Beginning in the years of perestroika and continuing into the 1990s, beyond the fall of the Sovie... more Beginning in the years of perestroika and continuing into the 1990s, beyond the fall of the Soviet Union, the survivors of dekulakization began to speak out in an outpouring of testimony. Previously almost completely silenced, the dekulakized—in particular, those who had been deported to special settlements in the early 1930s— “tore off their masks,” to use the title of Sheila Fitzpatrick’s most recent book.1 By the time they were ready and able to speak, they were mainly elderly pensioners. They revealed themselves as a school of survivors who had merged, sometimes seamlessly, sometimes not, into the ranks of Soviet society, bearing the more usual identities of workers and professionals, children and parents, and veterans. The end of the Soviet Union presented them with an opportunity if not to reinvent themselves—most were far too old for that—then at least to reveal what had been hidden.
Cuadro 2.1. Enfoque y tipo de huella hídrica cuantificada por sector…………13 Cuadro 4.1. Coordenada... more Cuadro 2.1. Enfoque y tipo de huella hídrica cuantificada por sector…………13 Cuadro 4.1. Coordenadas, distancia y referencia de los puntos tomados……24 Cuadro 4.2. Comercios calificados para la estimación de la huella hídrica…..38 Cuadro 4.3. Comercios seleccionados para la estimación de la huella hídrica…………………………………………………………………………………39 Cuadro 4.4. Huella hídrica azul de las principales actividades comerciales…………………………………………………………………..……….41 Cuadro 4.5.Cuadro de concentraciones de los contaminantes…………………42 Cuadro 4.6. Huella hídrica gris de las principales actividades comerciales…..42 Cuadro 4.7. Huella hídrica y huella hídrica total de las principales actividades comerciales…………………………………………………………………………...43
Background: Exposure to infectious microorganisms has been implicated as an important risk factor... more Background: Exposure to infectious microorganisms has been implicated as an important risk factor in the development of psychotic disorders. Epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggests that exposure at various developmental periods may increase psychosis risk, from in utero through to childhood and adult life. Individuals who meet clinical high risk (CHR) criteria are at substantially increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder; however, no study to date has explored whether exposure to schizophreniaassociated pathogens is associated with clinical outcomes in this population. Methods: Plasma samples from 254 subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis from the EU-GEI cohort and 116 age-and sex-matched controls were tested for antibodies to the following infectious organisms: Toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and influenza. Samples were also tested for antibodies to the NMDA receptor using a fixed cell-based assay and for levels of S100B (a putative marker of blood-brain barrier disruption) and complement pathway protein expression. Only pathogens which predicted case-control status were taken through to further analysis looking at symptomatic associations and clinical outcome measures, which included the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Global Assessment of Function (GAF). Results: In logistic regression analysis, exposure to Toxoplasma was associated with increased risk of meeting CHR criteria (OR 2.66; p = 0.04), whereas EBV exposure was associated with decreased risk of meeting CHR criteria (OR 0.34; p = 0.006). Toxoplasma IgG antibody status was associated with higher SANS scores (p = 0.032) and higher GAF symptoms (p = 0.003) and disability scores (p = 0.003). EBV antibody status was associated with lower GAF scores (p = 0.007), indicating better functioning. In clinical outcome analysis, EBV antibody positivity was associated with a reduced risk of transition to psychosis (OR 0.44; p = 0.04), whereas Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity was associated with poorer functional outcomes at follow-up. The presence of NMDAR autoantibodies was associated with higher Toxoplasma IgM (p = 0.024), but not IgG (p = 0.972), titres. Furthermore, Toxoplasma IgM was associated with increased levels of serum S100B (p = 0.007) and with increased expression of Complement C4 (p = 0.018, FDR corrected), both of which have been independently implicated in psychosis risk. Discussion: Toxoplasma exposure is associated with severity of negative symptoms and poor functional outcomes in CHR individuals, consistent with the known associations of Toxoplasma exposure in psychotic patients. Specific mechanisms by which Toxoplasma exposure might confer risk of poor outcomes include activation of specific complement pathway proteins, disruption of the blood-brain barrier and infection-induced production of brain-reactive autoantibodies. EBV exposure appears to have a mitigating effect, symptomatically and in terms of outcome, in this population, and as such may represent one of the first reported neurobiological protective factors for the CHR state and for the subsequent development of psychosis.
This paper presents an analysis of Relatos de um Peregrino Russo (2008) from Eliade's concept of ... more This paper presents an analysis of Relatos de um Peregrino Russo (2008) from Eliade's concept of hierophany (1992) and Huerga's concept of transfiguration (2003). As it is a phenomenon that occurs in space-time, those categories will be studied according Bakhtin's (1981) and P. Evdokimov's (2011) works. Concerning hesychasm, which is a meditative practice that transfigures the space-time, such practice will be investigated according to Evdokimov's (1990) and Leloup's (2003) works.
Page 1. Articles Lynne Viola The Peasants' Kulak: Social Identities and Moral Economy in... more Page 1. Articles Lynne Viola The Peasants' Kulak: Social Identities and Moral Economy in the Soviet Countryside in the 1920s* "shila ν meshke ne utaish'" (you can't hide an awl in a sack) - the peasant I. Riaboi, noting that it ...
The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.
In 1930, a Red Army soldier returned to his native village to discover that a number of his neigh... more In 1930, a Red Army soldier returned to his native village to discover that a number of his neighbors – people whose socioeconomic status was similar to his own – had been dekulakized. The soldier went to the local soviet to lodge a protest. He told the soviet officials that if they considered his neighbors to be kulaks, then he, too, must be a kulak and should be dekulakized. Complying with the soldier's demands, the soviet issued a resolution calling for the dekulakization of the soldier “according to his personal wish.” At about the same time that the soldier found himself subject to voluntary dekulakization, a village teacher in the Central Black Earth Region faced a similar fate. Local authorities accused the teacher of being the daughter of a priest and therefore decided to dekulakize her. The teacher gathered together documentation to prove that she in fact was not the daughter of a priest, but was unable to convince the local authorities, who claimed, “If her mother visited the priest, then it is possible that the priest is her father.” During this time and after, for a glass of vodka or a bottle of samogon (moonshine), a kulak could be transformed into a poor peasant or, in the absence of a glass of vodka or a bottle of samogon , a poor peasant could be transformed into a kulak. These were years of widespread repression in the Soviet countryside, as officials foraged through the villages in search of class enemies and proclaimed a “second coming” (to borrow a phrase from Platonov's Chevengur ) for real and perceived enemies of the state.
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 2000
The easing of restrictions in Russian archives and the declassifi cation of key archival document... more The easing of restrictions in Russian archives and the declassifi cation of key archival documents have facilitated the unraveling of the complex policies and practices of the “elimination of the kulak as a class” (raskulachivanie, or dekulakization, for short), including the mass deportations and “special resettlement” of peasants in the early 1930s (euphemistically titled spetspereselentsy or special settlers; from 1933, trudposelentsy or labor settlers; and in later years, again, spetspereselentsy). Many of the most important directives, statistical data, and reports on dekulakization and the special settlers are now accessible and, in a few cases, published. Yet, in some ways, the more we know, the less we know. As certain facets of this massive exercise in repression become clear, other issues and questions arise which only the initial stages of documentary illumination could have brought forth.
... Also see the analytically interesting historiographical essay by Anna Krylova, The Tenacious ... more ... Also see the analytically interesting historiographical essay by Anna Krylova, The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies, Kritika 1 ... Also see the pioneering works of EA Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia (Moscow, 1993); Za fasadom Stalininskogo izobiliia (Moscow, 1997 ...
... tory notes provide some basic information for researchers, but for general reference purposes... more ... tory notes provide some basic information for researchers, but for general reference purposes, the reader is referred to Wojciech Zalewski's extremely helpful ... Mention should also be made of the 300-page section on the Soviet Union (by Jenny Brine, the librarian of the Centre ...
Beginning in the years of perestroika and continuing into the 1990s, beyond the fall of the Sovie... more Beginning in the years of perestroika and continuing into the 1990s, beyond the fall of the Soviet Union, the survivors of dekulakization began to speak out in an outpouring of testimony. Previously almost completely silenced, the dekulakized—in particular, those who had been deported to special settlements in the early 1930s— “tore off their masks,” to use the title of Sheila Fitzpatrick’s most recent book.1 By the time they were ready and able to speak, they were mainly elderly pensioners. They revealed themselves as a school of survivors who had merged, sometimes seamlessly, sometimes not, into the ranks of Soviet society, bearing the more usual identities of workers and professionals, children and parents, and veterans. The end of the Soviet Union presented them with an opportunity if not to reinvent themselves—most were far too old for that—then at least to reveal what had been hidden.
Cuadro 2.1. Enfoque y tipo de huella hídrica cuantificada por sector…………13 Cuadro 4.1. Coordenada... more Cuadro 2.1. Enfoque y tipo de huella hídrica cuantificada por sector…………13 Cuadro 4.1. Coordenadas, distancia y referencia de los puntos tomados……24 Cuadro 4.2. Comercios calificados para la estimación de la huella hídrica…..38 Cuadro 4.3. Comercios seleccionados para la estimación de la huella hídrica…………………………………………………………………………………39 Cuadro 4.4. Huella hídrica azul de las principales actividades comerciales…………………………………………………………………..……….41 Cuadro 4.5.Cuadro de concentraciones de los contaminantes…………………42 Cuadro 4.6. Huella hídrica gris de las principales actividades comerciales…..42 Cuadro 4.7. Huella hídrica y huella hídrica total de las principales actividades comerciales…………………………………………………………………………...43
Background: Exposure to infectious microorganisms has been implicated as an important risk factor... more Background: Exposure to infectious microorganisms has been implicated as an important risk factor in the development of psychotic disorders. Epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggests that exposure at various developmental periods may increase psychosis risk, from in utero through to childhood and adult life. Individuals who meet clinical high risk (CHR) criteria are at substantially increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder; however, no study to date has explored whether exposure to schizophreniaassociated pathogens is associated with clinical outcomes in this population. Methods: Plasma samples from 254 subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis from the EU-GEI cohort and 116 age-and sex-matched controls were tested for antibodies to the following infectious organisms: Toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and influenza. Samples were also tested for antibodies to the NMDA receptor using a fixed cell-based assay and for levels of S100B (a putative marker of blood-brain barrier disruption) and complement pathway protein expression. Only pathogens which predicted case-control status were taken through to further analysis looking at symptomatic associations and clinical outcome measures, which included the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Global Assessment of Function (GAF). Results: In logistic regression analysis, exposure to Toxoplasma was associated with increased risk of meeting CHR criteria (OR 2.66; p = 0.04), whereas EBV exposure was associated with decreased risk of meeting CHR criteria (OR 0.34; p = 0.006). Toxoplasma IgG antibody status was associated with higher SANS scores (p = 0.032) and higher GAF symptoms (p = 0.003) and disability scores (p = 0.003). EBV antibody status was associated with lower GAF scores (p = 0.007), indicating better functioning. In clinical outcome analysis, EBV antibody positivity was associated with a reduced risk of transition to psychosis (OR 0.44; p = 0.04), whereas Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity was associated with poorer functional outcomes at follow-up. The presence of NMDAR autoantibodies was associated with higher Toxoplasma IgM (p = 0.024), but not IgG (p = 0.972), titres. Furthermore, Toxoplasma IgM was associated with increased levels of serum S100B (p = 0.007) and with increased expression of Complement C4 (p = 0.018, FDR corrected), both of which have been independently implicated in psychosis risk. Discussion: Toxoplasma exposure is associated with severity of negative symptoms and poor functional outcomes in CHR individuals, consistent with the known associations of Toxoplasma exposure in psychotic patients. Specific mechanisms by which Toxoplasma exposure might confer risk of poor outcomes include activation of specific complement pathway proteins, disruption of the blood-brain barrier and infection-induced production of brain-reactive autoantibodies. EBV exposure appears to have a mitigating effect, symptomatically and in terms of outcome, in this population, and as such may represent one of the first reported neurobiological protective factors for the CHR state and for the subsequent development of psychosis.
This paper presents an analysis of Relatos de um Peregrino Russo (2008) from Eliade's concept of ... more This paper presents an analysis of Relatos de um Peregrino Russo (2008) from Eliade's concept of hierophany (1992) and Huerga's concept of transfiguration (2003). As it is a phenomenon that occurs in space-time, those categories will be studied according Bakhtin's (1981) and P. Evdokimov's (2011) works. Concerning hesychasm, which is a meditative practice that transfigures the space-time, such practice will be investigated according to Evdokimov's (1990) and Leloup's (2003) works.
Page 1. Articles Lynne Viola The Peasants' Kulak: Social Identities and Moral Economy in... more Page 1. Articles Lynne Viola The Peasants' Kulak: Social Identities and Moral Economy in the Soviet Countryside in the 1920s* "shila ν meshke ne utaish'" (you can't hide an awl in a sack) - the peasant I. Riaboi, noting that it ...
The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.
In 1930, a Red Army soldier returned to his native village to discover that a number of his neigh... more In 1930, a Red Army soldier returned to his native village to discover that a number of his neighbors – people whose socioeconomic status was similar to his own – had been dekulakized. The soldier went to the local soviet to lodge a protest. He told the soviet officials that if they considered his neighbors to be kulaks, then he, too, must be a kulak and should be dekulakized. Complying with the soldier's demands, the soviet issued a resolution calling for the dekulakization of the soldier “according to his personal wish.” At about the same time that the soldier found himself subject to voluntary dekulakization, a village teacher in the Central Black Earth Region faced a similar fate. Local authorities accused the teacher of being the daughter of a priest and therefore decided to dekulakize her. The teacher gathered together documentation to prove that she in fact was not the daughter of a priest, but was unable to convince the local authorities, who claimed, “If her mother visited the priest, then it is possible that the priest is her father.” During this time and after, for a glass of vodka or a bottle of samogon (moonshine), a kulak could be transformed into a poor peasant or, in the absence of a glass of vodka or a bottle of samogon , a poor peasant could be transformed into a kulak. These were years of widespread repression in the Soviet countryside, as officials foraged through the villages in search of class enemies and proclaimed a “second coming” (to borrow a phrase from Platonov's Chevengur ) for real and perceived enemies of the state.
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 2000
The easing of restrictions in Russian archives and the declassifi cation of key archival document... more The easing of restrictions in Russian archives and the declassifi cation of key archival documents have facilitated the unraveling of the complex policies and practices of the “elimination of the kulak as a class” (raskulachivanie, or dekulakization, for short), including the mass deportations and “special resettlement” of peasants in the early 1930s (euphemistically titled spetspereselentsy or special settlers; from 1933, trudposelentsy or labor settlers; and in later years, again, spetspereselentsy). Many of the most important directives, statistical data, and reports on dekulakization and the special settlers are now accessible and, in a few cases, published. Yet, in some ways, the more we know, the less we know. As certain facets of this massive exercise in repression become clear, other issues and questions arise which only the initial stages of documentary illumination could have brought forth.
... Also see the analytically interesting historiographical essay by Anna Krylova, The Tenacious ... more ... Also see the analytically interesting historiographical essay by Anna Krylova, The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies, Kritika 1 ... Also see the pioneering works of EA Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia (Moscow, 1993); Za fasadom Stalininskogo izobiliia (Moscow, 1997 ...
... tory notes provide some basic information for researchers, but for general reference purposes... more ... tory notes provide some basic information for researchers, but for general reference purposes, the reader is referred to Wojciech Zalewski's extremely helpful ... Mention should also be made of the 300-page section on the Soviet Union (by Jenny Brine, the librarian of the Centre ...
Uploads
Papers by Lynne Viola