Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among ... more Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS. Absent from much of the HIV/AIDS prevention literature, however, is the impact of facilitation on interventionists and their needs while delivering safer sex interventions. These issues are particularly salient for peer interventionists who often share the HIV status and life challenges of intervention
A better understanding of the social-structural factors that influence HIV vulnerability is cruci... more A better understanding of the social-structural factors that influence HIV vulnerability is crucial to achieve the goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. Given the role of neighborhoods in HIV outcomes, synthesis of findings from such research is key to inform efforts toward HIV eradication. We conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between neighborhood-level factors (e.g., poverty) and HIV vulnerability (via sexual behaviors and substance use). We searched six electronic databases for studies published from January 1, 2007 through November 30, 2017 (PROSPERO CRD42018084384). We also mapped the studies' geographic distribution to determine whether they aligned with high HIV prevalence areas and/ or the "Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for the United States". Fifty-five articles met inclusion criteria. Neighborhood disadvantage, whether measured objectively or subjectively, is one of the most robust correlates of HIV vulnerability. Tests of associations more consistently documented a relationship between neighborhood-level factors and drug use than sexual risk behaviors. There was limited geographic distribution of the studies, with a paucity of research in several counties and states where HIV incidence/prevalence is a concern. Neighborhood influences on HIV vulnerability are the consequence of centuries-old laws, policies and practices that maintain racialized inequities (e.g., racial residential segregation, inequitable urban housing policies). We will not eradicate HIV without multi-level, neighborhood-based approaches to undo these injustices. Our findings inform future research, interventions and policies.
Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomiz... more Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomized controlled trials), delivery fidelity, and outcome effects to assess the success of an intervention. Albeit important, criteria such as these obscure other key metrics of success such as the role of the interactions between participants and intervention deliverers, or contextual factors that shape an intervention’s activities and outcomes. In line with advocacy to expand evaluation criteria for health interventions, we designed this qualitative study to examine how a subsample of Black men in MEN Count, an HIV/STI risk reduction and healthy relationship intervention with employment and housing stability case management for Black men in Washington, DC, defined the intervention’s success. We also examined the contextual factors that shaped participation in the study’s peer counseling sessions. We conducted structured interviews with 38 Black men, ages 18 to 60 years ( M = 31.1, SD = 9.3...
Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advanc... more Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advancing an intersectional epistemologies of ignorance approach that examines how conscious (or unconscious) ignorance about racism, heterosexism, and classism shapes empirical knowledge about Black men's sexualities, we conducted a critical review of the behavioral and social science research on U.S. Black men, ages 18 and older, for two time frames: pre-1981 and the most recent decade, 2006-2016. Our search yielded 668 articles, which we classified into five categories: sexual violence, sexual experiences and expressions, sexual identities, cultural and social-structural influences, and sexual health and sexual risk. We found that most of the research, particularly pre-1981, centered the experiences of White heterosexual men as normative and implicitly constructed Black men as hypersexual or deviant. Most of the research also color-blinded White privilege and ignored how racism, heteros...
Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 2017
Although social science research has examined police and law enforcement-perpetrated discriminati... more Although social science research has examined police and law enforcement-perpetrated discrimination against Black men using policing statistics and implicit bias studies, there is little quantitative evidence detailing this phenomenon from the perspective of Black men. Consequently, there is a dearth of research detailing how Black men's perspectives on police and law enforcement-related stress predict negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. This study addresses these gaps with the qualitative development and quantitative test of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale. In Study 1, we used thematic analysis on transcripts of individual qualitative interviews with 90 Black men to assess key themes and concepts and develop quantitative items. In Study 2, we used 2 focus groups comprised of 5 Black men each (n = 10), intensive cognitive interviewing with a separate sample of Black men (n = 15), and piloting with another sample of Black men (n = 13) to assess th...
A recurrent theme in much of the contemporary HIV behavioral and social science research is that ... more A recurrent theme in much of the contemporary HIV behavioral and social science research is that ecological approaches that acknowledge the interplay of structural, institutional, and individual-level factors are essential to improve HIV prevention efforts in racial/ethnic minority communities. Similarly, an ecological approach provides an innovative framework for understanding the challenges that many racial/ethnic minority HIV prevention researchers face in their quest to transition from mentored researcher to independent researchers. Informed by an ecological framework, and building on our experiences as two racial/ethnic minority women HIV prevention researchers who transitioned from a formal research mentorship relationship to become independent HIV prevention researchers-principal investigators of NIH-funded R01 grants-, we frame our discussion of the mentored to independence research trajectory with a focus on structural, institutional, and individual determinants. Throughout, we integrate suggestions for how institutions, mentors, and HIV prevention researchers can facilitate the final frontier from mentored research to independence.
Malia and Sasha Obama were 10 and 7 years old when their father was elected President. They are 1... more Malia and Sasha Obama were 10 and 7 years old when their father was elected President. They are 18 and 15 now, experiencing the metamorphosis every adolescent goes through, but surrounded by secret service agents and probably often fearing for the life of their parents, and possibly even their own (you may recall the "Death to Michelle and her two stupid kids," http://bit. ly/2dId1xY). They may have dreamed, more than once, of having a normal life in Chicago, hanging out with friends, and doing what other adolescents do. Nevertheless, they dealt admirably with their unique family situation and added personal touches of sweetness and ordinariness to the First Family. FIRST GRANDMOTHER Marian Robinson, Michelle's mother, with working-class roots in the south-side of a segregated Chicago, left her home at the age of 77 years to become the first Presidential in-law to live and have grandmotherly duties in the Executive Mansion for a full presidency. Being able to slip away from the White House from time to time, Marian could tell unique reallife stories. The First Grandmother contributed to keeping ordinariness and humanity in the family by being among the millions of grandmothers in the country providing childcare.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J155v07n04_06, Sep 22, 2008
SUMMARY This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilienc... more SUMMARY This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N= 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the "triple jeopardy" experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer's (1999) transactional model of resilience.
ABSTRACT Background: The Drexel University Program for LGBT Health was launched in 2009, to estab... more ABSTRACT Background: The Drexel University Program for LGBT Health was launched in 2009, to establish a venue for developing multi-disciplinary research and theoretical innovations as well as educating and training professionals in the specific needs and experiences of sexual minority and transgender communities. Program Goals: Three courses comprise the educational core of the Program. LGBT Health Disparities introduces health issues specific to LGBT Communities. Studying Rare or Hidden Groups explores how methods used in public health research can be modified to conduct research on rare, stigmatized and/or hidden populations. Intersectional Perspectives probes the complexity of issues intersecting social identities and social inequality. Results: In its first year the curriculum was offered as electives to MPH students and drew an average of 10 students per class. Student participation and reviews have been overwhelmingly positive. Educational instruction also includes extracurricular workshops and forums sponsored by the Program, such as Grand Rounds Lectures and LGBT-themed discussion groups, as well as collaborations with other LGBT-supportive campus organizations. Ongoing Challenges: The transformation of the curriculum into online delivery as a Certificate is meeting with challenges including the availability of instructors. Options for rotating the scheduled courses between classroom and online formats are being investigated. University policies encumber current full-time students from taking all three courses as electives within the regular MPH degree program and may restrict access of MPH students to the courses when they are provided online. LGBT students can face financial and other barriers to education like other minority students that must be recognized.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 10538720 2010 538009, Feb 6, 2011
... Golden, M., Wood, RW, Buskin, SE, Fleming, M. and Harrington, RD 2007. ... Some women, such a... more ... Golden, M., Wood, RW, Buskin, SE, Fleming, M. and Harrington, RD 2007. ... Some women, such as Kayla, developed their own better alternatives: “I like Saran wrap, because Saran wrap seems to be just a little bit thinner [than dental dams].” In addition to thickness, the specific ...
ABSTRACT MEN (Making Employment Needs) Count, is one of the first community-based HIV interventio... more ABSTRACT MEN (Making Employment Needs) Count, is one of the first community-based HIV interventions to address the social-structural context of unemployment and unstable housing for Black heterosexual men’s behavioral risks for HIV. Participants receive three individual sessions with a peer case manager. The sessions include discussion on healthy relationships with women, interpersonal violence reduction in heterosexual relationships, and HIV risk reduction counseling, integrated with employment and housing-supported case management, over a period of 60-90 days. To date, two small pilot studies of MEN Count have been conducted with Black heterosexual men in Boston, MA (N = 50) and Washington, DC (N = 10). Eligible participants were at least 18, unstably housed and/or unemployed and reported unprotected sex with 2 or more sex partners, in the last 6 months. Pilot study results document the utility of MEN Count with regard to HIV risk reduction for unstably housed and/or unemployed Black heterosexual men. Pilot studies reached men with histories of incarceration (68% in Boston; 90% in DC) and in Boston, high STI rates (14% incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea). The larger Boston study documented good program retention rates (86%) and significant reductions in unstable housing and employment, and increased condom use among MEN Count participants at 2 month follow-up (p<.05). MEN Count is promising, as it appears to have efficacy in increasing condom use and reducing unstable housing and unemployment for program participants. The intervention is currently being evaluated via a rigorous two-armed RCT with 504 Black heterosexual men in Washington, DC.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 19317611 2010 482412, Oct 1, 2010
... 482412 Michelle Teti DrPH a , Lisa Bowleg PhD b & Linda Lloyd PhD b pages 205-218. ... Te... more ... 482412 Michelle Teti DrPH a , Lisa Bowleg PhD b & Linda Lloyd PhD b pages 205-218. ... Teti, M., Bowleg, L., Rubinstein, S., Lloyd, L., Berhane, Z. and Gold, M. 2007. ... Journal of LGBT Health Research , 3(4): 3752. [Taylor & Francis Online], [PubMed] View all references). ...
Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among ... more Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS. Absent from much of the HIV/AIDS prevention literature, however, is the impact of facilitation on interventionists and their needs while delivering safer sex interventions. These issues are particularly salient for peer interventionists who often share the HIV status and life challenges of intervention
Abstract The notion that social identities and social inequality based on ethnicity, sexual orien... more Abstract The notion that social identities and social inequality based on ethnicity, sexual orientation, and sex/ gender are intersectional rather than additive poses a variety of thorny methodological challenges. Using research with Black lesbians (Bowleg, manuscripts in preparation; ...
Although extensive research documents that Black people in the U.S. frequently experience social ... more Although extensive research documents that Black people in the U.S. frequently experience social discrimination, most of this research aggregates these experiences primarily or exclusively by race. Consequently, empirical gaps exist about the psychosocial costs and benefits of Black men's experiences at the intersection of race and gender. Informed by intersectionality, a theoretical framework that highlights how multiple social identities intersect to reflect interlocking socialstructural inequality, this study addresses these gaps with the qualitative development and quantitative test of the Black Men's Experiences Scale (BMES). The BMES assesses Black men's negative experiences with overt discrimination and microaggressions, as well their positive evaluations of what it means to be Black men. First, we conducted focus groups and individual interviews with Black men to develop the BMES. Next, we tested the BMES with 578 predominantly low-income urban Black men between the ages of 18 and 44. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a 12-item, 3-factor solution that explained 63.7% of the variance. We labeled the subscales: Overt Discrimination, Microaggressions, and Positives: Black Men. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor solution. As hypothesized, the BMES's subscales correlated with measures of racial discrimination, depression, resilience, and social class at the neighborhood-level. Preliminary evidence suggests that the BMES is a reliable and valid measure of Black men's experiences at the intersection of race and gender.
Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among ... more Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS. Absent from much of the HIV/AIDS prevention literature, however, is the impact of facilitation on interventionists and their needs while delivering safer sex interventions. These issues are particularly salient for peer interventionists who often share the HIV status and life challenges of intervention
A better understanding of the social-structural factors that influence HIV vulnerability is cruci... more A better understanding of the social-structural factors that influence HIV vulnerability is crucial to achieve the goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. Given the role of neighborhoods in HIV outcomes, synthesis of findings from such research is key to inform efforts toward HIV eradication. We conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between neighborhood-level factors (e.g., poverty) and HIV vulnerability (via sexual behaviors and substance use). We searched six electronic databases for studies published from January 1, 2007 through November 30, 2017 (PROSPERO CRD42018084384). We also mapped the studies' geographic distribution to determine whether they aligned with high HIV prevalence areas and/ or the "Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for the United States". Fifty-five articles met inclusion criteria. Neighborhood disadvantage, whether measured objectively or subjectively, is one of the most robust correlates of HIV vulnerability. Tests of associations more consistently documented a relationship between neighborhood-level factors and drug use than sexual risk behaviors. There was limited geographic distribution of the studies, with a paucity of research in several counties and states where HIV incidence/prevalence is a concern. Neighborhood influences on HIV vulnerability are the consequence of centuries-old laws, policies and practices that maintain racialized inequities (e.g., racial residential segregation, inequitable urban housing policies). We will not eradicate HIV without multi-level, neighborhood-based approaches to undo these injustices. Our findings inform future research, interventions and policies.
Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomiz... more Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomized controlled trials), delivery fidelity, and outcome effects to assess the success of an intervention. Albeit important, criteria such as these obscure other key metrics of success such as the role of the interactions between participants and intervention deliverers, or contextual factors that shape an intervention’s activities and outcomes. In line with advocacy to expand evaluation criteria for health interventions, we designed this qualitative study to examine how a subsample of Black men in MEN Count, an HIV/STI risk reduction and healthy relationship intervention with employment and housing stability case management for Black men in Washington, DC, defined the intervention’s success. We also examined the contextual factors that shaped participation in the study’s peer counseling sessions. We conducted structured interviews with 38 Black men, ages 18 to 60 years ( M = 31.1, SD = 9.3...
Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advanc... more Epistemologies of ignorance describe how ignorance influences the production of knowledge. Advancing an intersectional epistemologies of ignorance approach that examines how conscious (or unconscious) ignorance about racism, heterosexism, and classism shapes empirical knowledge about Black men's sexualities, we conducted a critical review of the behavioral and social science research on U.S. Black men, ages 18 and older, for two time frames: pre-1981 and the most recent decade, 2006-2016. Our search yielded 668 articles, which we classified into five categories: sexual violence, sexual experiences and expressions, sexual identities, cultural and social-structural influences, and sexual health and sexual risk. We found that most of the research, particularly pre-1981, centered the experiences of White heterosexual men as normative and implicitly constructed Black men as hypersexual or deviant. Most of the research also color-blinded White privilege and ignored how racism, heteros...
Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 2017
Although social science research has examined police and law enforcement-perpetrated discriminati... more Although social science research has examined police and law enforcement-perpetrated discrimination against Black men using policing statistics and implicit bias studies, there is little quantitative evidence detailing this phenomenon from the perspective of Black men. Consequently, there is a dearth of research detailing how Black men's perspectives on police and law enforcement-related stress predict negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. This study addresses these gaps with the qualitative development and quantitative test of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale. In Study 1, we used thematic analysis on transcripts of individual qualitative interviews with 90 Black men to assess key themes and concepts and develop quantitative items. In Study 2, we used 2 focus groups comprised of 5 Black men each (n = 10), intensive cognitive interviewing with a separate sample of Black men (n = 15), and piloting with another sample of Black men (n = 13) to assess th...
A recurrent theme in much of the contemporary HIV behavioral and social science research is that ... more A recurrent theme in much of the contemporary HIV behavioral and social science research is that ecological approaches that acknowledge the interplay of structural, institutional, and individual-level factors are essential to improve HIV prevention efforts in racial/ethnic minority communities. Similarly, an ecological approach provides an innovative framework for understanding the challenges that many racial/ethnic minority HIV prevention researchers face in their quest to transition from mentored researcher to independent researchers. Informed by an ecological framework, and building on our experiences as two racial/ethnic minority women HIV prevention researchers who transitioned from a formal research mentorship relationship to become independent HIV prevention researchers-principal investigators of NIH-funded R01 grants-, we frame our discussion of the mentored to independence research trajectory with a focus on structural, institutional, and individual determinants. Throughout, we integrate suggestions for how institutions, mentors, and HIV prevention researchers can facilitate the final frontier from mentored research to independence.
Malia and Sasha Obama were 10 and 7 years old when their father was elected President. They are 1... more Malia and Sasha Obama were 10 and 7 years old when their father was elected President. They are 18 and 15 now, experiencing the metamorphosis every adolescent goes through, but surrounded by secret service agents and probably often fearing for the life of their parents, and possibly even their own (you may recall the "Death to Michelle and her two stupid kids," http://bit. ly/2dId1xY). They may have dreamed, more than once, of having a normal life in Chicago, hanging out with friends, and doing what other adolescents do. Nevertheless, they dealt admirably with their unique family situation and added personal touches of sweetness and ordinariness to the First Family. FIRST GRANDMOTHER Marian Robinson, Michelle's mother, with working-class roots in the south-side of a segregated Chicago, left her home at the age of 77 years to become the first Presidential in-law to live and have grandmotherly duties in the Executive Mansion for a full presidency. Being able to slip away from the White House from time to time, Marian could tell unique reallife stories. The First Grandmother contributed to keeping ordinariness and humanity in the family by being among the millions of grandmothers in the country providing childcare.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J155v07n04_06, Sep 22, 2008
SUMMARY This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilienc... more SUMMARY This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N= 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the "triple jeopardy" experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer's (1999) transactional model of resilience.
ABSTRACT Background: The Drexel University Program for LGBT Health was launched in 2009, to estab... more ABSTRACT Background: The Drexel University Program for LGBT Health was launched in 2009, to establish a venue for developing multi-disciplinary research and theoretical innovations as well as educating and training professionals in the specific needs and experiences of sexual minority and transgender communities. Program Goals: Three courses comprise the educational core of the Program. LGBT Health Disparities introduces health issues specific to LGBT Communities. Studying Rare or Hidden Groups explores how methods used in public health research can be modified to conduct research on rare, stigmatized and/or hidden populations. Intersectional Perspectives probes the complexity of issues intersecting social identities and social inequality. Results: In its first year the curriculum was offered as electives to MPH students and drew an average of 10 students per class. Student participation and reviews have been overwhelmingly positive. Educational instruction also includes extracurricular workshops and forums sponsored by the Program, such as Grand Rounds Lectures and LGBT-themed discussion groups, as well as collaborations with other LGBT-supportive campus organizations. Ongoing Challenges: The transformation of the curriculum into online delivery as a Certificate is meeting with challenges including the availability of instructors. Options for rotating the scheduled courses between classroom and online formats are being investigated. University policies encumber current full-time students from taking all three courses as electives within the regular MPH degree program and may restrict access of MPH students to the courses when they are provided online. LGBT students can face financial and other barriers to education like other minority students that must be recognized.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 10538720 2010 538009, Feb 6, 2011
... Golden, M., Wood, RW, Buskin, SE, Fleming, M. and Harrington, RD 2007. ... Some women, such a... more ... Golden, M., Wood, RW, Buskin, SE, Fleming, M. and Harrington, RD 2007. ... Some women, such as Kayla, developed their own better alternatives: “I like Saran wrap, because Saran wrap seems to be just a little bit thinner [than dental dams].” In addition to thickness, the specific ...
ABSTRACT MEN (Making Employment Needs) Count, is one of the first community-based HIV interventio... more ABSTRACT MEN (Making Employment Needs) Count, is one of the first community-based HIV interventions to address the social-structural context of unemployment and unstable housing for Black heterosexual men’s behavioral risks for HIV. Participants receive three individual sessions with a peer case manager. The sessions include discussion on healthy relationships with women, interpersonal violence reduction in heterosexual relationships, and HIV risk reduction counseling, integrated with employment and housing-supported case management, over a period of 60-90 days. To date, two small pilot studies of MEN Count have been conducted with Black heterosexual men in Boston, MA (N = 50) and Washington, DC (N = 10). Eligible participants were at least 18, unstably housed and/or unemployed and reported unprotected sex with 2 or more sex partners, in the last 6 months. Pilot study results document the utility of MEN Count with regard to HIV risk reduction for unstably housed and/or unemployed Black heterosexual men. Pilot studies reached men with histories of incarceration (68% in Boston; 90% in DC) and in Boston, high STI rates (14% incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea). The larger Boston study documented good program retention rates (86%) and significant reductions in unstable housing and employment, and increased condom use among MEN Count participants at 2 month follow-up (p<.05). MEN Count is promising, as it appears to have efficacy in increasing condom use and reducing unstable housing and unemployment for program participants. The intervention is currently being evaluated via a rigorous two-armed RCT with 504 Black heterosexual men in Washington, DC.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 19317611 2010 482412, Oct 1, 2010
... 482412 Michelle Teti DrPH a , Lisa Bowleg PhD b & Linda Lloyd PhD b pages 205-218. ... Te... more ... 482412 Michelle Teti DrPH a , Lisa Bowleg PhD b & Linda Lloyd PhD b pages 205-218. ... Teti, M., Bowleg, L., Rubinstein, S., Lloyd, L., Berhane, Z. and Gold, M. 2007. ... Journal of LGBT Health Research , 3(4): 3752. [Taylor & Francis Online], [PubMed] View all references). ...
Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among ... more Peer and health educators often facilitate interventions to increase safer sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS. Absent from much of the HIV/AIDS prevention literature, however, is the impact of facilitation on interventionists and their needs while delivering safer sex interventions. These issues are particularly salient for peer interventionists who often share the HIV status and life challenges of intervention
Abstract The notion that social identities and social inequality based on ethnicity, sexual orien... more Abstract The notion that social identities and social inequality based on ethnicity, sexual orientation, and sex/ gender are intersectional rather than additive poses a variety of thorny methodological challenges. Using research with Black lesbians (Bowleg, manuscripts in preparation; ...
Although extensive research documents that Black people in the U.S. frequently experience social ... more Although extensive research documents that Black people in the U.S. frequently experience social discrimination, most of this research aggregates these experiences primarily or exclusively by race. Consequently, empirical gaps exist about the psychosocial costs and benefits of Black men's experiences at the intersection of race and gender. Informed by intersectionality, a theoretical framework that highlights how multiple social identities intersect to reflect interlocking socialstructural inequality, this study addresses these gaps with the qualitative development and quantitative test of the Black Men's Experiences Scale (BMES). The BMES assesses Black men's negative experiences with overt discrimination and microaggressions, as well their positive evaluations of what it means to be Black men. First, we conducted focus groups and individual interviews with Black men to develop the BMES. Next, we tested the BMES with 578 predominantly low-income urban Black men between the ages of 18 and 44. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a 12-item, 3-factor solution that explained 63.7% of the variance. We labeled the subscales: Overt Discrimination, Microaggressions, and Positives: Black Men. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor solution. As hypothesized, the BMES's subscales correlated with measures of racial discrimination, depression, resilience, and social class at the neighborhood-level. Preliminary evidence suggests that the BMES is a reliable and valid measure of Black men's experiences at the intersection of race and gender.
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Papers by Lisa Bowleg