2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)
Artificial intelligence is considered a key enabler for realizing a more efficient future air tra... more Artificial intelligence is considered a key enabler for realizing a more efficient future air traffic management system. As the automation designed to support us grows more sophisticated and complex, our understanding of it tends to suffer. Recent research has addressed this issue in two ways: either through increased automation transparency or increased personalization. This paper overviews recent work in these two areas of strategic conformance (i.e., personalization) and automation transparency (e.g., explainable artificial intelligence and machine learning interpretability). We discuss how to achieve and how to balance conformance and transparency in the context of a machine learning system for conflict detection and resolution in air traffic control. In the MAHALO project, we aim to build, and empirically evaluate, a personalized and transparent decision support system by combining supervised and reinforcement learning approaches. We believe that such a system could strive for optimal performance while accommodating individual differences. By knowing the individual's preferences, the system would be able to afford transparency by explaining both why it suggests another solution (that deviates from the individual's), and why this solution is considered to be better.
2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2019
Intense drone traffic, exceeding human capabilities of manual control, is expected to occur durin... more Intense drone traffic, exceeding human capabilities of manual control, is expected to occur during the last stage of Unified Traffic Management (UTM) and Unmanned Airspace System (UAS) service deployment in cities. In this paper, we discuss how humans and automation could collaborate to manage this airspace. We review theory on options for UTM airspace structure (volumes, points, networks, layers), machine learning, optimization, and human-automation collaboration. Based on simulation and visualization of two cities, we discuss four abilities: to discern traffic patterns, to recognize situations, to predict situational developments, and to function in varying conditions of rule-following habits of airspace users. We then discuss the challenge of collaborating though the use of advanced visual dashboards, for human-in-the loop AI but also for society-in-the-loop. Finally, we discuss how the challenge of human-automation collaboration can be expected to shift, as the capabilities of the machine increases.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017
This study is one of a series of studies, researching various aspects that all aim at enhanced si... more This study is one of a series of studies, researching various aspects that all aim at enhanced simulation based certification aiding for aircraft. An experimental within-group design study was performed with 10 participants (5 male, and 5 female). The results showed a significant difference, F(2,16) = 5.11, p = 0.019, in mental workload between an engine failure condition and an normal condition for eye blink frequency. No effect of speed at the engine failure event on mental workload was found.
Abstract. Heating is a significant expenditure of many households today but the actual power cons... more Abstract. Heating is a significant expenditure of many households today but the actual power consumption of the heating devices are seldom recognized. To help people understand and reflect upon their domestic energy consumption, we have designed an electrical radiator that emits heat entirely from light bulbs. This appliance responds to temperature changes in the room via sensors. The idea was to combine the product semantics of lamps and radiators and direct focus on the latter neglected product category. We argue that by re-designing domestic appliances adding means to visualize energy consumption in engaging and interesting ways it is possible to make energy utilization less abstract and easier to comprehend. 1
The evaluation of persuasive systems is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. In the area of h... more The evaluation of persuasive systems is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. In the area of human-computer interaction, Heuristic Evaluation was suggested as an inexpensive alternative method for evaluating the usability of software. This paper examines the use of Heuristic Evaluation as a means to evaluate the persuasive power of software systems. A heuristic evaluation of the persuasive power of two educational programs used in school was performed. The heuristics used were operationalized versions of well-known persuasive principles. The evaluation indicated that both programs have persuasive power. This result was in agreement with an expert's experience of the programs. The study shows that our heuristics can be used in a summative heuristic evaluation of persuasive power of educational systems.
2021 9th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), 2021
Given the portability and minimal intrusiveness of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), there is po... more Given the portability and minimal intrusiveness of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), there is potential for it to be used in an ecological setting, as compared to classical neuroimaging methods. In this paper, NIRS was used to assess the cognitive processes of operators performing complex, safety-critical Air Traffic Control (ATC) tasks. The haemodynamic response in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) was obtained from an event-based analysis of the NIRS recordings. Despite the relative complexity of the experimental scenario, grand-averaged results from the analysis showed an evident Haemodynamic Response Function (HRF) in the right PFC, specifically for events in which the operator provided instructions to arriving aircraft (e.g., clear-to-Iand or go-around). The HRF peak was observed before the event, suggesting that maximum cognitive processing of the operator occurred before instructions were actually given. Overall, the study supports the suitability of NIRS as a tool for assessing the cognitive processes of operators in ecological settings, demonstrating the potential validity of NIRS-based measurements for BCI systems in safety-critical operations.
Clinical decision support for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (CDS-AF): Rationale and de... more Clinical decision support for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (CDS-AF): Rationale and design of a cluster randomized trial in the primary care setting,
Background. Training of medical professionals is important to improve care during mass-causality ... more Background. Training of medical professionals is important to improve care during mass-causality events. Therefore, it is essential to extend knowledge on how to design valid and usable simulation-based training environments. Purpose. This article investigates how distributed cognition and simulation theory concepts can guide design of simulation-based training environments. We present the design and user evaluation of DigEmergo, a simulator for training and assessing emergency medicine management. Design approach. A prior Distributed Cognition in Teamwork (DiCoT) analysis of the Emergo Train System (ETS) guided the design process. The design objective of DigEmergo was to be useful, usable, retain distributed cognition features of ETS, and strengthen validity and output reliability. Evaluation. Eight expert ETS instructors participated in a formative system evaluation. The Technology Assessment Model (TAM) questionnaire was used to measure usefulness and ease of use. Observations an...
LINDA is a tool designed to support inter-organizational collaboration in small health-service te... more LINDA is a tool designed to support inter-organizational collaboration in small health-service teams. We approached the design of LINDA by examining how clinicians worked with documents, markers, a ...
International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, 2016
We examined clinicians’ and researchers’ experiences from participation in collaborative research... more We examined clinicians’ and researchers’ experiences from participation in collaborative research on the introduction of Internet and mobile information systems (mHealth systems) in psychotherapeutic routines. The study used grounded theory methodology and was set in a collaboration that aimed to develop and evaluate mHealth support of psychotherapy provided to young people. Soundness of the central objects developed in the design phase (the collaboration contract, the trial protocol, and the system technology) was a necessary foundation for successful collaborative mHealth research; neglect of unanticipated organizational influences during the trial phase was a factor in collaboration failure. The experiences gained in this study can be used in settings where collaborative research on mHealth systems in mental health is planned.
Electricity consumption has been rising significantly in the western world the last decades and t... more Electricity consumption has been rising significantly in the western world the last decades and this has affected the environment negatively. Efficient use and more energy conservative usage patterns could be ways to approach this problem. However, electricity has for a long time actively been hidden away and it is rarely thought of unless it ceases to exist. From the perspective of critical design, we have been working to find methods to visualise electricity and electricity consumption in everyday life to promote environmentally positive behavioural change. In this paper, we are looking at how aspects of lifestyles can be used in design as central driving forces that could lead to changed behaviour. Attempts to promote behavioural changes related to energy consumption might be successfully carried out when people are offered desirable alternatives that are engaging and that do not impose a perceived extra burden in their everyday life. This argument is exemplified through two design concepts, the AWARE Laundry Lamp and the Energy Plant, which are examples on how to increase people's energy awareness and offer them means for reducing their energy consumption in the home. Both prototypes are inspired by current trends in lifestyle as well as actual observed user behaviour.
Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association / ... AMIA Annual Fall Symposium. AMIA Fall Symposium, 1997
Providing appropriate development environments for specialized languages requires a significant d... more Providing appropriate development environments for specialized languages requires a significant development and maintenance effort. Specialized environments are therefore expensive when compared to their general-language counterparts. The Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules (MLM) is a standardized language for representing medical knowledge. We have used PROTEGE-II, a knowledge-engineering environment, to generate a number of experimental development environments for the Arden Syntax. MEDAILLE is the resulting MLM editor, which provides a user-friendly environment that allows users to create and modify MLM definitions. Although MEDAILLE is a generated editor, it has similar functionality, while reducing the programming effort, as compared to other MLM editors developed using traditional programming techniques. We discuss how developers can use PROTEGE-II to generate development environments for other standardized languages and for general programming languages.
2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)
Artificial intelligence is considered a key enabler for realizing a more efficient future air tra... more Artificial intelligence is considered a key enabler for realizing a more efficient future air traffic management system. As the automation designed to support us grows more sophisticated and complex, our understanding of it tends to suffer. Recent research has addressed this issue in two ways: either through increased automation transparency or increased personalization. This paper overviews recent work in these two areas of strategic conformance (i.e., personalization) and automation transparency (e.g., explainable artificial intelligence and machine learning interpretability). We discuss how to achieve and how to balance conformance and transparency in the context of a machine learning system for conflict detection and resolution in air traffic control. In the MAHALO project, we aim to build, and empirically evaluate, a personalized and transparent decision support system by combining supervised and reinforcement learning approaches. We believe that such a system could strive for optimal performance while accommodating individual differences. By knowing the individual's preferences, the system would be able to afford transparency by explaining both why it suggests another solution (that deviates from the individual's), and why this solution is considered to be better.
2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2019
Intense drone traffic, exceeding human capabilities of manual control, is expected to occur durin... more Intense drone traffic, exceeding human capabilities of manual control, is expected to occur during the last stage of Unified Traffic Management (UTM) and Unmanned Airspace System (UAS) service deployment in cities. In this paper, we discuss how humans and automation could collaborate to manage this airspace. We review theory on options for UTM airspace structure (volumes, points, networks, layers), machine learning, optimization, and human-automation collaboration. Based on simulation and visualization of two cities, we discuss four abilities: to discern traffic patterns, to recognize situations, to predict situational developments, and to function in varying conditions of rule-following habits of airspace users. We then discuss the challenge of collaborating though the use of advanced visual dashboards, for human-in-the loop AI but also for society-in-the-loop. Finally, we discuss how the challenge of human-automation collaboration can be expected to shift, as the capabilities of the machine increases.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017
This study is one of a series of studies, researching various aspects that all aim at enhanced si... more This study is one of a series of studies, researching various aspects that all aim at enhanced simulation based certification aiding for aircraft. An experimental within-group design study was performed with 10 participants (5 male, and 5 female). The results showed a significant difference, F(2,16) = 5.11, p = 0.019, in mental workload between an engine failure condition and an normal condition for eye blink frequency. No effect of speed at the engine failure event on mental workload was found.
Abstract. Heating is a significant expenditure of many households today but the actual power cons... more Abstract. Heating is a significant expenditure of many households today but the actual power consumption of the heating devices are seldom recognized. To help people understand and reflect upon their domestic energy consumption, we have designed an electrical radiator that emits heat entirely from light bulbs. This appliance responds to temperature changes in the room via sensors. The idea was to combine the product semantics of lamps and radiators and direct focus on the latter neglected product category. We argue that by re-designing domestic appliances adding means to visualize energy consumption in engaging and interesting ways it is possible to make energy utilization less abstract and easier to comprehend. 1
The evaluation of persuasive systems is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. In the area of h... more The evaluation of persuasive systems is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. In the area of human-computer interaction, Heuristic Evaluation was suggested as an inexpensive alternative method for evaluating the usability of software. This paper examines the use of Heuristic Evaluation as a means to evaluate the persuasive power of software systems. A heuristic evaluation of the persuasive power of two educational programs used in school was performed. The heuristics used were operationalized versions of well-known persuasive principles. The evaluation indicated that both programs have persuasive power. This result was in agreement with an expert's experience of the programs. The study shows that our heuristics can be used in a summative heuristic evaluation of persuasive power of educational systems.
2021 9th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), 2021
Given the portability and minimal intrusiveness of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), there is po... more Given the portability and minimal intrusiveness of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), there is potential for it to be used in an ecological setting, as compared to classical neuroimaging methods. In this paper, NIRS was used to assess the cognitive processes of operators performing complex, safety-critical Air Traffic Control (ATC) tasks. The haemodynamic response in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) was obtained from an event-based analysis of the NIRS recordings. Despite the relative complexity of the experimental scenario, grand-averaged results from the analysis showed an evident Haemodynamic Response Function (HRF) in the right PFC, specifically for events in which the operator provided instructions to arriving aircraft (e.g., clear-to-Iand or go-around). The HRF peak was observed before the event, suggesting that maximum cognitive processing of the operator occurred before instructions were actually given. Overall, the study supports the suitability of NIRS as a tool for assessing the cognitive processes of operators in ecological settings, demonstrating the potential validity of NIRS-based measurements for BCI systems in safety-critical operations.
Clinical decision support for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (CDS-AF): Rationale and de... more Clinical decision support for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (CDS-AF): Rationale and design of a cluster randomized trial in the primary care setting,
Background. Training of medical professionals is important to improve care during mass-causality ... more Background. Training of medical professionals is important to improve care during mass-causality events. Therefore, it is essential to extend knowledge on how to design valid and usable simulation-based training environments. Purpose. This article investigates how distributed cognition and simulation theory concepts can guide design of simulation-based training environments. We present the design and user evaluation of DigEmergo, a simulator for training and assessing emergency medicine management. Design approach. A prior Distributed Cognition in Teamwork (DiCoT) analysis of the Emergo Train System (ETS) guided the design process. The design objective of DigEmergo was to be useful, usable, retain distributed cognition features of ETS, and strengthen validity and output reliability. Evaluation. Eight expert ETS instructors participated in a formative system evaluation. The Technology Assessment Model (TAM) questionnaire was used to measure usefulness and ease of use. Observations an...
LINDA is a tool designed to support inter-organizational collaboration in small health-service te... more LINDA is a tool designed to support inter-organizational collaboration in small health-service teams. We approached the design of LINDA by examining how clinicians worked with documents, markers, a ...
International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, 2016
We examined clinicians’ and researchers’ experiences from participation in collaborative research... more We examined clinicians’ and researchers’ experiences from participation in collaborative research on the introduction of Internet and mobile information systems (mHealth systems) in psychotherapeutic routines. The study used grounded theory methodology and was set in a collaboration that aimed to develop and evaluate mHealth support of psychotherapy provided to young people. Soundness of the central objects developed in the design phase (the collaboration contract, the trial protocol, and the system technology) was a necessary foundation for successful collaborative mHealth research; neglect of unanticipated organizational influences during the trial phase was a factor in collaboration failure. The experiences gained in this study can be used in settings where collaborative research on mHealth systems in mental health is planned.
Electricity consumption has been rising significantly in the western world the last decades and t... more Electricity consumption has been rising significantly in the western world the last decades and this has affected the environment negatively. Efficient use and more energy conservative usage patterns could be ways to approach this problem. However, electricity has for a long time actively been hidden away and it is rarely thought of unless it ceases to exist. From the perspective of critical design, we have been working to find methods to visualise electricity and electricity consumption in everyday life to promote environmentally positive behavioural change. In this paper, we are looking at how aspects of lifestyles can be used in design as central driving forces that could lead to changed behaviour. Attempts to promote behavioural changes related to energy consumption might be successfully carried out when people are offered desirable alternatives that are engaging and that do not impose a perceived extra burden in their everyday life. This argument is exemplified through two design concepts, the AWARE Laundry Lamp and the Energy Plant, which are examples on how to increase people's energy awareness and offer them means for reducing their energy consumption in the home. Both prototypes are inspired by current trends in lifestyle as well as actual observed user behaviour.
Proceedings : a conference of the American Medical Informatics Association / ... AMIA Annual Fall Symposium. AMIA Fall Symposium, 1997
Providing appropriate development environments for specialized languages requires a significant d... more Providing appropriate development environments for specialized languages requires a significant development and maintenance effort. Specialized environments are therefore expensive when compared to their general-language counterparts. The Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules (MLM) is a standardized language for representing medical knowledge. We have used PROTEGE-II, a knowledge-engineering environment, to generate a number of experimental development environments for the Arden Syntax. MEDAILLE is the resulting MLM editor, which provides a user-friendly environment that allows users to create and modify MLM definitions. Although MEDAILLE is a generated editor, it has similar functionality, while reducing the programming effort, as compared to other MLM editors developed using traditional programming techniques. We discuss how developers can use PROTEGE-II to generate development environments for other standardized languages and for general programming languages.
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Papers by Magnus Bang