2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006
This paper discusses the application of a model-based feedback control loop for the air-to-fuel (... more This paper discusses the application of a model-based feedback control loop for the air-to-fuel (AF) ratio instead of the standard exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control loop that utilizes the hot-film air-mass meter (HFM) as control variable. A comparison between the model-based controller that contains information about the plant dynamics and the standard EGR controller is carried out. In terms of performance and driveability the results of the AF ratio controller match those of a standard EGR controller. Moreover, with this new configuration, production tolerances and drift of sensors and actuators, such as the HFM and the injectors, can be detected and compensated. The starting point for the controller design is an empirical linear engine model with the EGR valve control signal as input signal and the AF ratio as the output signal
Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems, 2010
As discussed in the preceding chapters, engine systems contain a large number of control loops. F... more As discussed in the preceding chapters, engine systems contain a large number of control loops. For the design of these feedforward and feedback control systems, the main objectives are:
2009 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2009
ABSTRACT This paper introduces a generic dynamic programming function for Matlab. This function s... more ABSTRACT This paper introduces a generic dynamic programming function for Matlab. This function solves discrete-time optimal-control problems using Bellman's dynamic programming algorithm. The function is implemented such that the user only needs to provide the objective function and the model equations. The function includes several options for solving optimal-control problems. The model equations can include several state variables and input variables. Furthermore, the model equations can be time-variant and include time-variant state and input constraints. The syntax of the function is explained using two examples. The first is the well-known Lotka-Volterra fishery problem and the second is a parallel hybrid-electric vehicle optimization problem.
ABSTRACT This chapter contains three sections. The first section briefly describes the applicatio... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains three sections. The first section briefly describes the application of fuel-cell systems as stand-alone energy sources for powertrains or, in combination with a storage system, as fuel-cell hybrid powertrains. The second section introduces some thermodynamic and electrochemical models of fuel cells, as well as some fluid dynamic models of the complete fuel-cell system. The last section introduces the on-board production of hydrogen through fuel reforming and presents some system-level models of methanol reformers.
Improving powertrain efficiency and reducing vehicle weight are two options for reducing vehicle ... more Improving powertrain efficiency and reducing vehicle weight are two options for reducing vehicle energy use, emissions, and operating cost that often increase the purchase cost of passenger vehicles. Increasing drivetrain efficiency shrinks the potential for reducing energy use by lightweighting and conversely lighter vehicles benefit less from efficiency improvement. This paper describes a methodology for finding the optimum combination of light-weighting and efficiency measures to achieve minimum lifetime vehicle cost. Using representative technology cost assumptions for a mid-sized passenger car, marginal efficiency improvement in the range of 20 to 30% and lightweighting between 200 and 600 kg are optimal, depending strongly on marginal cost curve characteristics. A reduction in the total cost of vehicle ownership of between 18 and 42% is possible for the representative technology implementation scenarios. In the absence of reliable cost data, a general strategy of designing lig...
ABSTRACT Wide-range oxygen sensors are widely used for the air-fuel ratio control in lean operati... more ABSTRACT Wide-range oxygen sensors are widely used for the air-fuel ratio control in lean operation engines. However, the harsh environment in the exhaust pipe can deteriorate the sensor dynamics. Therefore, to satisfy emission legislation over the lifetime of the sensor, its dynamics must be monitored continuously. Conventional approaches for the diagnosis of sensor dynamics require for active external excitation or sufficient dynamic excitation induced by the driver. To overcome this dependency, this paper presents a new approach, which makes use of the sensor excitation caused by the reciprocating behavior of the engine that induces pressure pulsations in the exhaust pipe. The approach exploits the fact that wide-range oxygen sensors measure the oxygen partial pressure, which is proportional to the oxygen concentration as well as to the total pressure. Clogged protection tube holes of the oxygen sensor damp the pressure pulsations and slow down the sensor response. The relationship between the damping and the sensor response is analyzed with simulations and experiments. It is shown that the sensor time constant can be monitored with an average absolute accuracy of 0.25-0.3 s. Due to the continuous monitoring capability, the proposed approach is particularly suitable for applications where the engine experiences short-time and mainly stationary operation. Moreover, the proposed approach can be efficiently combined with conventional monitoring algorithms.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2012
In this paper we present an extension of the tank-to-wheel efficiency for hybrid electric vehicle... more In this paper we present an extension of the tank-to-wheel efficiency for hybrid electric vehicles. The energy at the wheel is split into dissipative energy and circulating energy. Instead of using one lumped tank-to-wheel efficiency, we use fuel-to-traction efficiency and recuperation efficiency. We further show that for a hybrid electric vehicle, fuel-to-traction efficiency and recuperation efficiency are almost constant and independent of the driving cycle. This fact makes our approach well suited for the estimation of the needed fuel energy for hybrid electric vehicles.
The permeability or crossover characteristics of a typical perfluorosulfonic acid base type membr... more The permeability or crossover characteristics of a typical perfluorosulfonic acid base type membrane are used for the temporal and spatial estimations of nitrogen concentration along the anode channels of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. The predicted nitrogen accumulation is then used to estimate the impact of local fuel starvation on stack voltage through the notion of apparent current density. Despite the simplifying assumptions on the water accumulation and membrane hydration levels, the calibrated model predicts reasonably well the response of a 20-cell stack with a dead-ended anode. Specifically, the predicted voltage decay and the estimated gas composition at the anode outlet are experimentally validated using the stack-averaged voltage and a mass spectrometer. This work shows that the crossover of nitrogen and its accumulation in the anode can cause a considerable decay in stack voltage and should be taken into account under high hydrogen utilization conditions.
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2010
This paper presents a novel control-oriented model of the raw emissions of diesel engines. An ext... more This paper presents a novel control-oriented model of the raw emissions of diesel engines. An extended quasistationary approach is developed where some engine process variables, such as combustion or cylinder charge characteristics, are used as inputs. These inputs are chosen by a selection algorithm that is based on genetic-programming techniques. Based on the selected inputs, a hybrid symbolic regression algorithm generates the adequate nonlinear structure of the emission model. With this approach, the model identification efforts can be reduced significantly. Although this symbolic regression model requires fewer than eight parameters to be identified, it provides results comparable to those obtained with artificial neural networks. The symbolic regression model is capable of predicting the behavior of the engine in operating points not used for the model parametrization, and it can be adapted easily to other engine classes. Results from experiments under steady-state and transie...
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 2002
A new model for the dynamics of the mechanical part of a belt CVT (Continuously Variable Transmis... more A new model for the dynamics of the mechanical part of a belt CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) is presented. The model takes into account the mass of the belt, assuming it to be uniformly distributed over its length. The model can therefore be used as a benchmark for FE models, which focus on every element of the belt or chain, as well as for much simpler models that neglect the belt mass or imply significant simplifications in the respective kinematics. Although a nonholonomic system has to be investigated, the result is surprisingly simple, i.e., an algebraic solution is provided that is not much more complicated than the solutions derived with more stringent assumptions. The equations of motion derived here are especially suitable for use in control applications.
Variations of engine-out emissions due to ageing, component drift or production tolerances pose s... more Variations of engine-out emissions due to ageing, component drift or production tolerances pose serious problems to meet legislative restrictions on exhaust tailpipe pollutant emissions. This paper addresses feedback of the raw emissions for improved control of diesel engines. A discussion of issues regarding the inclusion of raw-emission feedback into the engine control structure is provided, and a novel control structure for combined feedback control of the air-path variables boost pressure and exhaust gas recirculation rate and of the NOx emissions is presented. The proposed control structure basically consists of an optimal linear output feedback controller and a setpoint-adaption loop on the exhaust gas recirculation rate. With this approach, a simple control structure is available requiring a marginal calibration effort to meet desired NOx-emission values. Unfavourable injection timing in connection with NOx control is minimized by adapting the exhaust gas recirculation rate s...
AbstractHybridizing automotive drivetrains, or using more than one type of energy converter, is ... more AbstractHybridizing automotive drivetrains, or using more than one type of energy converter, is considered an important step toward very low pollutant emission and high fuel economy. The automotive industry and governments in the United States, Europe, and ...
Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be ob... more Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org. ... This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. ...
2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006
This paper discusses the application of a model-based feedback control loop for the air-to-fuel (... more This paper discusses the application of a model-based feedback control loop for the air-to-fuel (AF) ratio instead of the standard exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control loop that utilizes the hot-film air-mass meter (HFM) as control variable. A comparison between the model-based controller that contains information about the plant dynamics and the standard EGR controller is carried out. In terms of performance and driveability the results of the AF ratio controller match those of a standard EGR controller. Moreover, with this new configuration, production tolerances and drift of sensors and actuators, such as the HFM and the injectors, can be detected and compensated. The starting point for the controller design is an empirical linear engine model with the EGR valve control signal as input signal and the AF ratio as the output signal
Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems, 2010
As discussed in the preceding chapters, engine systems contain a large number of control loops. F... more As discussed in the preceding chapters, engine systems contain a large number of control loops. For the design of these feedforward and feedback control systems, the main objectives are:
2009 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2009
ABSTRACT This paper introduces a generic dynamic programming function for Matlab. This function s... more ABSTRACT This paper introduces a generic dynamic programming function for Matlab. This function solves discrete-time optimal-control problems using Bellman's dynamic programming algorithm. The function is implemented such that the user only needs to provide the objective function and the model equations. The function includes several options for solving optimal-control problems. The model equations can include several state variables and input variables. Furthermore, the model equations can be time-variant and include time-variant state and input constraints. The syntax of the function is explained using two examples. The first is the well-known Lotka-Volterra fishery problem and the second is a parallel hybrid-electric vehicle optimization problem.
ABSTRACT This chapter contains three sections. The first section briefly describes the applicatio... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains three sections. The first section briefly describes the application of fuel-cell systems as stand-alone energy sources for powertrains or, in combination with a storage system, as fuel-cell hybrid powertrains. The second section introduces some thermodynamic and electrochemical models of fuel cells, as well as some fluid dynamic models of the complete fuel-cell system. The last section introduces the on-board production of hydrogen through fuel reforming and presents some system-level models of methanol reformers.
Improving powertrain efficiency and reducing vehicle weight are two options for reducing vehicle ... more Improving powertrain efficiency and reducing vehicle weight are two options for reducing vehicle energy use, emissions, and operating cost that often increase the purchase cost of passenger vehicles. Increasing drivetrain efficiency shrinks the potential for reducing energy use by lightweighting and conversely lighter vehicles benefit less from efficiency improvement. This paper describes a methodology for finding the optimum combination of light-weighting and efficiency measures to achieve minimum lifetime vehicle cost. Using representative technology cost assumptions for a mid-sized passenger car, marginal efficiency improvement in the range of 20 to 30% and lightweighting between 200 and 600 kg are optimal, depending strongly on marginal cost curve characteristics. A reduction in the total cost of vehicle ownership of between 18 and 42% is possible for the representative technology implementation scenarios. In the absence of reliable cost data, a general strategy of designing lig...
ABSTRACT Wide-range oxygen sensors are widely used for the air-fuel ratio control in lean operati... more ABSTRACT Wide-range oxygen sensors are widely used for the air-fuel ratio control in lean operation engines. However, the harsh environment in the exhaust pipe can deteriorate the sensor dynamics. Therefore, to satisfy emission legislation over the lifetime of the sensor, its dynamics must be monitored continuously. Conventional approaches for the diagnosis of sensor dynamics require for active external excitation or sufficient dynamic excitation induced by the driver. To overcome this dependency, this paper presents a new approach, which makes use of the sensor excitation caused by the reciprocating behavior of the engine that induces pressure pulsations in the exhaust pipe. The approach exploits the fact that wide-range oxygen sensors measure the oxygen partial pressure, which is proportional to the oxygen concentration as well as to the total pressure. Clogged protection tube holes of the oxygen sensor damp the pressure pulsations and slow down the sensor response. The relationship between the damping and the sensor response is analyzed with simulations and experiments. It is shown that the sensor time constant can be monitored with an average absolute accuracy of 0.25-0.3 s. Due to the continuous monitoring capability, the proposed approach is particularly suitable for applications where the engine experiences short-time and mainly stationary operation. Moreover, the proposed approach can be efficiently combined with conventional monitoring algorithms.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2012
In this paper we present an extension of the tank-to-wheel efficiency for hybrid electric vehicle... more In this paper we present an extension of the tank-to-wheel efficiency for hybrid electric vehicles. The energy at the wheel is split into dissipative energy and circulating energy. Instead of using one lumped tank-to-wheel efficiency, we use fuel-to-traction efficiency and recuperation efficiency. We further show that for a hybrid electric vehicle, fuel-to-traction efficiency and recuperation efficiency are almost constant and independent of the driving cycle. This fact makes our approach well suited for the estimation of the needed fuel energy for hybrid electric vehicles.
The permeability or crossover characteristics of a typical perfluorosulfonic acid base type membr... more The permeability or crossover characteristics of a typical perfluorosulfonic acid base type membrane are used for the temporal and spatial estimations of nitrogen concentration along the anode channels of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. The predicted nitrogen accumulation is then used to estimate the impact of local fuel starvation on stack voltage through the notion of apparent current density. Despite the simplifying assumptions on the water accumulation and membrane hydration levels, the calibrated model predicts reasonably well the response of a 20-cell stack with a dead-ended anode. Specifically, the predicted voltage decay and the estimated gas composition at the anode outlet are experimentally validated using the stack-averaged voltage and a mass spectrometer. This work shows that the crossover of nitrogen and its accumulation in the anode can cause a considerable decay in stack voltage and should be taken into account under high hydrogen utilization conditions.
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2010
This paper presents a novel control-oriented model of the raw emissions of diesel engines. An ext... more This paper presents a novel control-oriented model of the raw emissions of diesel engines. An extended quasistationary approach is developed where some engine process variables, such as combustion or cylinder charge characteristics, are used as inputs. These inputs are chosen by a selection algorithm that is based on genetic-programming techniques. Based on the selected inputs, a hybrid symbolic regression algorithm generates the adequate nonlinear structure of the emission model. With this approach, the model identification efforts can be reduced significantly. Although this symbolic regression model requires fewer than eight parameters to be identified, it provides results comparable to those obtained with artificial neural networks. The symbolic regression model is capable of predicting the behavior of the engine in operating points not used for the model parametrization, and it can be adapted easily to other engine classes. Results from experiments under steady-state and transie...
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 2002
A new model for the dynamics of the mechanical part of a belt CVT (Continuously Variable Transmis... more A new model for the dynamics of the mechanical part of a belt CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) is presented. The model takes into account the mass of the belt, assuming it to be uniformly distributed over its length. The model can therefore be used as a benchmark for FE models, which focus on every element of the belt or chain, as well as for much simpler models that neglect the belt mass or imply significant simplifications in the respective kinematics. Although a nonholonomic system has to be investigated, the result is surprisingly simple, i.e., an algebraic solution is provided that is not much more complicated than the solutions derived with more stringent assumptions. The equations of motion derived here are especially suitable for use in control applications.
Variations of engine-out emissions due to ageing, component drift or production tolerances pose s... more Variations of engine-out emissions due to ageing, component drift or production tolerances pose serious problems to meet legislative restrictions on exhaust tailpipe pollutant emissions. This paper addresses feedback of the raw emissions for improved control of diesel engines. A discussion of issues regarding the inclusion of raw-emission feedback into the engine control structure is provided, and a novel control structure for combined feedback control of the air-path variables boost pressure and exhaust gas recirculation rate and of the NOx emissions is presented. The proposed control structure basically consists of an optimal linear output feedback controller and a setpoint-adaption loop on the exhaust gas recirculation rate. With this approach, a simple control structure is available requiring a marginal calibration effort to meet desired NOx-emission values. Unfavourable injection timing in connection with NOx control is minimized by adapting the exhaust gas recirculation rate s...
AbstractHybridizing automotive drivetrains, or using more than one type of energy converter, is ... more AbstractHybridizing automotive drivetrains, or using more than one type of energy converter, is considered an important step toward very low pollutant emission and high fuel economy. The automotive industry and governments in the United States, Europe, and ...
Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be ob... more Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, Permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org. ... This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. ...
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