived from two ancient Türkic kinship terms, “yigän” and “čïqan” which signified a “sister’s or daughter’s son” and “male maternal cousin”, respectively, shedding light on the significance of kinship terms in unraveling historical materials. This article is intended to provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis of S. G. Klyashtorny and Mori Masao 護雅夫 that Tonyuquq was Ashide Yuanzhen, by showing that the meaning of the name “Čïqan Tonyuquq” in the Türkic runic text known as the Küli Čor Inscription (transliterated into Chinese as “Shijian Tunyugu”) can be restored to its original meaning of “the cousin [Tunyugu]”, which parallels the formulation “[Funian] di [Yuanzhen]” (Funian’s cousin Yuanzhen) in Chinese records. In other words, Ashide Yuanzhen was Ashina (Ašïna) Funian’s cousin (mother’s sister’s [younger] son), and this provides new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Tonyuquq was indeed Ashide Yuanzhen.
The Turkic official title "Tamači" is the source of the later Khitan official title "Tama" and th... more The Turkic official title "Tamači" is the source of the later Khitan official title "Tama" and the Mongolian official title "Tammači". It is a low-level official title. "Duo-mo-zhi" and "Du-mo-zhi" are not its different translations. The official title "Fu-hui-zhi" in the post-Turkic Khanate can be restored to "Da-mo-zhi", which should be a different translation of "Tamači", which is also the direct source of the Khitan official title "Da-mo" / "Tama". Key Words: Tamači Da-mo-zhi Tama Tammači Official Title Turk Translation 突厥官號“答摩支”是後世契丹官號“撻馬”及蒙古官號“探馬赤”的來源，它是一個中低級官號，“咄摩支”、“都摩支”等不是它的異譯形式；後突厥汗國中的官號“伏麾支”可復原為“㐲摩支”，應即“答摩支”的一個異譯形式，這也是契丹官號“達磨”/“撻馬”的直接源頭。 關鍵詞 答摩支；㐲摩支；撻馬；探馬赤；官號；突厥；異譯
Abstract: The early residence of the Uighur tribe should not have been located in the upper and m... more Abstract: The early residence of the Uighur tribe should not have been located in the upper and middle reaches of the Selenga River, but mainly in the river's lower reaches, south of Lake Baikal. The title of the Hanhai Dudufu instituted in the habitat of the Uighur tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty was derived from the ancient name of Lake Baikal, i.e., Hanhai. The Haraa-Gol site found on the middle reaches of the Haraa River was not only the location of the Lushan Dudufu established in the habitat of the Sijie tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty, namely the Sijie Orda, but also the location of the earliest Orda of the Xueyantuo tribe after it moved east to the Mobei region. Based on the location of that archaeological site, and in combination with the distances recorded in historical records, the exact location of the Uighur Orda by the Selenga River can be inferred as having been near Selenginsk in the Republic of Buryatia of the Russian Federation. Key Words: Uighur Residence Orda Selenga Hanhai 迴紇早期的居地不應位於色楞格河上中游流域，而是主要分布在貝加爾湖以南的色楞格河下游一帶；唐朝在漠北迴紇部落設置的瀚海都督府的命名即來自貝加爾湖的古稱——瀚海。哈拉河中游發現的哈喇郭勒遺址既是唐朝在漠北思結部落設置的盧山都督府的治所暨思結牙帳所在地，也是薛延陀東遷漠北後最早建立牙帳的地點，以該地爲基點，結合史料中相關里程記載，可以推考出色楞格河迴紇牙帳的具體位置大致位於今俄羅斯聯邦外貝加爾地區布里亞特共和國的色楞格斯克附近。 關鍵詞 迴紇 居地 牙帳 色楞格河 瀚海
Kök Türk title could maintain its original meaning when it denoted good reputation and honour. Wi... more Kök Türk title could maintain its original meaning when it denoted good reputation and honour. With analysis of the related materials in ancient Türkic and Chinese script, the article proposes that Yijian (移健) and Shijian (时健) in Chinese were two titles originated from kinship terms, and their Türkic original forms were “yigän” and “čïqan” representing “sister's child or daughter's child” and “mother's sister's son”. Such discussion can make people aware of the importance of discovering kinship term title from the historical documents. The article also proves that the meaning of the title “čïqan tonyuquq” in Türkic runic Küli Čor Inscription can be identified as “cousin Yuanzhen”, which is conincident with the appellation “Funian's brother Yuanzhen” recorded in Chinese sources. That's to say, Ashide Yuanzhen was Ashina Funian's cousin, which could be a new evidence to support that Tonyuquq and Ashide Yuanzhen was the same person.
Abstract: Based on previous studies, the present paper makes a new research to the origin, clan a... more Abstract: Based on previous studies, the present paper makes a new research to the origin, clan and family background of Tonyuquq - the powerful minister of the second Türk Qaghanate. The Uighur ruler Shi-jian irkin and Pu-sa family belonged to Ashide clan, and Tonyuquq could be the grandson of Pu-sa. This family kept close relationship with that of Xueyantuo (*Syr-Tardush) Qaghan. It was excluded from Uighur tribe after Tu-mi-du had founded the Qaghanate, and was gradually mixed with the remnants of Xueyantuo who had surrendered to Tang government in the south. It then joined with Türk Ashide clan at the south of the great desert, and later returned to north to recover the second Qaghanate with the Türk tribes. There could be some associated evidence in Turkic Runic inscription of steles Choren and Küli Chor. Ulugh Küli Chor and Tonyuquq could be the same person. Ashide Yuan-zhen, the powerful minister of the second Türk Qaghanate, had similar Uighur-Xueyantuo background with Tonyuquq. According to multiple proofs, the hypothesis that Tonyuquq and Ashide Yuan-zhen was the same person still has strong consistency and is highly convincing. Key Words: Tonyuquq; Uighur; Xueyantuo; Türk; Ashide Yuan-zhen. 提要：本文在前人研究基础之上对后突厥汗国重臣暾欲谷的出身、族属与家世进行了新的考证。回纥首领时健俟斤－菩萨家族属阿史德部，暾欲谷可能是菩萨之孙，该家族与薛延陀可汗家族关系密切，在吐迷度建立汗国之后被排挤出回纥，逐渐融入南下投唐的薛延陀余部，进而与漠南的突厥阿史德部合流，又随突厥诸部北返复国。突厥卢尼文《雀林碑》及《阙利啜碑》中可能存在与之有关的证据，元老阙利啜可能与暾欲谷是同一人。同为后突厥重臣的阿史德元珍具有与暾欲谷相似的回纥－薛延陀背景，众多证据表明，暾欲谷与阿史德元珍是同一人的假说仍具有较高的合理性。 关键词：暾欲谷 回纥 薛延陀 突厥 阿史德元珍
Abstract: It was usually considered that during the period of rule of Tang Dynasty's Jimi ruling ... more Abstract: It was usually considered that during the period of rule of Tang Dynasty's Jimi ruling of the north of Gobi Desert (Mo-bei/漠北), the Uighur (回纥) Orda (牙帐) was at the east foothill of Hanggay mountain and upstream of Orkhon river, or was at the Selenga river basin. The author concluded that during that period the Uighur Orda was located at the downstream of Tola river, and its specific location was the east bank of confluence of the Orkhon and Tola rivers, and this place was also the stationary place of Tang governing body Han-hai Du-du-fu (瀚海都督府) and Han-hai-An-bei Du-hu-fu (瀚海－安北都护府). Besides, based on position of Pugu (仆固) tribe Orda, the author also discusses the locations of Ordas of Duolange (多滥葛) and Sijie (思结) tribes, as well as the change of residence of several Tiele (铁勒) tribes. Key Words: Mo-bei Uighur Orda Tiele Residence
Institute of Sino-Western Communications, Dec 2015
ABSTRACT: The reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions is an important method of Inner Asian h... more ABSTRACT: The reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions is an important method of Inner Asian historical research. It is fundamental to the titulary studies. By listing some questions in LUO Xin’s Studies on the Titulary of Medieval Inner Asian Peoples, the reviewer tries to propose precise application of phonetic identification. Checking and comparing transcriptions should comply with basic rules of historical comparative linguistics. Arbitrary phonetic identifications lead to shaky and risky assumptions, and this need to be discarded in our research methodology. KEYWORDS: reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions, titulary, etymology, Inner Asian history, checking and comparing transcriptions
Silzibul, the early monarch of the Western Turks, can be identified as neither the Ištemi Qaghan,... more Silzibul, the early monarch of the Western Turks, can be identified as neither the Ištemi Qaghan, nor the Western Junior Qaghan of the Eastern Turks, Buli Qaghan. The name Silzibul cannot be decomposed into Silzi+bul, but should be decomposed into Sil+zibul. Its exact etymology comes from the Persian *srčypwk, which means "Lord Yabghu". It is a Hephthalite style name given by the Persian monarch to the early Turkic monarch. A lot of evidence shows that Silzibul's true identity should be the son of Ištemi and the brother of Tardu. Silzibul and Mughan Qaghan are not uncle and nephew but cousins. In the early days of the establishment of the Turkic state, the most powerful and critical founders were not the first-generation brothers Bumïn and Ištemi, but the second-generation cousins Mughan and Silzibul. The two conquered and pacified the Mongolian Plateau and Central Asia respectively and reigned for almost the same period, when the Eastern and Western Turkic countries were in a state of relatively independence and non-interference most of the time but supporting each other occasionally.
The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form... more The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form of cpγw (Jabghu), and its reading should be revised to zwγw/ žwγw, the Chinese transcription of which may be Shegui 射匱, and the etymology of which is related to Sogdian žwγ-/žγw/jwγ-/jγw/δrγw, which means “hard, cruel, harsh, severe”. There are two kinds of žwγw coin, each casted by Shegui, grandson of Tardu, son of Dulu, and by Yipi Shegui, grandson of Dielishi. They had different tamgas deriving from different branches within the Tardu line. The tamga of the second kind of žwγw coin i.e. Yipi Shegui coin belonged to the Magha Shad line, and the other tamga that appeared along with it came from the Hephthalite, indicating that the line was closely related to Hephthalite-Tokharistan. From the perspective of the relationship between basic tamga and derived tamga, the possibility that Magha Shad came from the Dulu line can be ruled out, and Magha Shad might be the grandson of Tardu and son of Ton Shad instead. The joint appearance of the two tamgas on the Yipi Shegui coin suggest a marriage relationship between the Magha Shad line and the Hephthalite, which might be a continuation of the earlier tradition of marriage relationship between Tardu and Hephthalite.
The Brahmi text "ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan" appearing twice in the Khüis Tolgoi inscription shou... more The Brahmi text "ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan" appearing twice in the Khüis Tolgoi inscription should be interpreted as "Ni-li Qaghan and Du-lu Qaghan", the latter is the son of Da-tou, the father of She-kui and Tong-yehu, his name also appears in the Sogdian legend "twrk x’γ’n" on several Western Turkic coins that have been preliminarily interpreted in recent years. Du-lu Qaghan is not the same person as Duo-lu Shad, the latter is the son of Ta-bo and the father of Si-mo. During the Turkic Civil War, Ta-bo department was more often controlled by the Western Group, so its titles also showed some Western style. Through the analysis of the eastward spread of Ni-li and Da-tou forces during the Turkic Civil War, combined with the investigation of the trends of Du-lan, Qi-min and the Tie-le tribes during the same period, this article proposes that the founder of Khüis Tolgoi Stele is more likely a Qaghan from the Ta-bo clan, especially Si-mo. Key Words: Khüis Tolgoi inscription; Turk; tü-rüg; ni-ri; Si-mo
Abstract: According to the latest interpretation of Tang Dynasty Chinese inscription of “Haraa-Bo... more Abstract: According to the latest interpretation of Tang Dynasty Chinese inscription of “Haraa-Boroo Monument” discovered in Mongolia, the changes in the residences of Tie-le tribes such as Si-jie, Xue-yan-tuo and Bai-xi have been further clarified. The residence of Si-jie in Mo-bei was located in Haraa-Boroo area, the midstream of Haraa River, north of Tula River, and was located in the middle of the four major Tie-le tribes. As a Tie-le tribe, Si-jie had experienced migrating southward and northward, and kept a close relationship with Türks. Fu-li-yu and A-bu-si were both subordinate tribes of Si-jie, and A-bu-si was also closely related to Türks. Haraa-Boroo area was also the first orda of Xue-yan-tuo tribe after it had migrated eastward to Mo-bei. The previous residence of Bai-xi tribe in Mo-bei was also located in this area or its neighborhood. Key Words: Turk; Tie-le; Residence; Si-jie; Bai-xi; Xue-yan-tuo
Based on a detailed investigation of the origin of the official titles of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanat... more Based on a detailed investigation of the origin of the official titles of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanate and the evolution of the two-wing system, the article proposes that the Baghatur of the northern (western) Turkic Kaghanate, who was canonized by Emperor Taizong as a Qaghan and led to rule the Uighur and other tribes, was neither Baghatur Qi-pi, the uncle of Tong Yabghu of the western Turkic Kaghanate, nor A-shi-na Si-mo of the eastern Turkic Kaghanate, but Xie-li-bi, the eldest son of Zhen-zhu Bilge Qaghan Yi-nan of the Xue-Yantuo Kaghanate. The canonization was not the time when Xie-li-bi was upgraded from Tardush Baghatur Shad to Tardush Baghatur Yabghu in the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), but another time later that, in which Xie-li-bi was canonized as Tölis Qaghan. The time range of the canonization can be determined between the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641) when Tardush Shad invaded Si-mo southward, and the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644) when he counterattacked Si-mo. Key Words: Baghatur; Xue-Yantuo; Turk; Xie-li-bi; Uighur; Si-mo
Abstract: According to the Brahmi form mu-g1an in the newly deciphered Bugut inscription, the Sog... more Abstract: According to the Brahmi form mu-g1an in the newly deciphered Bugut inscription, the Sogdian form of “木杆” / “木汗” should be revised from “mwxʾn” to “mwγʾn”, and its Oold Turkic form should be restored to * muɣan / mughan, correspondingly, its Chinese transcription name should be corrected to “木汗” or “木扞”, and “木杆” is the incorrect form of “木扞”. “俟斤”(irkin) was the official title before he ascended the throne as the Great Qaghan. “燕都”(Yan-du) may be the incorrect form of “燕郡”(Yan-jun), and “燕尹”(Yan-yin) is its variant translation, and there is also another variant translation form “伊尼溫”(Yi-ni-wen),. tThe old Turkic corresponding to this group of epithets may be “iniy.gün” in Turkic runic inscriptions “Kül Tegin” and “Bilgä Qaghan”, which means “younger brothers, younger generation, heir to the family". Key Words: Mu-gan; Mughan; Epithet; Türk; Iniy.gün
According to inscriptions, epitaphs and manuscript materials, the ethnonyms Chile and Tiele of no... more According to inscriptions, epitaphs and manuscript materials, the ethnonyms Chile and Tiele of northern tribes in the Middle Ages should be restored to Chiqin and Tieqin, and correspondingly, “Chile Song” should also be restored to “Chiqin Song”. Hypotheses such as Chile originating from the transcription of “Plain” čol and Tiele originating from the transcription of “Türk” can no longer be considered. The etymology of the ethnonyms of Chiqin and Tieqin is the Xianbei *terigin, meaning “Big Carts”, which is derived from the term of the ancient Mongolian groups such as Xianbei and Rouran for designating the Dingling. “Gaoche” is the semantic translation of the ethnonym form. The transliteration of the ethnonym from Chiqin to Tieqin reflects the evolution of ancient Chinese from late Old Chinese phonology to early Middle Chinese phonology. Tieqin and Turks are not the same in terms of ethnonym and ethnic origin, and the two should not be confused. The “Oγuz” in ancient Turkic inscriptions is basically equivalent to the Chinese “Tieqin”. With the decline of the Turkic Khanate, the Uyghur among the tribes of the Tieqin-Oγuz became stronger, and the ethnonym “Tieqin” gradually disappeared from the historical record. 根據碑志和寫本材料，中古北方大族敕勒與鐵勒的族名應復原爲“敕勤”與“鐵勤”，相應地《敕勒歌》也應復原爲《敕勤歌》；而“敕勒”來自čol“川野”的對音、“鐵勒”來自türk“突厥”的對音等假説難再成立。敕勤與鐵勤族名的語源是鮮卑語*terigin，意爲“大車”，來自鮮卑、柔然等古蒙古語族群對丁零的他稱，“高車”是該族名的意譯形式，音譯名從“敕勤”改爲“鐵勤”反映了古漢語從晚期上古音到早期中古音的演變。鐵勤與突厥在族名和族源上各不相同，兩者不容混淆；古突厥語碑銘中的“oγuz（烏護）”基本相當于漢文中的“鐵勤”，隨著突厥汗國的衰落，鐵勤—烏護諸部中的回紇强盛起來，族名“鐵勤”也逐漸淡出了史籍。
Abstract: For the first time, the Epitaph of Qarï Čor provides bilingual materials from earlier a... more Abstract: For the first time, the Epitaph of Qarï Čor provides bilingual materials from earlier ages to determine the specific meaning of the word atï, which means either “nephew” or “grandson” in ancient turkic kinship terms. Based on the bilingual epitaph and Chinese historical materials, the Qarï Čor is presumed to be the grandnephew of Kül Bilgä Qaγan, the son of Čabïš Tegin, the nephew of Qan Totoq and the cousin of Bögü Qaγan. Qan Totoq may refer to Tian-qin (天亲) Qaγan Ton Baγa Tarqan. “Zhu-sun (诸孙) ” in the Chinese part of the epitaph corresponds to atï in the ancient turkic runic part which includes multiple meanings such as “cong-sun (从孙)” and “cong-zhi (从侄)”, i.e. grandson or son of cousins. Bayan Čor and Ton Baγa may be brothers, both of them are the sons of Kül Bilgä Qaγan. The contradictions in the records of the Ozmïš Qaγan lineage at the end of the Second Türk Khanate can be explained by Chinese translation errors. The high similarity of the position in the Qaγan family lineage of both tegins indicates that Qarï Čor had a high status in the Yaγlaqar clan. Key Words: Turkic; Uighur; Kinship Term; Qarï Čor; Ozmïš 《葛啜墓志》首次提供了年代较早的双语材料来确定古突厥亲属称谓中兼指“侄”和“孙”的atï一词的具体含义，通过对墓志双语记载和传世汉文史料的综合比较考证，回鹘王子葛啜的家世被初步推定为：骨力裴罗的侄孙、车毗尸特勤的儿子、汗都督的堂侄和牟羽可汗的再从兄弟，汗都督有可能指天亲可汗顿莫贺达干；墓志汉文部分的“诸孙”与卢尼文部分的atï相对应，后者涵盖了“从孙”、“从侄”等多种亲属关系；磨延啜与顿莫贺可能是亲兄弟，两人同为骨力裴罗之子。突厥第二汗国末期可汗乌苏米施家世记载中的矛盾可以通过atï汉译的疏误来解释；葛啜与乌苏米施两者在可汗家族世系中的位置存在高度相似，表明葛啜在药罗葛宗室中具有较高的地位。 关键词 突厥; 回鹘; 亲属称谓; 葛啜; 乌苏米施
Ancient Türkic personal names and titles could retain their original meaning at the same time as ... more Ancient Türkic personal names and titles could retain their original meaning at the same time as they conferred honor and glory. Through an analysis of ancient Türkic and related Chinese language materials, this article proposes that the names rendered in Chinese transliteration as “Yijian移健” and “Shijian时健” were derived from two ancient Türkic kinship terms, “yigän” and “čïqan” which signified a “sister’s or daughter’s son” and “male maternal cousin”, respectively, shedding light on the significance of kinship terms in unraveling historical materials. This article is intended to provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis of S. G. Klyashtorny and Mori Masao 護雅夫 that Tonyuquq was Ashide Yuanzhen, by showing that the meaning of the name “Čïqan Tonyuquq” in the Türkic runic text known as the Küli Čor Inscription (transliterated into Chinese as “Shijian Tunyugu”) can be restored to its original meaning of “the cousin [Tunyugu]”, which parallels the formulation “[Funian] di [Yuanzhen]” (Funian’s cousin Yuanzhen) in Chinese records. In other words, Ashide Yuanzhen was Ashina (Ašïna) Funian’s cousin (mother’s sister’s [younger] son), and this provides new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Tonyuquq was indeed Ashide Yuanzhen.
The Turkic official title "Tamači" is the source of the later Khitan official title "Tama" and th... more The Turkic official title "Tamači" is the source of the later Khitan official title "Tama" and the Mongolian official title "Tammači". It is a low-level official title. "Duo-mo-zhi" and "Du-mo-zhi" are not its different translations. The official title "Fu-hui-zhi" in the post-Turkic Khanate can be restored to "Da-mo-zhi", which should be a different translation of "Tamači", which is also the direct source of the Khitan official title "Da-mo" / "Tama". Key Words: Tamači Da-mo-zhi Tama Tammači Official Title Turk Translation 突厥官號“答摩支”是後世契丹官號“撻馬”及蒙古官號“探馬赤”的來源，它是一個中低級官號，“咄摩支”、“都摩支”等不是它的異譯形式；後突厥汗國中的官號“伏麾支”可復原為“㐲摩支”，應即“答摩支”的一個異譯形式，這也是契丹官號“達磨”/“撻馬”的直接源頭。 關鍵詞 答摩支；㐲摩支；撻馬；探馬赤；官號；突厥；異譯
Abstract: The early residence of the Uighur tribe should not have been located in the upper and m... more Abstract: The early residence of the Uighur tribe should not have been located in the upper and middle reaches of the Selenga River, but mainly in the river's lower reaches, south of Lake Baikal. The title of the Hanhai Dudufu instituted in the habitat of the Uighur tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty was derived from the ancient name of Lake Baikal, i.e., Hanhai. The Haraa-Gol site found on the middle reaches of the Haraa River was not only the location of the Lushan Dudufu established in the habitat of the Sijie tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty, namely the Sijie Orda, but also the location of the earliest Orda of the Xueyantuo tribe after it moved east to the Mobei region. Based on the location of that archaeological site, and in combination with the distances recorded in historical records, the exact location of the Uighur Orda by the Selenga River can be inferred as having been near Selenginsk in the Republic of Buryatia of the Russian Federation. Key Words: Uighur Residence Orda Selenga Hanhai 迴紇早期的居地不應位於色楞格河上中游流域，而是主要分布在貝加爾湖以南的色楞格河下游一帶；唐朝在漠北迴紇部落設置的瀚海都督府的命名即來自貝加爾湖的古稱——瀚海。哈拉河中游發現的哈喇郭勒遺址既是唐朝在漠北思結部落設置的盧山都督府的治所暨思結牙帳所在地，也是薛延陀東遷漠北後最早建立牙帳的地點，以該地爲基點，結合史料中相關里程記載，可以推考出色楞格河迴紇牙帳的具體位置大致位於今俄羅斯聯邦外貝加爾地區布里亞特共和國的色楞格斯克附近。 關鍵詞 迴紇 居地 牙帳 色楞格河 瀚海
Kök Türk title could maintain its original meaning when it denoted good reputation and honour. Wi... more Kök Türk title could maintain its original meaning when it denoted good reputation and honour. With analysis of the related materials in ancient Türkic and Chinese script, the article proposes that Yijian (移健) and Shijian (时健) in Chinese were two titles originated from kinship terms, and their Türkic original forms were “yigän” and “čïqan” representing “sister's child or daughter's child” and “mother's sister's son”. Such discussion can make people aware of the importance of discovering kinship term title from the historical documents. The article also proves that the meaning of the title “čïqan tonyuquq” in Türkic runic Küli Čor Inscription can be identified as “cousin Yuanzhen”, which is conincident with the appellation “Funian's brother Yuanzhen” recorded in Chinese sources. That's to say, Ashide Yuanzhen was Ashina Funian's cousin, which could be a new evidence to support that Tonyuquq and Ashide Yuanzhen was the same person.
Abstract: Based on previous studies, the present paper makes a new research to the origin, clan a... more Abstract: Based on previous studies, the present paper makes a new research to the origin, clan and family background of Tonyuquq - the powerful minister of the second Türk Qaghanate. The Uighur ruler Shi-jian irkin and Pu-sa family belonged to Ashide clan, and Tonyuquq could be the grandson of Pu-sa. This family kept close relationship with that of Xueyantuo (*Syr-Tardush) Qaghan. It was excluded from Uighur tribe after Tu-mi-du had founded the Qaghanate, and was gradually mixed with the remnants of Xueyantuo who had surrendered to Tang government in the south. It then joined with Türk Ashide clan at the south of the great desert, and later returned to north to recover the second Qaghanate with the Türk tribes. There could be some associated evidence in Turkic Runic inscription of steles Choren and Küli Chor. Ulugh Küli Chor and Tonyuquq could be the same person. Ashide Yuan-zhen, the powerful minister of the second Türk Qaghanate, had similar Uighur-Xueyantuo background with Tonyuquq. According to multiple proofs, the hypothesis that Tonyuquq and Ashide Yuan-zhen was the same person still has strong consistency and is highly convincing. Key Words: Tonyuquq; Uighur; Xueyantuo; Türk; Ashide Yuan-zhen. 提要：本文在前人研究基础之上对后突厥汗国重臣暾欲谷的出身、族属与家世进行了新的考证。回纥首领时健俟斤－菩萨家族属阿史德部，暾欲谷可能是菩萨之孙，该家族与薛延陀可汗家族关系密切，在吐迷度建立汗国之后被排挤出回纥，逐渐融入南下投唐的薛延陀余部，进而与漠南的突厥阿史德部合流，又随突厥诸部北返复国。突厥卢尼文《雀林碑》及《阙利啜碑》中可能存在与之有关的证据，元老阙利啜可能与暾欲谷是同一人。同为后突厥重臣的阿史德元珍具有与暾欲谷相似的回纥－薛延陀背景，众多证据表明，暾欲谷与阿史德元珍是同一人的假说仍具有较高的合理性。 关键词：暾欲谷 回纥 薛延陀 突厥 阿史德元珍
Abstract: It was usually considered that during the period of rule of Tang Dynasty's Jimi ruling ... more Abstract: It was usually considered that during the period of rule of Tang Dynasty's Jimi ruling of the north of Gobi Desert (Mo-bei/漠北), the Uighur (回纥) Orda (牙帐) was at the east foothill of Hanggay mountain and upstream of Orkhon river, or was at the Selenga river basin. The author concluded that during that period the Uighur Orda was located at the downstream of Tola river, and its specific location was the east bank of confluence of the Orkhon and Tola rivers, and this place was also the stationary place of Tang governing body Han-hai Du-du-fu (瀚海都督府) and Han-hai-An-bei Du-hu-fu (瀚海－安北都护府). Besides, based on position of Pugu (仆固) tribe Orda, the author also discusses the locations of Ordas of Duolange (多滥葛) and Sijie (思结) tribes, as well as the change of residence of several Tiele (铁勒) tribes. Key Words: Mo-bei Uighur Orda Tiele Residence
Institute of Sino-Western Communications, Dec 2015
ABSTRACT: The reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions is an important method of Inner Asian h... more ABSTRACT: The reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions is an important method of Inner Asian historical research. It is fundamental to the titulary studies. By listing some questions in LUO Xin’s Studies on the Titulary of Medieval Inner Asian Peoples, the reviewer tries to propose precise application of phonetic identification. Checking and comparing transcriptions should comply with basic rules of historical comparative linguistics. Arbitrary phonetic identifications lead to shaky and risky assumptions, and this need to be discarded in our research methodology. KEYWORDS: reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions, titulary, etymology, Inner Asian history, checking and comparing transcriptions
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Papers by Ken CHEN
Key Words: Khüis Tolgoi inscription; Turk; tü-rüg; ni-ri; Si-mo
《慧思陶勒盖碑》中两次出现的婆罗米文“ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan”应释读为“泥利可汗和都六可汗”，后者是达头之子、射匮和统叶护之父，其名也以粟特文“twrk x’γ’n”的形式出现在若干近年被初步释读的西突厥钱币上。都六可汗与咄六设不是同一人，后者是佗钵之子、思摩之父。突厥内战期间，佗钵系更多时间受西部集团控制，因而其名号也呈现出某些西部风格。通过对突厥内战期间泥利与达头势力东渐过程的分析，结合对同一时期都蓝、启民与铁勒诸部动向的考察，本文提出《慧思陶勒盖碑》的建立者较可能是出自佗钵系的可汗，尤以思摩的可能性较高。
关键词：慧思陶勒盖碑 突厥 都六 泥利 思摩
Key Words: Turk; Tie-le; Residence; Si-jie; Bai-xi; Xue-yan-tuo
根据蒙古国发现的唐代汉文《哈拉－博罗碑》的最新释读成果，思结、薛延陀与白霫等铁勒部落的居地变动情况得到进一步阐明。思结的漠北居地在土拉河以北、哈拉河中游的哈拉－博罗地区，位于四大铁勒部落的中间。作为铁勒部落的思结经历了南下与北上，与突厥本部关系密切。匐利羽与阿布思都是思结别部，阿布思也与突厥本部关系密切。哈拉－博罗地区也是薛延陀部落东迁漠北后首先建牙之所在。白霫部落先前在漠北的居地也位于这一区域或其邻域。
关键词：突厥 铁勒 居地 思结 白霫 薛延陀
Key Words: Baghatur; Xue-Yantuo; Turk; Xie-li-bi; Uighur; Si-mo
基于对薛延陀汗国官号来源及两翼制度演变的详细考察，文章提出，贞观中被太宗册为可汗、遣统回纥等部的北（西）突厥莫贺咄其人，既不是西突厥统叶护的伯父莫贺咄俟毗，也不是东突厥阿史那思摩，而应是薛延陀真珠毗伽可汗夷男的庶长子颉利苾。其册封不是贞观十二年（638）颉利苾由达度莫贺咄设升级为达度莫贺咄叶护的那一次，而是之后的另一次，在这后一次册封中，颉利苾被册为突利失可汗，册封的时间范围可大致确定在贞观十五年（641）大度设南侵思摩与贞观十八年（644）突利失反击思摩之间。
关键词：莫贺咄 薛延陀 突厥 颉利苾 回纥 思摩
Key Words: Mu-gan; Mughan; Epithet; Türk; Iniy.gün
根據新近解讀的布古特碑中的婆羅米文形式mu-g1an，“木杆”／“木汗”的粟特語形式應由mwxʾn修正爲mwγʾn，其古突厥語應復原爲*muɣan／mughan，相應地，其漢譯名應厘正爲“木汗”或“木扞”，“木杆”則是“木扞”的形訛。“俟斤”（irkin）是其即位大可汗之前的官稱。“燕都”或是“燕郡”之訛，“燕尹”是其異譯，另外還有異譯形式“伊尼溫”，這組名號對應的古突厥語可能是盧尼文《闕特勤碑》《毗伽可汗碑》中的“iniy.gün”，意爲“諸弟，諸晚輩，家族之繼承人”。
關鍵詞：木杆；木汗；名號；突厥；伊尼溫
根據碑志和寫本材料，中古北方大族敕勒與鐵勒的族名應復原爲“敕勤”與“鐵勤”，相應地《敕勒歌》也應復原爲《敕勤歌》；而“敕勒”來自čol“川野”的對音、“鐵勒”來自türk“突厥”的對音等假説難再成立。敕勤與鐵勤族名的語源是鮮卑語*terigin，意爲“大車”，來自鮮卑、柔然等古蒙古語族群對丁零的他稱，“高車”是該族名的意譯形式，音譯名從“敕勤”改爲“鐵勤”反映了古漢語從晚期上古音到早期中古音的演變。鐵勤與突厥在族名和族源上各不相同，兩者不容混淆；古突厥語碑銘中的“oγuz（烏護）”基本相當于漢文中的“鐵勤”，隨著突厥汗國的衰落，鐵勤—烏護諸部中的回紇强盛起來，族名“鐵勤”也逐漸淡出了史籍。
Key Words: Turkic; Uighur; Kinship Term; Qarï Čor; Ozmïš
《葛啜墓志》首次提供了年代较早的双语材料来确定古突厥亲属称谓中兼指“侄”和“孙”的atï一词的具体含义，通过对墓志双语记载和传世汉文史料的综合比较考证，回鹘王子葛啜的家世被初步推定为：骨力裴罗的侄孙、车毗尸特勤的儿子、汗都督的堂侄和牟羽可汗的再从兄弟，汗都督有可能指天亲可汗顿莫贺达干；墓志汉文部分的“诸孙”与卢尼文部分的atï相对应，后者涵盖了“从孙”、“从侄”等多种亲属关系；磨延啜与顿莫贺可能是亲兄弟，两人同为骨力裴罗之子。突厥第二汗国末期可汗乌苏米施家世记载中的矛盾可以通过atï汉译的疏误来解释；葛啜与乌苏米施两者在可汗家族世系中的位置存在高度相似，表明葛啜在药罗葛宗室中具有较高的地位。
关键词 突厥; 回鹘; 亲属称谓; 葛啜; 乌苏米施
Key Words: Tamači Da-mo-zhi Tama Tammači Official Title Turk Translation
突厥官號“答摩支”是後世契丹官號“撻馬”及蒙古官號“探馬赤”的來源，它是一個中低級官號，“咄摩支”、“都摩支”等不是它的異譯形式；後突厥汗國中的官號“伏麾支”可復原為“㐲摩支”，應即“答摩支”的一個異譯形式，這也是契丹官號“達磨”/“撻馬”的直接源頭。
關鍵詞 答摩支；㐲摩支；撻馬；探馬赤；官號；突厥；異譯
Key Words: Uighur Residence Orda Selenga Hanhai
迴紇早期的居地不應位於色楞格河上中游流域，而是主要分布在貝加爾湖以南的色楞格河下游一帶；唐朝在漠北迴紇部落設置的瀚海都督府的命名即來自貝加爾湖的古稱——瀚海。哈拉河中游發現的哈喇郭勒遺址既是唐朝在漠北思結部落設置的盧山都督府的治所暨思結牙帳所在地，也是薛延陀東遷漠北後最早建立牙帳的地點，以該地爲基點，結合史料中相關里程記載，可以推考出色楞格河迴紇牙帳的具體位置大致位於今俄羅斯聯邦外貝加爾地區布里亞特共和國的色楞格斯克附近。
關鍵詞 迴紇 居地 牙帳 色楞格河 瀚海
Key Words: Tonyuquq; Uighur; Xueyantuo; Türk; Ashide Yuan-zhen.
提要：本文在前人研究基础之上对后突厥汗国重臣暾欲谷的出身、族属与家世进行了新的考证。回纥首领时健俟斤－菩萨家族属阿史德部，暾欲谷可能是菩萨之孙，该家族与薛延陀可汗家族关系密切，在吐迷度建立汗国之后被排挤出回纥，逐渐融入南下投唐的薛延陀余部，进而与漠南的突厥阿史德部合流，又随突厥诸部北返复国。突厥卢尼文《雀林碑》及《阙利啜碑》中可能存在与之有关的证据，元老阙利啜可能与暾欲谷是同一人。同为后突厥重臣的阿史德元珍具有与暾欲谷相似的回纥－薛延陀背景，众多证据表明，暾欲谷与阿史德元珍是同一人的假说仍具有较高的合理性。
关键词：暾欲谷 回纥 薛延陀 突厥 阿史德元珍
Key Words: Mo-bei Uighur Orda Tiele Residence
摘要：传统看法认为，在唐朝羁縻统治漠北时期，回纥牙帐在杭爱山脉东麓、鄂尔浑河上游，或者在色楞格河流域，这两种看法都缺乏根据，且与诸多史料相悖，本文详细分析经典史料，并结合最新考古材料，推测出该时期的回纥牙帐位于土拉河下游，并可具体定位在今天蒙古国内土拉河与鄂尔浑河交汇处的土拉河东岸一带，该处也是唐朝羁縻统治漠北所设置的瀚海－安北都护府的驻地；此外基于仆固部落牙帐位置及居地范围的确定，还推论出同时期多滥葛与思结部落的牙帐位置及居地范围，并探讨了若干铁勒部落居地的演变情况。
关键词： 漠北 回纥 牙帐 铁勒 居地
Book Reviews by Ken CHEN
KEYWORDS: reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions, titulary, etymology, Inner Asian history, checking and comparing transcriptions
摘 要：对音是内亚史研究的重要方法，对于名号研究来说尤为根本。通过对罗新《中古北族名号研究》中某些问题的胪列，评者提出对音的应用需更加精确，审音勘同的运用应尊重与遵守历史比较语言学的基本规则。粗疏的对音将导致高度的危险，这是实证研究所坚决摒弃的。
关键词：对音、名号、语源、内亚、审音勘同
Drafts by Ken CHEN
Key Words: Khüis Tolgoi inscription; Turk; tü-rüg; ni-ri; Si-mo
《慧思陶勒盖碑》中两次出现的婆罗米文“ni-ri ka-γan tü-rüg ka-γan”应释读为“泥利可汗和都六可汗”，后者是达头之子、射匮和统叶护之父，其名也以粟特文“twrk x’γ’n”的形式出现在若干近年被初步释读的西突厥钱币上。都六可汗与咄六设不是同一人，后者是佗钵之子、思摩之父。突厥内战期间，佗钵系更多时间受西部集团控制，因而其名号也呈现出某些西部风格。通过对突厥内战期间泥利与达头势力东渐过程的分析，结合对同一时期都蓝、启民与铁勒诸部动向的考察，本文提出《慧思陶勒盖碑》的建立者较可能是出自佗钵系的可汗，尤以思摩的可能性较高。
关键词：慧思陶勒盖碑 突厥 都六 泥利 思摩
Key Words: Turk; Tie-le; Residence; Si-jie; Bai-xi; Xue-yan-tuo
根据蒙古国发现的唐代汉文《哈拉－博罗碑》的最新释读成果，思结、薛延陀与白霫等铁勒部落的居地变动情况得到进一步阐明。思结的漠北居地在土拉河以北、哈拉河中游的哈拉－博罗地区，位于四大铁勒部落的中间。作为铁勒部落的思结经历了南下与北上，与突厥本部关系密切。匐利羽与阿布思都是思结别部，阿布思也与突厥本部关系密切。哈拉－博罗地区也是薛延陀部落东迁漠北后首先建牙之所在。白霫部落先前在漠北的居地也位于这一区域或其邻域。
关键词：突厥 铁勒 居地 思结 白霫 薛延陀
Key Words: Baghatur; Xue-Yantuo; Turk; Xie-li-bi; Uighur; Si-mo
基于对薛延陀汗国官号来源及两翼制度演变的详细考察，文章提出，贞观中被太宗册为可汗、遣统回纥等部的北（西）突厥莫贺咄其人，既不是西突厥统叶护的伯父莫贺咄俟毗，也不是东突厥阿史那思摩，而应是薛延陀真珠毗伽可汗夷男的庶长子颉利苾。其册封不是贞观十二年（638）颉利苾由达度莫贺咄设升级为达度莫贺咄叶护的那一次，而是之后的另一次，在这后一次册封中，颉利苾被册为突利失可汗，册封的时间范围可大致确定在贞观十五年（641）大度设南侵思摩与贞观十八年（644）突利失反击思摩之间。
关键词：莫贺咄 薛延陀 突厥 颉利苾 回纥 思摩
Key Words: Mu-gan; Mughan; Epithet; Türk; Iniy.gün
根據新近解讀的布古特碑中的婆羅米文形式mu-g1an，“木杆”／“木汗”的粟特語形式應由mwxʾn修正爲mwγʾn，其古突厥語應復原爲*muɣan／mughan，相應地，其漢譯名應厘正爲“木汗”或“木扞”，“木杆”則是“木扞”的形訛。“俟斤”（irkin）是其即位大可汗之前的官稱。“燕都”或是“燕郡”之訛，“燕尹”是其異譯，另外還有異譯形式“伊尼溫”，這組名號對應的古突厥語可能是盧尼文《闕特勤碑》《毗伽可汗碑》中的“iniy.gün”，意爲“諸弟，諸晚輩，家族之繼承人”。
關鍵詞：木杆；木汗；名號；突厥；伊尼溫
根據碑志和寫本材料，中古北方大族敕勒與鐵勒的族名應復原爲“敕勤”與“鐵勤”，相應地《敕勒歌》也應復原爲《敕勤歌》；而“敕勒”來自čol“川野”的對音、“鐵勒”來自türk“突厥”的對音等假説難再成立。敕勤與鐵勤族名的語源是鮮卑語*terigin，意爲“大車”，來自鮮卑、柔然等古蒙古語族群對丁零的他稱，“高車”是該族名的意譯形式，音譯名從“敕勤”改爲“鐵勤”反映了古漢語從晚期上古音到早期中古音的演變。鐵勤與突厥在族名和族源上各不相同，兩者不容混淆；古突厥語碑銘中的“oγuz（烏護）”基本相當于漢文中的“鐵勤”，隨著突厥汗國的衰落，鐵勤—烏護諸部中的回紇强盛起來，族名“鐵勤”也逐漸淡出了史籍。
Key Words: Turkic; Uighur; Kinship Term; Qarï Čor; Ozmïš
《葛啜墓志》首次提供了年代较早的双语材料来确定古突厥亲属称谓中兼指“侄”和“孙”的atï一词的具体含义，通过对墓志双语记载和传世汉文史料的综合比较考证，回鹘王子葛啜的家世被初步推定为：骨力裴罗的侄孙、车毗尸特勤的儿子、汗都督的堂侄和牟羽可汗的再从兄弟，汗都督有可能指天亲可汗顿莫贺达干；墓志汉文部分的“诸孙”与卢尼文部分的atï相对应，后者涵盖了“从孙”、“从侄”等多种亲属关系；磨延啜与顿莫贺可能是亲兄弟，两人同为骨力裴罗之子。突厥第二汗国末期可汗乌苏米施家世记载中的矛盾可以通过atï汉译的疏误来解释；葛啜与乌苏米施两者在可汗家族世系中的位置存在高度相似，表明葛啜在药罗葛宗室中具有较高的地位。
关键词 突厥; 回鹘; 亲属称谓; 葛啜; 乌苏米施
Key Words: Tamači Da-mo-zhi Tama Tammači Official Title Turk Translation
突厥官號“答摩支”是後世契丹官號“撻馬”及蒙古官號“探馬赤”的來源，它是一個中低級官號，“咄摩支”、“都摩支”等不是它的異譯形式；後突厥汗國中的官號“伏麾支”可復原為“㐲摩支”，應即“答摩支”的一個異譯形式，這也是契丹官號“達磨”/“撻馬”的直接源頭。
關鍵詞 答摩支；㐲摩支；撻馬；探馬赤；官號；突厥；異譯
Key Words: Uighur Residence Orda Selenga Hanhai
迴紇早期的居地不應位於色楞格河上中游流域，而是主要分布在貝加爾湖以南的色楞格河下游一帶；唐朝在漠北迴紇部落設置的瀚海都督府的命名即來自貝加爾湖的古稱——瀚海。哈拉河中游發現的哈喇郭勒遺址既是唐朝在漠北思結部落設置的盧山都督府的治所暨思結牙帳所在地，也是薛延陀東遷漠北後最早建立牙帳的地點，以該地爲基點，結合史料中相關里程記載，可以推考出色楞格河迴紇牙帳的具體位置大致位於今俄羅斯聯邦外貝加爾地區布里亞特共和國的色楞格斯克附近。
關鍵詞 迴紇 居地 牙帳 色楞格河 瀚海
Key Words: Tonyuquq; Uighur; Xueyantuo; Türk; Ashide Yuan-zhen.
提要：本文在前人研究基础之上对后突厥汗国重臣暾欲谷的出身、族属与家世进行了新的考证。回纥首领时健俟斤－菩萨家族属阿史德部，暾欲谷可能是菩萨之孙，该家族与薛延陀可汗家族关系密切，在吐迷度建立汗国之后被排挤出回纥，逐渐融入南下投唐的薛延陀余部，进而与漠南的突厥阿史德部合流，又随突厥诸部北返复国。突厥卢尼文《雀林碑》及《阙利啜碑》中可能存在与之有关的证据，元老阙利啜可能与暾欲谷是同一人。同为后突厥重臣的阿史德元珍具有与暾欲谷相似的回纥－薛延陀背景，众多证据表明，暾欲谷与阿史德元珍是同一人的假说仍具有较高的合理性。
关键词：暾欲谷 回纥 薛延陀 突厥 阿史德元珍
Key Words: Mo-bei Uighur Orda Tiele Residence
摘要：传统看法认为，在唐朝羁縻统治漠北时期，回纥牙帐在杭爱山脉东麓、鄂尔浑河上游，或者在色楞格河流域，这两种看法都缺乏根据，且与诸多史料相悖，本文详细分析经典史料，并结合最新考古材料，推测出该时期的回纥牙帐位于土拉河下游，并可具体定位在今天蒙古国内土拉河与鄂尔浑河交汇处的土拉河东岸一带，该处也是唐朝羁縻统治漠北所设置的瀚海－安北都护府的驻地；此外基于仆固部落牙帐位置及居地范围的确定，还推论出同时期多滥葛与思结部落的牙帐位置及居地范围，并探讨了若干铁勒部落居地的演变情况。
关键词： 漠北 回纥 牙帐 铁勒 居地
KEYWORDS: reconstruction of Sino-Xenic transcriptions, titulary, etymology, Inner Asian history, checking and comparing transcriptions
摘 要：对音是内亚史研究的重要方法，对于名号研究来说尤为根本。通过对罗新《中古北族名号研究》中某些问题的胪列，评者提出对音的应用需更加精确，审音勘同的运用应尊重与遵守历史比较语言学的基本规则。粗疏的对音将导致高度的危险，这是实证研究所坚决摒弃的。
关键词：对音、名号、语源、内亚、审音勘同