Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 2016
Work on Spanish in the U.S. has increasingly examined the results of dialect contact. This paper ... more Work on Spanish in the U.S. has increasingly examined the results of dialect contact. This paper analyzes realizations of syllable-final /s/ and word and syllable-initial /r̄/ in naturalistic interviews among 88 individuals in Chicago belonging to three generations of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans and two generations of “MexiRicans.” It explores: (1) whether realizations change depending on the dialect of the interviewer – that is, whether accommodation is taking place; (2) if there is change across generations; (3) in the case of MexiRicans, whether individuals’ realizations align with the mother’s ethnolinguistic group. Results show that Mexicans’ phonological behavior did not vary for /s/ or /r̄/ according to interlocutor, while Puerto Ricans used velarized /r̄/ more frequently with other Puerto Ricans at a rate approaching significance. Significant differences were also found between generations in several cases but not for mother’s ethnolinguistic group; the interaction of generat...
Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics, 2004
... Llisterri et al (1995) found that the alignment of peaks varied according to lexical stress, ... more ... Llisterri et al (1995) found that the alignment of peaks varied according to lexical stress, so that peaks appeared on the post-tonic syllable more ... The participants themselves can be divided into three groups: those who reported speaking only Spanish before beginning ...
Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009
This paper offers an analysis of Cuzco Quechua intonation using experimental techniques to examin... more This paper offers an analysis of Cuzco Quechua intonation using experimental techniques to examine one of the acoustic cues of pitch, the fundamental frequency or F0. While previous descriptions in the literature are based on auditory impression, in the present study recordings were made of read declaratives produced by native Quechua speakers in Cuzco, Peru. This paper provides an initial characterization of high and low tones with respect to the stressed syllable, as well as information regarding the height and alignment of these tones. In addition, the intonational marking of intermediate phrases within an utterance is discussed. Research on Quechua intonation can be used to begin to address several issues regarding the intonation of languages in contact, as well as to provide data for a future cross-linguistic analysis of indigenous language intonation features.
The quality of Spanish vowels is often described as being relatively stable across Spanish dialec... more The quality of Spanish vowels is often described as being relatively stable across Spanish dialects compared to consonants. Quilis & Esgueva (1983) examined vowels in several varieties of Spanish in order to derive a composite description of Spanish vowel quality. Recent laboratory work by Morrison & Escudero (2007) further supports this view. Comparing vowels produced by male and female speakers from Madrid and Lima, significant differences in formant values were not found between the two dialects (with the exception of the second formant (F2) of the vowel /o/). However, Peninsular speakers did employ significantly longer vowel sequences than the Peruvian speakers. Shifts in vowel quality, nonetheless, are observed in a number of contexts. For example, Oliver (2007) observes word-final vowel raising of mid to high vowels (/e/>[i] and /o/>[u]) in Puerto Rican Spanish, a phenomenon also observed in Mexican and Peninsular varieties. In addition, mid vowels in hiatus are raised i...
Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllabletimed. Recent rhythm metrics have bee... more Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllabletimed. Recent rhythm metrics have been employed to reconsider this typology in terms of differences in vocalic and consonantal variation. Several cross-dialectal studies have begun to uncover differences in rhythm within a given language. Yet research on differences in Spanish rhythm has not been conducted. In this paper, Peruvian Spanish is examined in order to observe possible differences in Spanish rhythm according to origin (Lima vs. Cuzco) and according to language background (native Spanish speaker vs. native Spanish-Quechua bilingual). Results show that Peruvian Spanish in general has greater vocalic variation and less consonantal variation that previously reported. Differences between Lima and Cuzco Spanish are observed, although both groups of Cuzco speakers appear to be using similar speech rhythms. This research points to the need for further crossdialectal research on rhythm in Spanish.
The categorizations of stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed have been used to differentiat... more The categorizations of stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed have been used to differentiate between languages according to the domain used in assigning rhythmic patterns in speech. In this view, duration is relatively equal between stresses in stress-timed languages, between syllables in syllable-time languages, and between morae in mora-timed languages (Pike 1946, Abercrombie 1967, Ladefoged 1975). A prediction stemming from this proposed isochrony is that the duration between stresses in syllable-timed languages would be longer with the addition of more unstressed syllables. However, as summarized in Dauer (1983) and Grabe and Low (2002), phonetic research on several languages has not upheld this hypothesis, while others describe the presence of isochronous units as a tendency. Nonetheless, given that speakers often intuitively describe alternate rhythms when comparing languages and dialects, research has continued to examine the acoustic signal to determine the extent to w...
... More variation is found within Cuzco, including patterns of tonic peak alignment, which are n... more ... More variation is found within Cuzco, including patterns of tonic peak alignment, which are not ... For example, the final fall in questions in Quechua is maintained, while the final rise in questions in Spanish is produced by all three language groups in Cuzco. ...
Spanish is in contact with many languages, in diverse regions, a situation that has been studied ... more Spanish is in contact with many languages, in diverse regions, a situation that has been studied in depth from numerous perspectives (see Diaz-Campos 2011). Nonetheless, relatively little attention has been devoted to the Amazon, where Spanish is in contact with dozens of less well-known languages (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, Aikhenvald 2012). In a recent treatment of Peruvian Amazonian Spanish, Jara Yupanqui (2012) notes that a number of historical and ideological factors have contributed to the development of Spanish within this region, including the prehispanic existence of an indigenous lingua franca, the role of Jesuit missions and subsequent land owners in the spread of Spanish, as well the surge in migration from other highland, coastal, and Portuguese-speaking regions due to the rubber trade and later oil extraction. The current study adds to our knowledge of the Spanish spoken in this region, specifically a variety which has emerged due in part to contact between Spanish and B...
In a cross-dialect analysis of Spanish language varieties, the intonation features of downstep an... more In a cross-dialect analysis of Spanish language varieties, the intonation features of downstep and declination ought to be considered as two important points of comparison. For a given utterance, a number of peaks may be observed that are associated with stressed syllables. The first peak may be relatively high, near the top of the speaker’s range, while the following peaks tend to each be lower than the previous one. The term downstep is used to describe the successive lowering of pitch at specific tonal events according to position within a pitch contour; declination is considered a timedependent phenomenon in which pitch is lower according to the progression of the phrase along the time-axis (Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984) (see Figure 1). Downstep may operate over the whole utterance, or over a portion of the utterance. However, the domain of declination is considered to be over the entire utterance.
Research on the suprasegmental system of Quechua has largely focused on the placement of stress w... more Research on the suprasegmental system of Quechua has largely focused on the placement of stress within a word. Previous descriptions of Quechua intonation found in the literature offer a schematic representation of the intonation contour. In order to examine Quechua intonation within the current framework of Autosegmental Metrical (AM) phonology, data from field recordings in Cuzco of Southern Peruvian Quechua have been analyzed. The current paper offers a preliminary sketch of the basic units of intonation employed in Quechua, including pitch accents and boundary tones. This analysis may provide additional data in the cross-comparison of intonation systems and also aid in the task of applying the principals of the AM model to less-commonly studied intonation systems.
1. Foreword 2. Null Expletives and Case: The View from Romance (by Alboiu, Gabriela) 3. On the Ex... more 1. Foreword 2. Null Expletives and Case: The View from Romance (by Alboiu, Gabriela) 3. On the Existence of Null Complementizers in Old French (by Arteaga, Deborah) 4. On the Lack of Transparency Effects in French (by Authier, Jean-Marc) 5. On the Syllabification of Prevocalic /w/ in Judeo-Spanish (by Bradley, Travis G.) 6. Word Order and Minimalism (by Contreras, Heles) 7. The Status of Old French Clitics in the 12th Century (by Culbertson, Jennifer) 8. Towards a Unified Account of Positive and Negative Polarity: Evidence from Romanian (by Falaus, Anamaria) 9. Correlativization and Degree Quantification in Spanish (by Gutierrez-Rexach, Javier) 10. Imperfect Variation and Class Marking in the Old Spanish Third Conjugation (by Henriksen, Nicholas C.) 11. Licensing Negative Fragments and the Interpretation of Comparison (by Herdan, Simona) 12. Developing I-Language in L1 and L2 (by Herschensohn, Julia) 13. Crypto-Variation in Italian Velar Palatalisation (by Kramer, Martin) 14. Antisymmetry and the Typology of Relative Clauses: Morphological Evidence from Romance (by Martin, Juan) 15. Romance Paths as Cognate Complements: A Lexical-Syntactic Account (by Mateu, Jaume) 16. Discriminating Pitch Accent Alignment in Spanish (by Ronquest, Rebecca E.) 17. Proscriptions...Gaps...and Something in Between: An Experimental Examination of Spanish Phonotactics (by Shelton, Michael) 18. Romanian Palatalization: The Role of Place of Articulation in Perception (by Spinu, Laura) 19. Putting in Order the Spanish DP (by Ticio, Emma) 20. The Domain of Palatalization in Romanian (by Vogel, Irene) 21. Rhotic Metathesis Asymmetries in Romance: Formalizing the Effects of Articulation and Perception on Sound Change (by Russell, Eric) 22. The Left Edge in the Spanish Clausal Structure (by Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa) 23. Index
Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllable- timed. Recent rhythm metrics have b... more Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllable- timed. Recent rhythm metrics have been employed to reconsider this typology in terms of differences in vocalic and consonantal variation. Several cross-dialectal studies have begun to uncover differences in rhythm within a given language. Yet research on differences in Spanish rhythm has not been conducted. In this paper, Peruvian Spanish is examined in order to observe possible differences in Spanish rhythm according to origin (Lima vs. Cuzco) and according to language background (native Spanish speaker vs. native Spanish-Quechua bilingual). Results show that Peruvian Spanish in general has greater vocalic variation and less consonantal variation that previously reported. Differences between Lima and Cuzco Spanish are observed, although both groups of Cuzco speakers appear to be using similar speech rhythms. This research points to the need for further cross- dialectal research on rhythm in Spanish.
Intonation systems have been to shown to vary geographically within the same langua ge: e.g., the... more Intonation systems have been to shown to vary geographically within the same langua ge: e.g., the comparison of four varieties of British English (Grabe et al 2000). Some variants may be considered as possible alternative features within a given language. However, in other cases, as with Spanish, geographical variants have been suggested to be the result of language contact. Previously, observational claims have been made regarding the effect of indigenous language features on the suprasegmental system of several varieties of Latin American Spanish (Henríquez-Ureña 1938, Malmberg 1948, Boyd-Bowman 1960, cf. Kvavik & Olsen 1974). However, instrumental analysis of these contact varieties is needed to provide evidence for such an influence. To take a case study of intonation contact, the present paper compares two varieties of Peruvian Spanish. The first, spoken on the coast in Lima, is considered to be a non-contact variety. The second, spoken in the highland city of Cuzco, has been i...
Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013
Tena Quichua (ISO 639-3: quw) belongs to the Quechuan language family, as part of the peripheral ... more Tena Quichua (ISO 639-3: quw) belongs to the Quechuan language family, as part of the peripheral variety Quechua IIB (Torero 1964, Cerrón-Palomino 1987, Gordon 2005). It is spoken in the Eastern Amazonian region of Ecuador on the Napo River above the mouth of the Rio Coca, primarily on three tributaries: the Misahualli, the Arajuno, and the Ansuc. Tena Quichua is bounded on the North and East by Napo Quichua and on the South by Pastaza Quichua. Previous research on the division of Ecuadorian dialects is summarized by Carpenter (1984: 3–4). Although it is beyond the scope of this Illustration, we hope that our description of Tena Quichua will prove useful in future work on the relations between these three Amazonian dialects of Ecuadorian Quichua. Below, a brief summary of Tena dialect identification and formation is given, followed by a description of present-day bilingualism in the region and data collection procedures.
In this paper, declarative intonation contours from Peruvian Spanish speakers are compared betwee... more In this paper, declarative intonation contours from Peruvian Spanish speakers are compared between pragmatic conditions in order to observe potential differences in the prosodic realization of contrastive focus. To do so, an acoustic feature of intonation, the fundamental frequency (F0), is examined. Since focus in Quechua is realized through the use of evidential markers, it is hypothesized that Cuzco Spanish
Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 2016
Work on Spanish in the U.S. has increasingly examined the results of dialect contact. This paper ... more Work on Spanish in the U.S. has increasingly examined the results of dialect contact. This paper analyzes realizations of syllable-final /s/ and word and syllable-initial /r̄/ in naturalistic interviews among 88 individuals in Chicago belonging to three generations of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans and two generations of “MexiRicans.” It explores: (1) whether realizations change depending on the dialect of the interviewer – that is, whether accommodation is taking place; (2) if there is change across generations; (3) in the case of MexiRicans, whether individuals’ realizations align with the mother’s ethnolinguistic group. Results show that Mexicans’ phonological behavior did not vary for /s/ or /r̄/ according to interlocutor, while Puerto Ricans used velarized /r̄/ more frequently with other Puerto Ricans at a rate approaching significance. Significant differences were also found between generations in several cases but not for mother’s ethnolinguistic group; the interaction of generat...
Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics, 2004
... Llisterri et al (1995) found that the alignment of peaks varied according to lexical stress, ... more ... Llisterri et al (1995) found that the alignment of peaks varied according to lexical stress, so that peaks appeared on the post-tonic syllable more ... The participants themselves can be divided into three groups: those who reported speaking only Spanish before beginning ...
Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009
This paper offers an analysis of Cuzco Quechua intonation using experimental techniques to examin... more This paper offers an analysis of Cuzco Quechua intonation using experimental techniques to examine one of the acoustic cues of pitch, the fundamental frequency or F0. While previous descriptions in the literature are based on auditory impression, in the present study recordings were made of read declaratives produced by native Quechua speakers in Cuzco, Peru. This paper provides an initial characterization of high and low tones with respect to the stressed syllable, as well as information regarding the height and alignment of these tones. In addition, the intonational marking of intermediate phrases within an utterance is discussed. Research on Quechua intonation can be used to begin to address several issues regarding the intonation of languages in contact, as well as to provide data for a future cross-linguistic analysis of indigenous language intonation features.
The quality of Spanish vowels is often described as being relatively stable across Spanish dialec... more The quality of Spanish vowels is often described as being relatively stable across Spanish dialects compared to consonants. Quilis & Esgueva (1983) examined vowels in several varieties of Spanish in order to derive a composite description of Spanish vowel quality. Recent laboratory work by Morrison & Escudero (2007) further supports this view. Comparing vowels produced by male and female speakers from Madrid and Lima, significant differences in formant values were not found between the two dialects (with the exception of the second formant (F2) of the vowel /o/). However, Peninsular speakers did employ significantly longer vowel sequences than the Peruvian speakers. Shifts in vowel quality, nonetheless, are observed in a number of contexts. For example, Oliver (2007) observes word-final vowel raising of mid to high vowels (/e/>[i] and /o/>[u]) in Puerto Rican Spanish, a phenomenon also observed in Mexican and Peninsular varieties. In addition, mid vowels in hiatus are raised i...
Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllabletimed. Recent rhythm metrics have bee... more Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllabletimed. Recent rhythm metrics have been employed to reconsider this typology in terms of differences in vocalic and consonantal variation. Several cross-dialectal studies have begun to uncover differences in rhythm within a given language. Yet research on differences in Spanish rhythm has not been conducted. In this paper, Peruvian Spanish is examined in order to observe possible differences in Spanish rhythm according to origin (Lima vs. Cuzco) and according to language background (native Spanish speaker vs. native Spanish-Quechua bilingual). Results show that Peruvian Spanish in general has greater vocalic variation and less consonantal variation that previously reported. Differences between Lima and Cuzco Spanish are observed, although both groups of Cuzco speakers appear to be using similar speech rhythms. This research points to the need for further crossdialectal research on rhythm in Spanish.
The categorizations of stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed have been used to differentiat... more The categorizations of stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed have been used to differentiate between languages according to the domain used in assigning rhythmic patterns in speech. In this view, duration is relatively equal between stresses in stress-timed languages, between syllables in syllable-time languages, and between morae in mora-timed languages (Pike 1946, Abercrombie 1967, Ladefoged 1975). A prediction stemming from this proposed isochrony is that the duration between stresses in syllable-timed languages would be longer with the addition of more unstressed syllables. However, as summarized in Dauer (1983) and Grabe and Low (2002), phonetic research on several languages has not upheld this hypothesis, while others describe the presence of isochronous units as a tendency. Nonetheless, given that speakers often intuitively describe alternate rhythms when comparing languages and dialects, research has continued to examine the acoustic signal to determine the extent to w...
... More variation is found within Cuzco, including patterns of tonic peak alignment, which are n... more ... More variation is found within Cuzco, including patterns of tonic peak alignment, which are not ... For example, the final fall in questions in Quechua is maintained, while the final rise in questions in Spanish is produced by all three language groups in Cuzco. ...
Spanish is in contact with many languages, in diverse regions, a situation that has been studied ... more Spanish is in contact with many languages, in diverse regions, a situation that has been studied in depth from numerous perspectives (see Diaz-Campos 2011). Nonetheless, relatively little attention has been devoted to the Amazon, where Spanish is in contact with dozens of less well-known languages (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, Aikhenvald 2012). In a recent treatment of Peruvian Amazonian Spanish, Jara Yupanqui (2012) notes that a number of historical and ideological factors have contributed to the development of Spanish within this region, including the prehispanic existence of an indigenous lingua franca, the role of Jesuit missions and subsequent land owners in the spread of Spanish, as well the surge in migration from other highland, coastal, and Portuguese-speaking regions due to the rubber trade and later oil extraction. The current study adds to our knowledge of the Spanish spoken in this region, specifically a variety which has emerged due in part to contact between Spanish and B...
In a cross-dialect analysis of Spanish language varieties, the intonation features of downstep an... more In a cross-dialect analysis of Spanish language varieties, the intonation features of downstep and declination ought to be considered as two important points of comparison. For a given utterance, a number of peaks may be observed that are associated with stressed syllables. The first peak may be relatively high, near the top of the speaker’s range, while the following peaks tend to each be lower than the previous one. The term downstep is used to describe the successive lowering of pitch at specific tonal events according to position within a pitch contour; declination is considered a timedependent phenomenon in which pitch is lower according to the progression of the phrase along the time-axis (Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984) (see Figure 1). Downstep may operate over the whole utterance, or over a portion of the utterance. However, the domain of declination is considered to be over the entire utterance.
Research on the suprasegmental system of Quechua has largely focused on the placement of stress w... more Research on the suprasegmental system of Quechua has largely focused on the placement of stress within a word. Previous descriptions of Quechua intonation found in the literature offer a schematic representation of the intonation contour. In order to examine Quechua intonation within the current framework of Autosegmental Metrical (AM) phonology, data from field recordings in Cuzco of Southern Peruvian Quechua have been analyzed. The current paper offers a preliminary sketch of the basic units of intonation employed in Quechua, including pitch accents and boundary tones. This analysis may provide additional data in the cross-comparison of intonation systems and also aid in the task of applying the principals of the AM model to less-commonly studied intonation systems.
1. Foreword 2. Null Expletives and Case: The View from Romance (by Alboiu, Gabriela) 3. On the Ex... more 1. Foreword 2. Null Expletives and Case: The View from Romance (by Alboiu, Gabriela) 3. On the Existence of Null Complementizers in Old French (by Arteaga, Deborah) 4. On the Lack of Transparency Effects in French (by Authier, Jean-Marc) 5. On the Syllabification of Prevocalic /w/ in Judeo-Spanish (by Bradley, Travis G.) 6. Word Order and Minimalism (by Contreras, Heles) 7. The Status of Old French Clitics in the 12th Century (by Culbertson, Jennifer) 8. Towards a Unified Account of Positive and Negative Polarity: Evidence from Romanian (by Falaus, Anamaria) 9. Correlativization and Degree Quantification in Spanish (by Gutierrez-Rexach, Javier) 10. Imperfect Variation and Class Marking in the Old Spanish Third Conjugation (by Henriksen, Nicholas C.) 11. Licensing Negative Fragments and the Interpretation of Comparison (by Herdan, Simona) 12. Developing I-Language in L1 and L2 (by Herschensohn, Julia) 13. Crypto-Variation in Italian Velar Palatalisation (by Kramer, Martin) 14. Antisymmetry and the Typology of Relative Clauses: Morphological Evidence from Romance (by Martin, Juan) 15. Romance Paths as Cognate Complements: A Lexical-Syntactic Account (by Mateu, Jaume) 16. Discriminating Pitch Accent Alignment in Spanish (by Ronquest, Rebecca E.) 17. Proscriptions...Gaps...and Something in Between: An Experimental Examination of Spanish Phonotactics (by Shelton, Michael) 18. Romanian Palatalization: The Role of Place of Articulation in Perception (by Spinu, Laura) 19. Putting in Order the Spanish DP (by Ticio, Emma) 20. The Domain of Palatalization in Romanian (by Vogel, Irene) 21. Rhotic Metathesis Asymmetries in Romance: Formalizing the Effects of Articulation and Perception on Sound Change (by Russell, Eric) 22. The Left Edge in the Spanish Clausal Structure (by Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa) 23. Index
Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllable- timed. Recent rhythm metrics have b... more Spanish rhythm has been traditionally classified as syllable- timed. Recent rhythm metrics have been employed to reconsider this typology in terms of differences in vocalic and consonantal variation. Several cross-dialectal studies have begun to uncover differences in rhythm within a given language. Yet research on differences in Spanish rhythm has not been conducted. In this paper, Peruvian Spanish is examined in order to observe possible differences in Spanish rhythm according to origin (Lima vs. Cuzco) and according to language background (native Spanish speaker vs. native Spanish-Quechua bilingual). Results show that Peruvian Spanish in general has greater vocalic variation and less consonantal variation that previously reported. Differences between Lima and Cuzco Spanish are observed, although both groups of Cuzco speakers appear to be using similar speech rhythms. This research points to the need for further cross- dialectal research on rhythm in Spanish.
Intonation systems have been to shown to vary geographically within the same langua ge: e.g., the... more Intonation systems have been to shown to vary geographically within the same langua ge: e.g., the comparison of four varieties of British English (Grabe et al 2000). Some variants may be considered as possible alternative features within a given language. However, in other cases, as with Spanish, geographical variants have been suggested to be the result of language contact. Previously, observational claims have been made regarding the effect of indigenous language features on the suprasegmental system of several varieties of Latin American Spanish (Henríquez-Ureña 1938, Malmberg 1948, Boyd-Bowman 1960, cf. Kvavik & Olsen 1974). However, instrumental analysis of these contact varieties is needed to provide evidence for such an influence. To take a case study of intonation contact, the present paper compares two varieties of Peruvian Spanish. The first, spoken on the coast in Lima, is considered to be a non-contact variety. The second, spoken in the highland city of Cuzco, has been i...
Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013
Tena Quichua (ISO 639-3: quw) belongs to the Quechuan language family, as part of the peripheral ... more Tena Quichua (ISO 639-3: quw) belongs to the Quechuan language family, as part of the peripheral variety Quechua IIB (Torero 1964, Cerrón-Palomino 1987, Gordon 2005). It is spoken in the Eastern Amazonian region of Ecuador on the Napo River above the mouth of the Rio Coca, primarily on three tributaries: the Misahualli, the Arajuno, and the Ansuc. Tena Quichua is bounded on the North and East by Napo Quichua and on the South by Pastaza Quichua. Previous research on the division of Ecuadorian dialects is summarized by Carpenter (1984: 3–4). Although it is beyond the scope of this Illustration, we hope that our description of Tena Quichua will prove useful in future work on the relations between these three Amazonian dialects of Ecuadorian Quichua. Below, a brief summary of Tena dialect identification and formation is given, followed by a description of present-day bilingualism in the region and data collection procedures.
In this paper, declarative intonation contours from Peruvian Spanish speakers are compared betwee... more In this paper, declarative intonation contours from Peruvian Spanish speakers are compared between pragmatic conditions in order to observe potential differences in the prosodic realization of contrastive focus. To do so, an acoustic feature of intonation, the fundamental frequency (F0), is examined. Since focus in Quechua is realized through the use of evidential markers, it is hypothesized that Cuzco Spanish
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