The study addresses the issue of micronutrient deficiency in diets through health and nutrition e... more The study addresses the issue of micronutrient deficiency in diets through health and nutrition education and introduction of homestead gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding birds in a rural community. The target was the pregnant women and mothers with preschool children aged 6–24 months registered with the 11 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) centres called ‘Anganwadi’ in eight villages of Medak district, in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana). Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) surveys of health and nutrition on a sub-sample of 142 mothers with 6- to 24-month-old children done initially and at the end of three years showed marked improvement in mothers’ knowledge and child-feeding practices. At the end of three years, 335 target families had raised vegetable gardens diverting 57.8 acres of land. The KAP survey responses showed that the percentage of families raising homestead gardens increased from 30 % initially to over 70 % finally. Weekly mean frequency of green leafy vegetables (GLV) cooked, increased from 1.9 to 2.4. The percentage of households cooking GLV more than three times per week increased from 21 in the initial survey to 45 in the final survey. Weekly frequency and quantity of eggs consumed, among households who set up BYP, more than doubled. ICDS records showed gradual decline in percentage of 6 to 24-month-old children suffering from moderate-to-severe malnutrition, over the three-year experimental period.
I. Parenteral administration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PALP) to riboflavin-deficient rats increa... more I. Parenteral administration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PALP) to riboflavin-deficient rats increased the non-FAD component of erythrocyte riboflavin. 2. Pyridoxaminephosphate oxidase (EC I -4.3.5) activity in the livers of riboflavin-deficient animals was only I 5 % of that of controls. PALP concentration in blood, liver and brain was not affected. Deficient animals had higher levels of pyridoxine in liver. 3. Human subjects with lesions of the mouth responded to treatment with either riboflavin or pyridoxine. was markedly increased by pyridoxine. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity (EC I .6.4.2) in humans was increased and in vitro stimulation of the enzyme with FAD was decreased by treatment with riboflavin, but not by treatment with pyridoxine.
Riboflavin and hemoglobin status of urban school boys from low income families were examined in r... more Riboflavin and hemoglobin status of urban school boys from low income families were examined in relation to their diet, per capita income and anthropometric status. ,]~aJorlty of the children had severe biochemical riboflavin deficiency as judged by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test. There was significant but weak correlation betqveen riboflavin status and income as well as diet, suggesting that factors besides income and diet also infhwnce riboflavin status. Despite deficiency of calories and other nutrients, 76% of the children had normal anthropometric status by Waterlow's classification. Riboflavin deficiency was more severe and clinical signs more frequently seen in children with weight for height less than 80~ of the N.C-tI.S. standards. There was perceptible improvement tn riboflavin status when the per capita Income exceeded Rs. 300. More than 70~ children suffered from mild and moderate anemia. Hemoglobin status did not show at,y correlation with income, diet or anthropometry.
Previous control studies carried out in children showed that respiratory infection alters ribofla... more Previous control studies carried out in children showed that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism and leads to excessive urinary losses of the vitamin. In order to understand the nature of biochemical changes in riboflavin metabolism during respiratory infection, a study was carried out using the mouse as the experimental model, and KlebsieUa pneumonjue as the infective organism. Mice were fed on either a low(0.5 mg/kg)or high(13.3 mg/kg)-riboflavin semi-synthetic diet. Infection resulted in a 5-6-fold higher excretion of riboflavin in the urine of mice fed on the low-riboflavin diet. Higher erythrocyte FAD levels and lower liver FAD levels were also observed during infection. Of the four enzymes involved in the synthesis and breakdown of the flavin coenzymes studied, the activity of hepatic flavokinase (ATP: riboflavin 5'-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.26) was significantly lower, and that of * For reprints.
To elucidate the biochemical basis of impaired skin collagen maturity in pyridoxine-or riboflavin... more To elucidate the biochemical basis of impaired skin collagen maturity in pyridoxine-or riboflavin-deficient rats the following two mechanistic possibilities were tested: (i) Reduction in the activity of skin lysyl oxidase (EC 1·4·3·13) which initiates the cross-linking of collagen and (ii) putative rise in homocysteine level leading to neutralization of allysine (α-aminoadipic acid δ-5-semialdehyde)or hydroxyallysine (hydroxy α-aminoadepic acid (δ-semialdehyde) in collagen by the formation of thiazine complexes. Skin lysyl oxidase activity was not affected in pyridoxine deficiency suggesting that pyridoxal phosphate may not be its cofactor. In riboflavin deficiency, lysyl oxidase activity was not altered in the newly regenerated rat skin but a slight reduction was observed in the skin of 18-day-old rat pups. This could be related to the body weight deficit rather than deficiencyper se. Aldehyde content of purified salt soluble collagen of regenerated skin was significantly reduced in both the deficiencies. A 2 to 4-fold increase in the concentration of skin homocysteine was observed in both the deficiencies. The results suggest that increase in skin homocysteine level may be responsible for the impaired skin collagen maturity in riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency.
Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral... more Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral lesions before and after treatment with riboflavin. In vivo conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate as well as in vitro synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were lower in subjects with lesions of the mouth and improved markedly after treatment with riboflavin. Erythrocyte phosphatase activity, with pyridoxal phosphate as substrate, was lower in riboflavin-deficient subjects and showed an increase after treatment with riboflavin.
Effect of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency and food restriction on plasma and tissue carnitine... more Effect of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency and food restriction on plasma and tissue carnitine levels of male rats was examined. Food restriction produced significant rise in plasma as well as tissue carnitine levels perhaps due to lower growth and requirement. Riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency produced significant reduction in plasma carnitine levels compared to adlib-fed as well as food=restricted controls. In riboflavin-deficient rats tissue carnitine levels also decreased marginally compared to food-restricted control. Pyridoxine deficiency did not have a similar effect.
Studies in children and mice have shown that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism, ... more Studies in children and mice have shown that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism, resulting in increased urinary loss of this vitamin. This could be due to mobilization of riboflavin from the liver to blood because liver Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels were lowered in the mice during infection. To understand the functional implications of lowered hepatic FAD levels during respiratory infection, flavoprotein functions such as oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation of the liver mitochondria were examined during infection in mice. Weanling mice were fed either riboflavin-restricted or control diet for 18 days and then injected with a sublethal dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae. During infection, the state 3 respiratory rate with palmitoyl-L-carnitine and glutamate were significantly lowered (27-29%) in the riboflavin-restricted group, whereas in the control group 10% reduction was observed with palmitoyl-L-carnitine as substrate. A 22% reduction in the respiratory control ratio with palmitoyl-L-carnitine as substrate was observed during infection in the riboflavin-restricted group. The beta-oxidation of palmitoyl-L-carnitine was significantly lowered (29%) in the riboflavin-restricted infected group. The results of the study suggest that the effects of infection on vital physiologic functions were more pronounced in the riboflavin-restricted mice than in the control mice.
Indian women from a low income group who had used oral contraceptives containing either 30 or 50 ... more Indian women from a low income group who had used oral contraceptives containing either 30 or 50 μg ethynyl oestradiol and 0.15 mg d-norgestrel for 12 cycles,.
The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 2013
Adolescence is the age of physical and mental development, emotional transition, curiosity, energ... more Adolescence is the age of physical and mental development, emotional transition, curiosity, energy, creativity and desire to learn. In developing countries like India, there are strong culturally driven social biases, which deprive adolescent girls of educational opportunities and full expression of genetic potential. Families view girls as burden due to the oppressive dowry system and tend to reject them from birth, and even eliminate them resulting in low sex ratio. Early marriage and child bearing, stunts their physical and mental growth, and adversely impacts their health and nutrition. It is an insidious form of child labour. With proper nurturing and empowerment, adolescent girls can become a valuable human resource for nation building. As future mothers they can be good agents of change. India has a high burden of under-nutrition, particularly in children, adolescence and pregnant and lactating women, primarily due to inadequate diet.
Oral administration of 5 g of lysine to healthy male volunteers produced a marked and progressive... more Oral administration of 5 g of lysine to healthy male volunteers produced a marked and progressive rise in plasma trimethyllysine (TML) from 3 to 24 h after the lysine load. Urinary TML did not register a similar rise. Plasma and urinary carnitine also increased after the lysine load. A similar rise in TML or carnitine was not seen after a 5 g tryptophan load. This suggests that the effect is specific for lysine and is not a nonspecific consequence of amino acid load.
The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGR-AC) is considered to be the best metho... more The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGR-AC) is considered to be the best method to assess riboflavin nutritional status. Riboflavin supplementation studies carried out in India have raised doubts about the validity of currently available interpretive guidelines for interpreting the EGR-AC test. Changes in EGR-AC values in response to graded doses of riboflavin supplementation were investigated in schoolchildren, aged 7-11 years, belonging to the low-income group. For comparison, unsupplemented well-to-do schoolchildren of similar age group were also examined. The results of the study based on the measurement of EGR-AC by the procedure of Bayoumi and Rosalki (Clinical Chemistry, 1976, Vol. 22, pp. 327-335) with an incubation period of 15 min suggest that the cut-off value for EGR-AC to discriminate between riboflavin-deficient and normal children cannot be less than 1.5.
I . Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of 'low-income-group' mothers and their newborn inf... more I . Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of 'low-income-group' mothers and their newborn infants was assessed by analysing paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood for erythrocyte transketolase (EC z . 2. I . I) (ETK), erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC I .6.4.2) (EGR), and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6. I . I) ( E M ) activities. 2. The vitamin status of the infants was better than that of the mothers. Most of the mothers and some of the infants had biochemical evidence of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency, 4. The pregnant women had a higher EAA activity and also higher stimulation with pyridoxal-5-phosphate than the non-pregnant women of the same community. 5. There was a significant correlation between maternal and umbilical blood samples for ETK and EGR activities, but not for EAA activity or any of the coenzyme stimulation tests.
Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 2015
The Bires Chandra Guha Memorial Lecture, 1987: Biochemical Detection, Aetiology and Functional Co... more The Bires Chandra Guha Memorial Lecture, 1987: Biochemical Detection, Aetiology and Functional Consequences of Riboflavin Deficiency
The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 2013
There is high prevalence of protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in India,... more There is high prevalence of protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in India, particularly in growing children and women. This is understandable since cereal-based Indian diets are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, pulses and foods of livestock origin. Apart from micronutrients, livestock-based foods are good source of high quality protein. Amongst foods of livestock origin, poultry egg is most promising in terms of cost benefit ratio. While the consumption of animal meat in India has declined between 1985 and 2003 that of poultry meat and eggs has increased. This is possible due to tremendous increase in commercial poultry farms. Price of poultry has shown little rise from 1996-2006 due to increased competition, and organised marketing of poultry products simultaneous with remarkable improvements in genetics, nutrition, disease management and housing of birds.
The term malnutrition includes both under- and overnutrition. This thematic issue on nutrition ex... more The term malnutrition includes both under- and overnutrition. This thematic issue on nutrition examines the problem of under- as well as over-nutrition, their putative causes and consequences, the mechanisms involved and the way forward. The present collection of articles spans clinical, public health, biochemical/ molecular, social and economic aspects of the complex problem of malnutrition and issues related to food and nutrition security.
The study addresses the issue of micronutrient deficiency in diets through health and nutrition e... more The study addresses the issue of micronutrient deficiency in diets through health and nutrition education and introduction of homestead gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding birds in a rural community. The target was the pregnant women and mothers with preschool children aged 6–24 months registered with the 11 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) centres called ‘Anganwadi’ in eight villages of Medak district, in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana). Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) surveys of health and nutrition on a sub-sample of 142 mothers with 6- to 24-month-old children done initially and at the end of three years showed marked improvement in mothers’ knowledge and child-feeding practices. At the end of three years, 335 target families had raised vegetable gardens diverting 57.8 acres of land. The KAP survey responses showed that the percentage of families raising homestead gardens increased from 30 % initially to over 70 % finally. Weekly mean frequency of green leafy vegetables (GLV) cooked, increased from 1.9 to 2.4. The percentage of households cooking GLV more than three times per week increased from 21 in the initial survey to 45 in the final survey. Weekly frequency and quantity of eggs consumed, among households who set up BYP, more than doubled. ICDS records showed gradual decline in percentage of 6 to 24-month-old children suffering from moderate-to-severe malnutrition, over the three-year experimental period.
I. Parenteral administration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PALP) to riboflavin-deficient rats increa... more I. Parenteral administration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PALP) to riboflavin-deficient rats increased the non-FAD component of erythrocyte riboflavin. 2. Pyridoxaminephosphate oxidase (EC I -4.3.5) activity in the livers of riboflavin-deficient animals was only I 5 % of that of controls. PALP concentration in blood, liver and brain was not affected. Deficient animals had higher levels of pyridoxine in liver. 3. Human subjects with lesions of the mouth responded to treatment with either riboflavin or pyridoxine. was markedly increased by pyridoxine. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity (EC I .6.4.2) in humans was increased and in vitro stimulation of the enzyme with FAD was decreased by treatment with riboflavin, but not by treatment with pyridoxine.
Riboflavin and hemoglobin status of urban school boys from low income families were examined in r... more Riboflavin and hemoglobin status of urban school boys from low income families were examined in relation to their diet, per capita income and anthropometric status. ,]~aJorlty of the children had severe biochemical riboflavin deficiency as judged by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test. There was significant but weak correlation betqveen riboflavin status and income as well as diet, suggesting that factors besides income and diet also infhwnce riboflavin status. Despite deficiency of calories and other nutrients, 76% of the children had normal anthropometric status by Waterlow's classification. Riboflavin deficiency was more severe and clinical signs more frequently seen in children with weight for height less than 80~ of the N.C-tI.S. standards. There was perceptible improvement tn riboflavin status when the per capita Income exceeded Rs. 300. More than 70~ children suffered from mild and moderate anemia. Hemoglobin status did not show at,y correlation with income, diet or anthropometry.
Previous control studies carried out in children showed that respiratory infection alters ribofla... more Previous control studies carried out in children showed that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism and leads to excessive urinary losses of the vitamin. In order to understand the nature of biochemical changes in riboflavin metabolism during respiratory infection, a study was carried out using the mouse as the experimental model, and KlebsieUa pneumonjue as the infective organism. Mice were fed on either a low(0.5 mg/kg)or high(13.3 mg/kg)-riboflavin semi-synthetic diet. Infection resulted in a 5-6-fold higher excretion of riboflavin in the urine of mice fed on the low-riboflavin diet. Higher erythrocyte FAD levels and lower liver FAD levels were also observed during infection. Of the four enzymes involved in the synthesis and breakdown of the flavin coenzymes studied, the activity of hepatic flavokinase (ATP: riboflavin 5'-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.26) was significantly lower, and that of * For reprints.
To elucidate the biochemical basis of impaired skin collagen maturity in pyridoxine-or riboflavin... more To elucidate the biochemical basis of impaired skin collagen maturity in pyridoxine-or riboflavin-deficient rats the following two mechanistic possibilities were tested: (i) Reduction in the activity of skin lysyl oxidase (EC 1·4·3·13) which initiates the cross-linking of collagen and (ii) putative rise in homocysteine level leading to neutralization of allysine (α-aminoadipic acid δ-5-semialdehyde)or hydroxyallysine (hydroxy α-aminoadepic acid (δ-semialdehyde) in collagen by the formation of thiazine complexes. Skin lysyl oxidase activity was not affected in pyridoxine deficiency suggesting that pyridoxal phosphate may not be its cofactor. In riboflavin deficiency, lysyl oxidase activity was not altered in the newly regenerated rat skin but a slight reduction was observed in the skin of 18-day-old rat pups. This could be related to the body weight deficit rather than deficiencyper se. Aldehyde content of purified salt soluble collagen of regenerated skin was significantly reduced in both the deficiencies. A 2 to 4-fold increase in the concentration of skin homocysteine was observed in both the deficiencies. The results suggest that increase in skin homocysteine level may be responsible for the impaired skin collagen maturity in riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency.
Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral... more Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral lesions before and after treatment with riboflavin. In vivo conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate as well as in vitro synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were lower in subjects with lesions of the mouth and improved markedly after treatment with riboflavin. Erythrocyte phosphatase activity, with pyridoxal phosphate as substrate, was lower in riboflavin-deficient subjects and showed an increase after treatment with riboflavin.
Effect of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency and food restriction on plasma and tissue carnitine... more Effect of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency and food restriction on plasma and tissue carnitine levels of male rats was examined. Food restriction produced significant rise in plasma as well as tissue carnitine levels perhaps due to lower growth and requirement. Riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency produced significant reduction in plasma carnitine levels compared to adlib-fed as well as food=restricted controls. In riboflavin-deficient rats tissue carnitine levels also decreased marginally compared to food-restricted control. Pyridoxine deficiency did not have a similar effect.
Studies in children and mice have shown that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism, ... more Studies in children and mice have shown that respiratory infection alters riboflavin metabolism, resulting in increased urinary loss of this vitamin. This could be due to mobilization of riboflavin from the liver to blood because liver Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels were lowered in the mice during infection. To understand the functional implications of lowered hepatic FAD levels during respiratory infection, flavoprotein functions such as oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation of the liver mitochondria were examined during infection in mice. Weanling mice were fed either riboflavin-restricted or control diet for 18 days and then injected with a sublethal dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae. During infection, the state 3 respiratory rate with palmitoyl-L-carnitine and glutamate were significantly lowered (27-29%) in the riboflavin-restricted group, whereas in the control group 10% reduction was observed with palmitoyl-L-carnitine as substrate. A 22% reduction in the respiratory control ratio with palmitoyl-L-carnitine as substrate was observed during infection in the riboflavin-restricted group. The beta-oxidation of palmitoyl-L-carnitine was significantly lowered (29%) in the riboflavin-restricted infected group. The results of the study suggest that the effects of infection on vital physiologic functions were more pronounced in the riboflavin-restricted mice than in the control mice.
Indian women from a low income group who had used oral contraceptives containing either 30 or 50 ... more Indian women from a low income group who had used oral contraceptives containing either 30 or 50 μg ethynyl oestradiol and 0.15 mg d-norgestrel for 12 cycles,.
The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 2013
Adolescence is the age of physical and mental development, emotional transition, curiosity, energ... more Adolescence is the age of physical and mental development, emotional transition, curiosity, energy, creativity and desire to learn. In developing countries like India, there are strong culturally driven social biases, which deprive adolescent girls of educational opportunities and full expression of genetic potential. Families view girls as burden due to the oppressive dowry system and tend to reject them from birth, and even eliminate them resulting in low sex ratio. Early marriage and child bearing, stunts their physical and mental growth, and adversely impacts their health and nutrition. It is an insidious form of child labour. With proper nurturing and empowerment, adolescent girls can become a valuable human resource for nation building. As future mothers they can be good agents of change. India has a high burden of under-nutrition, particularly in children, adolescence and pregnant and lactating women, primarily due to inadequate diet.
Oral administration of 5 g of lysine to healthy male volunteers produced a marked and progressive... more Oral administration of 5 g of lysine to healthy male volunteers produced a marked and progressive rise in plasma trimethyllysine (TML) from 3 to 24 h after the lysine load. Urinary TML did not register a similar rise. Plasma and urinary carnitine also increased after the lysine load. A similar rise in TML or carnitine was not seen after a 5 g tryptophan load. This suggests that the effect is specific for lysine and is not a nonspecific consequence of amino acid load.
The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGR-AC) is considered to be the best metho... more The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGR-AC) is considered to be the best method to assess riboflavin nutritional status. Riboflavin supplementation studies carried out in India have raised doubts about the validity of currently available interpretive guidelines for interpreting the EGR-AC test. Changes in EGR-AC values in response to graded doses of riboflavin supplementation were investigated in schoolchildren, aged 7-11 years, belonging to the low-income group. For comparison, unsupplemented well-to-do schoolchildren of similar age group were also examined. The results of the study based on the measurement of EGR-AC by the procedure of Bayoumi and Rosalki (Clinical Chemistry, 1976, Vol. 22, pp. 327-335) with an incubation period of 15 min suggest that the cut-off value for EGR-AC to discriminate between riboflavin-deficient and normal children cannot be less than 1.5.
I . Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of 'low-income-group' mothers and their newborn inf... more I . Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of 'low-income-group' mothers and their newborn infants was assessed by analysing paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood for erythrocyte transketolase (EC z . 2. I . I) (ETK), erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC I .6.4.2) (EGR), and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6. I . I) ( E M ) activities. 2. The vitamin status of the infants was better than that of the mothers. Most of the mothers and some of the infants had biochemical evidence of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency, 4. The pregnant women had a higher EAA activity and also higher stimulation with pyridoxal-5-phosphate than the non-pregnant women of the same community. 5. There was a significant correlation between maternal and umbilical blood samples for ETK and EGR activities, but not for EAA activity or any of the coenzyme stimulation tests.
Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 2015
The Bires Chandra Guha Memorial Lecture, 1987: Biochemical Detection, Aetiology and Functional Co... more The Bires Chandra Guha Memorial Lecture, 1987: Biochemical Detection, Aetiology and Functional Consequences of Riboflavin Deficiency
The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 2013
There is high prevalence of protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in India,... more There is high prevalence of protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in India, particularly in growing children and women. This is understandable since cereal-based Indian diets are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, pulses and foods of livestock origin. Apart from micronutrients, livestock-based foods are good source of high quality protein. Amongst foods of livestock origin, poultry egg is most promising in terms of cost benefit ratio. While the consumption of animal meat in India has declined between 1985 and 2003 that of poultry meat and eggs has increased. This is possible due to tremendous increase in commercial poultry farms. Price of poultry has shown little rise from 1996-2006 due to increased competition, and organised marketing of poultry products simultaneous with remarkable improvements in genetics, nutrition, disease management and housing of birds.
The term malnutrition includes both under- and overnutrition. This thematic issue on nutrition ex... more The term malnutrition includes both under- and overnutrition. This thematic issue on nutrition examines the problem of under- as well as over-nutrition, their putative causes and consequences, the mechanisms involved and the way forward. The present collection of articles spans clinical, public health, biochemical/ molecular, social and economic aspects of the complex problem of malnutrition and issues related to food and nutrition security.
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Papers by Mahtab S Bamji