... Page 7. PRIMATE PARADIGMS Sex Roles and Social Bonds with a new Introduction Linda Marie Fedi... more ... Page 7. PRIMATE PARADIGMS Sex Roles and Social Bonds with a new Introduction Linda Marie Fedigan Illustrations by Linda Straw Coelho The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London Page 8. ... 2. Sexual behavior in animals. 3. Sex role. 4. Social behavior in animals. ...
Lifetime reproductive success, measured by the number of offspring surviving to age five, varied ... more Lifetime reproductive success, measured by the number of offspring surviving to age five, varied from 0 to 10 in a group of 33 provisioned female Japanese macaques. Of the three contributors to reproductive success, the number of reproductive years, fecundity per year and survivorship of offspring to reproductive age, the first accounted for two-thirds of the variation. Fecundity per year and survivorship were negatively correlated, indicating reproductive costs of reducing interbirth interval. No other demographic measure used, nor the behavioral measure ‘dominance rank’, significantly correlated with lifetime reproductive success or its components. Age-specific changes in fecundity and infant survival were not found for this sample, neither could cessation of reproduction, even in very old females, be demonstrated.
A long-term study of two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National... more A long-term study of two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica provides evidence of unusually high levels of vertebrate predation compared to those reported in other field studies of Cebus. The hunting techniques for different prey types are described, and several questions concerning vertebrate predation in primates are addressed. Why is there variation between individuals and between groups in the rate of predation? Why do males hunt more than females? Previous hypotheses to explain hunting in Old World primates are applied to this Neotropical example. Finally, I argue that successful vertebrate predation can readily arise in species like Cebus, which are characterized by opportunistic foraging patterns, manipulative and cognitive skills and well-developed techniques for locating and subduing invertebrate prey.
Debates about the likelihood of conspecific care for disabled individuals in ancestral hominins r... more Debates about the likelihood of conspecific care for disabled individuals in ancestral hominins rely on evidence from extant primates, yet little is known about social treatment (positive, neutral or negative) of physically disabled individuals in nonhuman primates. A group of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at the Awajishima Monkey Center (AMC) in Japan presents a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between physical impairment and social behavior, in the context of congenital limb malformation in adult nonhuman primates. We collected behavioral data on 23 focal animals, taking 30-minute continuous time samples on disabled and nondisabled adult female Japanese macaques during three consecutive birth seasons (May-August 2005, 2006, and 2007). Disabled females were less social overall compared with nondisabled controls, a pattern that was evident from a variety of measures. Disabled females rested significantly more and socialized significantly less compared with controls, had fewer adult female affiliates, fewer adult female grooming partners, and spent less time engaged in grooming with adult females. Some measures suggested that the social differences were the result of behavioral flexibility on the part of disabled females compensating for their disabilities with lower levels of social involvement and more rest. Disabled females were as successful at groom solicitations as were nondisabled females and the ratio of disabled and nondisabled affiliates was similar among focal animals; there was no strong preference related to the disability status of affiliates. Disabled females were also bitten and chased less frequently. Overall, there was little evidence either for conspecific care or for social selection against disability. In general, there was a socially neutral response to disability, and while neutral social context allows for the possibility of care behaviors, our findings emphasize the self-reliant abilities of these disabled primates and suggest caution when inferring conspecific care for even very disabled ancestral humans.
Theropithecus gelada form social aggregations of individuals designated by CROOK (I966) as "... more Theropithecus gelada form social aggregations of individuals designated by CROOK (I966) as "herds." There are several types of subgroups of the herd (for a definition of subgroup see CARPENTER, I968), and male geladas which have membership in these different subgroups exhibit various kinds of behavior, and different kinds of interactions with females and young. That is, geladas have more than one variation of "the male role." Their behavior seems to vary according to whether they are in a one-male subgroup (a "harem"), an all-male subgroup, a juvenile subgroup, or solitary. This study describes the different male gelada roles and their associated pattern's of activities and interactions. A group of 33 geladas on Monkey Island in the San Antonio Zoological Gardens, Texas, was observed for about 85 hours between the months of September, I969, and April, I970. Two techniques for data collection were developed. A total of about I6/2 hours of quantified data (or 50 twenty-minute tests) was obtained during the months of February through April.
... However, the present evidence from the Arashiyama West population of M. fuscata does not indi... more ... However, the present evidence from the Arashiyama West population of M. fuscata does not indicate such a decline in fertility occurred. ... Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Heaney and Thorington, 1978; Glanz et al, 1982), have found this population to have a very specialized diet. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 9, 2022
SignificanceAge-related changes in the capability to produce healthy young are common in humans a... more SignificanceAge-related changes in the capability to produce healthy young are common in humans and are increasingly well documented in nonhuman animals. However, differences among species in the nature of these age-related changes remain poorly understood. We compare patterns and consequences of age-related changes in female reproductive performance in seven primate populations that have been subjects of long-term continuous study for 29 to 57 y. Our analyses of parental age effects on fertility, offspring survival, and offspring development highlight some shared patterns of parental age effects that may be general across the order primates. At the same time, we also identify species-level differences that implicate behavioral and life-history patterns as drivers of the evolution of parental age effects.
... Page 7. PRIMATE PARADIGMS Sex Roles and Social Bonds with a new Introduction Linda Marie Fedi... more ... Page 7. PRIMATE PARADIGMS Sex Roles and Social Bonds with a new Introduction Linda Marie Fedigan Illustrations by Linda Straw Coelho The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London Page 8. ... 2. Sexual behavior in animals. 3. Sex role. 4. Social behavior in animals. ...
Lifetime reproductive success, measured by the number of offspring surviving to age five, varied ... more Lifetime reproductive success, measured by the number of offspring surviving to age five, varied from 0 to 10 in a group of 33 provisioned female Japanese macaques. Of the three contributors to reproductive success, the number of reproductive years, fecundity per year and survivorship of offspring to reproductive age, the first accounted for two-thirds of the variation. Fecundity per year and survivorship were negatively correlated, indicating reproductive costs of reducing interbirth interval. No other demographic measure used, nor the behavioral measure ‘dominance rank’, significantly correlated with lifetime reproductive success or its components. Age-specific changes in fecundity and infant survival were not found for this sample, neither could cessation of reproduction, even in very old females, be demonstrated.
A long-term study of two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National... more A long-term study of two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica provides evidence of unusually high levels of vertebrate predation compared to those reported in other field studies of Cebus. The hunting techniques for different prey types are described, and several questions concerning vertebrate predation in primates are addressed. Why is there variation between individuals and between groups in the rate of predation? Why do males hunt more than females? Previous hypotheses to explain hunting in Old World primates are applied to this Neotropical example. Finally, I argue that successful vertebrate predation can readily arise in species like Cebus, which are characterized by opportunistic foraging patterns, manipulative and cognitive skills and well-developed techniques for locating and subduing invertebrate prey.
Debates about the likelihood of conspecific care for disabled individuals in ancestral hominins r... more Debates about the likelihood of conspecific care for disabled individuals in ancestral hominins rely on evidence from extant primates, yet little is known about social treatment (positive, neutral or negative) of physically disabled individuals in nonhuman primates. A group of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at the Awajishima Monkey Center (AMC) in Japan presents a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between physical impairment and social behavior, in the context of congenital limb malformation in adult nonhuman primates. We collected behavioral data on 23 focal animals, taking 30-minute continuous time samples on disabled and nondisabled adult female Japanese macaques during three consecutive birth seasons (May-August 2005, 2006, and 2007). Disabled females were less social overall compared with nondisabled controls, a pattern that was evident from a variety of measures. Disabled females rested significantly more and socialized significantly less compared with controls, had fewer adult female affiliates, fewer adult female grooming partners, and spent less time engaged in grooming with adult females. Some measures suggested that the social differences were the result of behavioral flexibility on the part of disabled females compensating for their disabilities with lower levels of social involvement and more rest. Disabled females were as successful at groom solicitations as were nondisabled females and the ratio of disabled and nondisabled affiliates was similar among focal animals; there was no strong preference related to the disability status of affiliates. Disabled females were also bitten and chased less frequently. Overall, there was little evidence either for conspecific care or for social selection against disability. In general, there was a socially neutral response to disability, and while neutral social context allows for the possibility of care behaviors, our findings emphasize the self-reliant abilities of these disabled primates and suggest caution when inferring conspecific care for even very disabled ancestral humans.
Theropithecus gelada form social aggregations of individuals designated by CROOK (I966) as "... more Theropithecus gelada form social aggregations of individuals designated by CROOK (I966) as "herds." There are several types of subgroups of the herd (for a definition of subgroup see CARPENTER, I968), and male geladas which have membership in these different subgroups exhibit various kinds of behavior, and different kinds of interactions with females and young. That is, geladas have more than one variation of "the male role." Their behavior seems to vary according to whether they are in a one-male subgroup (a "harem"), an all-male subgroup, a juvenile subgroup, or solitary. This study describes the different male gelada roles and their associated pattern's of activities and interactions. A group of 33 geladas on Monkey Island in the San Antonio Zoological Gardens, Texas, was observed for about 85 hours between the months of September, I969, and April, I970. Two techniques for data collection were developed. A total of about I6/2 hours of quantified data (or 50 twenty-minute tests) was obtained during the months of February through April.
... However, the present evidence from the Arashiyama West population of M. fuscata does not indi... more ... However, the present evidence from the Arashiyama West population of M. fuscata does not indicate such a decline in fertility occurred. ... Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Heaney and Thorington, 1978; Glanz et al, 1982), have found this population to have a very specialized diet. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 9, 2022
SignificanceAge-related changes in the capability to produce healthy young are common in humans a... more SignificanceAge-related changes in the capability to produce healthy young are common in humans and are increasingly well documented in nonhuman animals. However, differences among species in the nature of these age-related changes remain poorly understood. We compare patterns and consequences of age-related changes in female reproductive performance in seven primate populations that have been subjects of long-term continuous study for 29 to 57 y. Our analyses of parental age effects on fertility, offspring survival, and offspring development highlight some shared patterns of parental age effects that may be general across the order primates. At the same time, we also identify species-level differences that implicate behavioral and life-history patterns as drivers of the evolution of parental age effects.
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