Biodiesel "or Green-Oleum" as a renewable energy source, has recent interest worldwide because of... more Biodiesel "or Green-Oleum" as a renewable energy source, has recent interest worldwide because of energy crisis, excessive emissions and declining of fossil fuel, and the demands for oleochemicals market development. It produced by transesterification of oils and fats in presence of homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Scientists have challenges in optimizing the biodiesel processes. Feedstock is the bottleneck of green-oleum industry. Upgrading of feedstock oil will make revolution in the oleochemicals industry, especially when Brent crude oil spot rose in 2020 as expected. In the present research, a mass balance and feasibility study were achieved for production of one million ton biodiesel from different feedstocks such as used cooking oil (UCO), Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and micro-algae oil (MAO) using sodium orthosilicate (Na 4 SiO 4) as a catalyst based on the previously optimized conditions. The total production cost (TPC), profitability indictor (PI), pay-back period, return on investment (ROI) and break-even analysis were evaluated to investigate the sustainability of biodiesel business and oleochemicals marketing. Successful results were reported for green-oleum production from all feedstocks under certain restricted conditions.
Biodiesel is one of the feasible alternatives to minimize the diesel shortage in Egypt and worldw... more Biodiesel is one of the feasible alternatives to minimize the diesel shortage in Egypt and worldwide. It produced by transesterification of oils and fats in presence of homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Feedstock is the controlling factor of biodiesel industry. However, virgin vegetal oils are expensive to obtain biodiesel, so utilization of spent cooking oils (SCO) is considered a cheap alternative for biodiesel production. In this research, techno-economic appraisal was performed on the Egyptian biodiesel business using SCO as feedstock, and homogeneous (KOH) and heterogeneous (Phosphate rock, Na2SiO3 and CaO) catalysts. The economic analyses were then compared; to determine the most effective technique for biodiesel production. Also, sensitivity and break-even analyses were evaluated for all catalysts on the variations in SCO and biodiesel prices using simple rate of return (SRR). PR is recommended to be the ideal catalyst for biodiesel industry according to the current situ...
The utilization of biogenetic waste and residues draws more and more attention worldwide, driven ... more The utilization of biogenetic waste and residues draws more and more attention worldwide, driven by the fight against climate change and the efforts to save greenhouse gas emissions. Biodegradable waste and residuals already contribute to energy supply and are used in new biorefinery concepts. The potential of remaining available wastes and residues is compared to the small energy crop potential but important for climate protection goals. In total 98.4 million tons dry mass represent the technical potential that means it is available for utilization in Germany. 30.9 million tons of this technical potential is currently not in use. The biogas sector in Germany is highly developed but has to be further developed as well as the other bioenergy sectors to fulfil the future tasks. The German energy transition has yet not reached its ambitious goals; the process stagnated in certain areas. Biomass and waste biomass must contribute to development a bioeconomy by the combined material and energy utilization in biorefineries and contribute to the energy transition in combination with the other renewable energies. Examples for enhanced energetically utilization of biowaste as well as biorefinery concepts are described.
Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a... more Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a feedstock to produce a valuable amount of oil to be converted to biodiesel using transesterification reaction. Jatropha plant has been successfully grown in southern Egypt using primary treated municipal wastewater for its irrigation. A bench scale production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil (using methyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst) was developed with methyl esters yield of 98 %. Biodiesel was produced on a pilot scale based on the bench scale experiment results with almost the same methyl esters yield of 98 %. The produced biodiesel was evaluated as a fuel and compared with petroleum diesel according to its physical and chemical parameters such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, carbon residue, acid value and calorific value. The experimental techniques and product evaluation results show that such properties of the produced biodiesel are near to that of petroleum diesel. A mass balance representing the transesterification process is presented in this study. Glycerol of 85 % purity was produced and evaluated as a valuable byproduct of the process. Free fatty acids and sodium phosphate salts which have industrial interesting are also produced and evaluated.
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures becau... more Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2008
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures becau... more Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.
Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fu... more Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fuel properties through the use of (1% by wt) ozonated vegetable oil for neat biodiesel was evaluated. The pour point of biodiesel prepared from methanol transesterification of sunflower oil, linseed oil, and a mixed oil (from soy bean, sunflower and oleen oils) was dispersed to 0, !3, and 0 respectively. The cloud point remained unaffected except in the case of mixed oil biodiesel where a slight increase was observed. Ozonated mixed oil showed a decrease of flash point of corresponding biodiesel when the ozonated sample was prepared with sunflower ozoned oil. The tests of biodiesel degradation stored at different temperatures were monitored at regular intervals over a period of several weeks. Experimental results demonstrated that biodiesel showed an increase in acid value and decrease in viscosity nearly 10%, 5% and 2% within 8 weeks for those samples stored at room temperature 25-27°C, at 4°C and at !18°C respectively. The same average decrease of viscosity (2%) was obtained for biodiesel samples ozonated and stored at room temperature 25-27°C and those unozonated and stored at !18°C, especially those produced from mixed oil. Microscopic analysis at low temperature revealed that ozonated mixed oil impeded agglomeration of biodiesel into a solidified material, giving crystals.
Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fu... more Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fuel properties through the use of (1% by wt) ozonated vegetable oil for neat biodiesel was evaluated. The pour point of biodiesel prepared from methanol transesterification of sunflower oil, linseed oil, and a mixed oil (from soy bean, sunflower and oleen oils) was dispersed to
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
Biodiesel "or Green-Oleum" as a renewable energy source, has recent interest worldwide because of... more Biodiesel "or Green-Oleum" as a renewable energy source, has recent interest worldwide because of energy crisis, excessive emissions and declining of fossil fuel, and the demands for oleochemicals market development. It produced by transesterification of oils and fats in presence of homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Scientists have challenges in optimizing the biodiesel processes. Feedstock is the bottleneck of green-oleum industry. Upgrading of feedstock oil will make revolution in the oleochemicals industry, especially when Brent crude oil spot rose in 2020 as expected. In the present research, a mass balance and feasibility study were achieved for production of one million ton biodiesel from different feedstocks such as used cooking oil (UCO), Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and micro-algae oil (MAO) using sodium orthosilicate (Na 4 SiO 4) as a catalyst based on the previously optimized conditions. The total production cost (TPC), profitability indictor (PI), pay-back period, return on investment (ROI) and break-even analysis were evaluated to investigate the sustainability of biodiesel business and oleochemicals marketing. Successful results were reported for green-oleum production from all feedstocks under certain restricted conditions.
Biodiesel is one of the feasible alternatives to minimize the diesel shortage in Egypt and worldw... more Biodiesel is one of the feasible alternatives to minimize the diesel shortage in Egypt and worldwide. It produced by transesterification of oils and fats in presence of homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Feedstock is the controlling factor of biodiesel industry. However, virgin vegetal oils are expensive to obtain biodiesel, so utilization of spent cooking oils (SCO) is considered a cheap alternative for biodiesel production. In this research, techno-economic appraisal was performed on the Egyptian biodiesel business using SCO as feedstock, and homogeneous (KOH) and heterogeneous (Phosphate rock, Na2SiO3 and CaO) catalysts. The economic analyses were then compared; to determine the most effective technique for biodiesel production. Also, sensitivity and break-even analyses were evaluated for all catalysts on the variations in SCO and biodiesel prices using simple rate of return (SRR). PR is recommended to be the ideal catalyst for biodiesel industry according to the current situ...
The utilization of biogenetic waste and residues draws more and more attention worldwide, driven ... more The utilization of biogenetic waste and residues draws more and more attention worldwide, driven by the fight against climate change and the efforts to save greenhouse gas emissions. Biodegradable waste and residuals already contribute to energy supply and are used in new biorefinery concepts. The potential of remaining available wastes and residues is compared to the small energy crop potential but important for climate protection goals. In total 98.4 million tons dry mass represent the technical potential that means it is available for utilization in Germany. 30.9 million tons of this technical potential is currently not in use. The biogas sector in Germany is highly developed but has to be further developed as well as the other bioenergy sectors to fulfil the future tasks. The German energy transition has yet not reached its ambitious goals; the process stagnated in certain areas. Biomass and waste biomass must contribute to development a bioeconomy by the combined material and energy utilization in biorefineries and contribute to the energy transition in combination with the other renewable energies. Examples for enhanced energetically utilization of biowaste as well as biorefinery concepts are described.
Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a... more Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a feedstock to produce a valuable amount of oil to be converted to biodiesel using transesterification reaction. Jatropha plant has been successfully grown in southern Egypt using primary treated municipal wastewater for its irrigation. A bench scale production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil (using methyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst) was developed with methyl esters yield of 98 %. Biodiesel was produced on a pilot scale based on the bench scale experiment results with almost the same methyl esters yield of 98 %. The produced biodiesel was evaluated as a fuel and compared with petroleum diesel according to its physical and chemical parameters such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, carbon residue, acid value and calorific value. The experimental techniques and product evaluation results show that such properties of the produced biodiesel are near to that of petroleum diesel. A mass balance representing the transesterification process is presented in this study. Glycerol of 85 % purity was produced and evaluated as a valuable byproduct of the process. Free fatty acids and sodium phosphate salts which have industrial interesting are also produced and evaluated.
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures becau... more Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2008
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures becau... more Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.
Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fu... more Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fuel properties through the use of (1% by wt) ozonated vegetable oil for neat biodiesel was evaluated. The pour point of biodiesel prepared from methanol transesterification of sunflower oil, linseed oil, and a mixed oil (from soy bean, sunflower and oleen oils) was dispersed to 0, !3, and 0 respectively. The cloud point remained unaffected except in the case of mixed oil biodiesel where a slight increase was observed. Ozonated mixed oil showed a decrease of flash point of corresponding biodiesel when the ozonated sample was prepared with sunflower ozoned oil. The tests of biodiesel degradation stored at different temperatures were monitored at regular intervals over a period of several weeks. Experimental results demonstrated that biodiesel showed an increase in acid value and decrease in viscosity nearly 10%, 5% and 2% within 8 weeks for those samples stored at room temperature 25-27°C, at 4°C and at !18°C respectively. The same average decrease of viscosity (2%) was obtained for biodiesel samples ozonated and stored at room temperature 25-27°C and those unozonated and stored at !18°C, especially those produced from mixed oil. Microscopic analysis at low temperature revealed that ozonated mixed oil impeded agglomeration of biodiesel into a solidified material, giving crystals.
Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fu... more Biodiesel can be used to reduce the emission pollution from diesel engines. The improvement of fuel properties through the use of (1% by wt) ozonated vegetable oil for neat biodiesel was evaluated. The pour point of biodiesel prepared from methanol transesterification of sunflower oil, linseed oil, and a mixed oil (from soy bean, sunflower and oleen oils) was dispersed to
This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biod... more This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol, the concentration of an acid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield. The total lipid content of Spirulina-Platensis microalgae was obtained to be 0.1095 g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%), a yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), were obtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65˚C reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.
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