Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancem... more Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancement of novel drug delivery systems and medical devices will aid its therapy. Objective: In this review, the authors thoroughly introduce the ideas and methods for improving nanomedicine-based approaches for lung cancer therapy. This article provides mechanistic insight into various novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, and nanoemulsions for lung cancer therapy with recent research work. This review provides insights into various patents published for lung cancer therapy based on nanomedicine. This review also highlights the current status of approved and clinically tested nanoformulations for their treatment. Methodology: For finding scholarly related data for the literature search, many search engines were employed including PubMed, Science Direct, Google, Scihub, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Web of Sciences, and several others. Various keywords and phrases were used for the search such as “nanoparticles”, “solid lipid nanoparticles”, “liposomes”, “dendrimers”, “niosomes”, “nanoemulsions”, “lung cancer”, “nanomedicine”, “nanomaterial”, “nanotechnology”, “in vivo” and “in vitro”. The most innovative and cutting-edge nanotechnology-based approaches that are employed in pre-clinical and clinical studies to address problems associated with lung cancer therapies are also mentioned in future prospects. A variety of problems encountered with current lung cancer therapy techniques that frequently led to inadequate therapeutic success are also discussed in the end. Conclusion: The development of nanoformulations at the pilot scale still faces some difficulties, but their prospects for treating lung cancer appear to be promising in the future. Future developments and trends are anticipated as the evaluation comes to a close.
Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliacea... more Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliaceae family, members of which can be generally called valerians. Valerian is derived from Valerius, the Latin term “valere”, which means health or well-being. It is used as a sedative and anxiolytic in many countries. The beneficial effects of valerian have always been controversial due to inconsistent clinical trial results. Valerian contains more than 150 chemical constituents. Valerian exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities, and is used to treat various diseases. Objective: The main aim of this study was to gather knowledge on this herbal plant, its chemical constituents, and how they can be used to treat the most common diseases, such as depression, anxiety, headache, insomnia, etc. Result: Studies show that valerian is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, sleep disorders, depression, and headaches, as this plant possesses sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities. Conclusion: This review has explored the different types of studies conducted on valerian, and with their help, we can learn more about its activities and medicinal uses. Additionally, this review paper includes the recent patents on this herbal plant.
The aim of the present work was to prepare acetazolamide (ACZ) loaded nanoparticle-in-micropartic... more The aim of the present work was to prepare acetazolamide (ACZ) loaded nanoparticle-in-microparticle system (NiMS) using ionotropic-gelated chitosan for formulating orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The objective behind the study was to investigate the effect of-concentration of drug (X), concentration of 1 chitosan (X) and volume of sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) (X) on the encapsulation efciency of ACZ 2 3 from NiMS using Box-Behnken Design. The freeze dried optimized NiMS were further formulated into ODTs using direct compression method. The delivery of ACZ by oral route can be an effective way for the treatment of paediatric glaucoma. The encapsulation efciency and loading capacity of NiMS-10 was highest at high levels of chitosan concentration and low levels of volume of NaTPP. The encapsulation efciency and loading capacity of NiMS were lowest at mid levels of volume of NaTPP, which shows that, the proper ratio of chitosan: NaTPP should be present in the formulation for cross linking. A drug entrapment efciency of about 98.53 ± 3.36% (w/w), loading capacity of 99.62 ± 5.77% (w/w) and particle size of 593 nm were achieved for the optimized batch of nanoparticles. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied on the encapsulation efciency of NiMS to study the tting and the signicance of the model. The mathematical model developed in the present study can be further utilized to design NiMS with desired encapsulation efciency. The batch NiMS-10 showed 96.2% drug release after three hours in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Infrared analysis of NiMS-10 showed no interaction between drug and polymer during the formulation process. The particles of NiMS-10 were found spherical in shape. The formulated ODTs have a disintegration time of 35 seconds. The hardness, friability and weight variation of ODTs were found to be within pharmacopoeial limits. In vitro release study revealed that the cumulative percent drug release was found to be 97.8 ± 2.27% in 60 min and the release data followed the rst order kinetics. The NiMS approach has been successfully applied for the preparation of ODT of ACZ. The developed ODT can be advantageous for the treatment of glaucoma in paediatric patients.
Background: A lot of work has been done by many researchers to develop a system that is targeted ... more Background: A lot of work has been done by many researchers to develop a system that is targeted at a specific site. Nanosponges are one of the systems that serve this purpose and have several advantages over other methods. Objective: The article’s strategy is to provide access to data regarding the nanosponges system, including its preparation, evaluation, and advantages in various fields, such as the transportation of proteins, vaccines, biocatalysts, and drugs with enhanced bioavailability. Nanosponges also contribute significantly to the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, fungal infection, water treatment, and topical application than other approaches. Method: Nanosponges contain a solid, porous system in which hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs are loaded at their core in the nanocavity. All the information provided in this article was collected after analysing various reports on nanosponges available on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. It ...
Nutraceuticals are organic and traditional foods consumed nowadays to maintain a healthy lifestyl... more Nutraceuticals are organic and traditional foods consumed nowadays to maintain a healthy lifestyle and get rid of lifestyle diseases like obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Globally, herbal products have become increasingly popular in recent years. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) is a nutraceutical proven to be a dietary supplement and beneficial for cancer-suffering patients. Wheatgrass possesses many beneficial antioxidant properties: anti-cancer activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity, and anti-microbial activity. Due to the presence of resistant starch, lignans, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and numerous antioxidant components, including carotenoids and tocopherols, this herbal plant is deserving attention as a source of dietary fiber. Patients consume wheatgrass during cancer treatment as an adjunct to reduce toxicity associated with drugs and chemotherapy and ultimately improve long-term outcomes. Studies have proved that wheatgrass helps treat pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. So, the multi-targeted herbal drug-wheatgrass-is used as an adjunct therapy alongside conventional medicine to treat cancer and other diseases. A promising therapeutic nutraceutical for avoiding lifestyle disorders is wheatgrass.
Topical route of drug administration is more effective therapy for improving patient compliance a... more Topical route of drug administration is more effective therapy for improving patient compliance and bioavailability. The topical administration of analgesics allows effective and painless deliverance of medicament with least side-effects. This investigation was aimed to develop and evaluate Diclofenac emulgel for topical drug delivery with enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. Diclofenac is used as a first-line drug for acute and chronic pain and inflammation from a variety of causes. When applied topically the advantage of the drug is the avoidance of the first-pass metabolism, better patient compliance and site-specific for their action. Emulgel was prepared by using HPMC K4M as a gelling agent, light liquid paraffin as the oil base, Kollicream 3C and Kolliphor CS20 as emulsifiers via the QbD method. The emulgel formulation of diclofenac was optimized by central composite design and determines the effect of excipients on in vitro release. Emulgel formulation was eval...
: Nanotechnology has attracted researchers around the globe owing to the small size and targeting... more : Nanotechnology has attracted researchers around the globe owing to the small size and targeting properties of the drug delivery vectors. The interest in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) has shown an exponential increase from the formulator's point of view. SNEDDS have shown wide applicability in terms of controlled and targeted delivery of various types of drugs. They chemically consist of oil, surfactants and co-surfactants that decrease the emulsion particle size to the range of <100 nm. However, stability issues such as drug precipitation during storage, incompatibility of ingredients in shell, decrease their application for the long run and these issues have been highlighted in this paper. The current review throws limelight on the biological aspects and process parameters. In addition, the process of absorption from GI is also discussed in detail. SNEDDS have been utilized as a treatment option for various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and ocular and pulmonary diseases. Along with this, the authors highlight the advances involving in vivo and in vitro lipolysis studies on SNEDDS, also highlighting recent innovations in this field, such as novel combinations of drug-free solid SNEDDS + solid dispersions, lipid-modified chitosan containing mucoadhesive SNEDDS, pHsensitive SNEDDS and several others.
A Comprehensive Text Book on Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, 2021
SMEDDS (Type III B systems) are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, co-solvents and co-surfa... more SMEDDS (Type III B systems) are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, co-solvents and co-surfactants that have the capability to create fine o/w microemulsions upon mild stirring followed by dilution in the aqueous phase. They have captured due attention because of their high transparency, high solubilization capacity, thermodynamic stability and simple production method. They also improve oral assimilation and eradicate food effects. There has been an upheaval over the most recent two decades in the usage of microemulsion systems in an assortment of pharmaceutical, chemical and industrial processes. The use of self-microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, as cosmetics agents, for analytical purposes, in biotechnology, as enzymatic reactions, for immobilization of protein, bioseparations and chemical sensor have been described briefly. Oral, topical, parenteral, oculars and pulmonary deliveries are the general routes of drug administration for LBDDS that are discussed in detail. The ora...
A Comprehensive Text Book on Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, 2021
From the point of view of dosage forms, S-SEDDS represents the solid dose formulation with self-e... more From the point of view of dosage forms, S-SEDDS represents the solid dose formulation with self-emulsification features. The S-SEDDS becomes the focal point when adding liquid or semisolid SE components into powders or nanoparticles through various solidification strategies, such as adsorption to solid carriers, spray drying, spray cooling, supercritical liquid-based technique, melt extrusion, nanoparticle technology, etc. S-SMEDDS offers various benefits, such as diminishing the threat of interaction of the SMEDDS ingredients with the shell of the capsule. Immediate or controlled-release formulations can be formulated, relying upon the decision of the powder ingredient to be incorporated in the formulation; SE granules or pellets diminish the rate of the gastric emptying time and smooth entry in the gut, which generally leads to less threat of dosage fluctuations. Various types of S-SMEDDS include SE solid dispersions, SE tablets, SE enteric-coated dry emulsion, SE beads, SE sustai...
Background: During the development of the new formulations, the hydrophobic drugs face many probl... more Background: During the development of the new formulations, the hydrophobic drugs face many problems leading to poor water solubility and problems related to bioavailability. Topical drug delivery is a popular and unique process that directs the action of various drugs on the skin for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases and disorders such as urticaria, inflammation, rheumatism, etc. This topical release system is usually used to escape the first-pass metabolism. An emulgel is a superior formulation with combined advantages of both an emulsion and agel. Gel preparations normally offer earlier drug release than other predictable ointments and creams. Objective: The main aim of this review is to deal with the problems associated with the delivery of hydrophobic drugs and to tackle these problems using an emulgel formulation. Emulgel mainly provides better stability, prolonged local contact, controlled release of drugs with short half-life, and better loading capacity. Metho...
Background: Drugs with poor solubility exhibit hurdles in their formulation due to poor dissoluti... more Background: Drugs with poor solubility exhibit hurdles in their formulation due to poor dissolution and low bioavailability. Nanocrystallization is a great technique for incorporating poorly soluble drugs and is associated with many benefits. Objective: The objective of the present review is to discuss formulation techniques for the generation of Nanocrystals (NCs) and illustrate the various advantages of NCs. It also explains commonly used stabilizers and guidelines for their safe use for enhancing NCs and provides a deep insight into various biomedical applications of NCs. Methods: The review was extracted from the study carried out in the general literature to emphasize the importance of NCs in various formulations. Results: NCs are a widely accepted approach to enhancing drug solubility. There are so many marketed products of nanocrystal drug formulations that are being used to treat life-threatening disorders. Two techniques can be used to formulate NCs, i.e., the bottom-up met...
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, 2016
In the design of dosage forms, comforts of drug administration and patient conformity have consid... more In the design of dosage forms, comforts of drug administration and patient conformity have considerable prominence. Recent and rising technologies can manufacture robust, versatile tablets with extraordinary taste masking and controlled release. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms that disintegrate in the mouth in less than 60 s, and are thus swallowed without the need for water. Rapid disintegration of tablet cause quick dissolution and thus fast onset of action. ODTs are suitable dosage form for special populations like pediatrics, geriatrics, psychotic, dysphagic, bedridden patients, unconscious patients, young patients with under developed muscular and nervous system, patients with hand tremors problems and frequent traveller patients. It provides good stability, accurate dosing, easy manufacturing, decreased packaging size; self-administration is possible during the journey, as water is not required. ODTs are an economical method of drug delivery. ODTs a...
Background: Tumors are increasingly heterogeneous throughout the process of their growth, produci... more Background: Tumors are increasingly heterogeneous throughout the process of their growth, producing a mixed-cell community with a range of molecular features and susceptibility to therapies. Nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential in diagnosing and treating solid tumors. Objective: Most cancer-related deaths are attributed to the lack of early detection and effective treatment. Its early diagnosis helps overall survival and health-related quality of life in patients identified with cancer. Nanosystems are favorable for endocytic intracellular retention, high drug loading, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, greater drug-circulation time, superior dose scheduling for patient compliance, and site-specific targeting. Integrating nanosystems into biomedical applications will also reintroduce medicines that are no longer used in clinical practice because of certain drawbacks and help the identification of new active medicines with their sub-optimal kinetic profiles. This review provides...
Background: Nanotechnology has been considered an auspicious approach over the last twenty years ... more Background: Nanotechnology has been considered an auspicious approach over the last twenty years and numerous researchers are making efforts to extend its applications in pharmaceuticals. Recently, various nano-based drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, nanoemulgel, nanosuspension, and nanoemulsion, have been developed to deliver varieties of hydrophobics to target sites. Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme. The application of rosuvastatin is compromised because of its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Objective: This research work aimed to develop and characterize nanosuspension formulation for enhancing the dissolution rate of rosuvastatin that aids in enhancing oral bioavailability. Methods: Nanosuspension of rosuvastatin was prepared by using PVP K-30 and tween 80 as a stabiliser via the high-pressure homogenization method. The nanosuspension formulation was optimised by a factorial des...
Background: Chromatography is defined as a set of techniques that are used for the separation of ... more Background: Chromatography is defined as a set of techniques that are used for the separation of constituents in a mixture. Introduction: High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is known as a specialized technique in which columns as well as liquid chromatography are used in the separation, characterizationand investigation of the active moieties existing in the mixture. Objective: Current review focuses on the HPLC technique, including its principles, instrumentation, types, applications, advancements, and patents. Result: HPLC technique is important both for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis and is used for the evaluation of biological and pharmaceutical samples. It is the safest, most versatile, and fastest technique for chromatographic analysis in the field of quality control of drug components. In this review, the authors have also tried to summarize some of the advancements and recent patents in which the HPLC technique w...
Background: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the mos... more Background: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the most approbative drug delivery system for various kinds of drugs, bioactive, protein, and peptide compounds. Nanocapsules (NCs) are spherical shape microscopic shells consisting of a core (solid or liquid) in which the drug is positioned in a cavity enclosed by a distinctive polymeric membrane. Objectives: The main objective of the present study is to elaborate on various formulation techniques and methods of nanocapsules (NCs). The review also spotlights various biomedical applications as well as on the patents of NCs till date. Methods: The review was extracted from the searches performed using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Patents, Medline, and Google Scholars, etc. In order to emphasize the importance of NCs, some published patents of NCs have been also reported in the review. Results: NCs are tiny magical shells having incredible reproducibility. Various techniques can ...
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery, 2022
: Even today, cancer is one of the prominent leading causes of death worldwide. However, there ar... more : Even today, cancer is one of the prominent leading causes of death worldwide. However, there are a couple of treatment options available for management, but the adverse effects are more prominent compared to therapeutic effects. Therefore, there is a need to design some midway that may help to bypass the negative effects or lower their severity. Using nanotechnology has addressed many issues, even still many miles needed to cover before reaching the center stage. The nanoformulations thus developed can target distant organs owing to their multifunctionality and targeting potential. Stimuli-responsive nanomedicine is one of the most exploited formulations. They can encapsulate and release the drugs for a higher period. However, they release a burst mechanism. The other nano-formulations contain dendrimers, micelles, and lipid-based nano-formulations that have been developed and evaluated for their efficacy in cancer treatment. This review paper highlights some significant patents granted/applied in various patent offices around the globe to treat cancer using nanotechnology. The Google patent, United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Escapenet, and many others were used as the search engine for patent search, and data were collected and evaluated. They used these patented technologies for diagnostic and treatment options, enhancing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile of therapeutic molecules.
Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancem... more Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancement of novel drug delivery systems and medical devices will aid its therapy. Objective: In this review, the authors thoroughly introduce the ideas and methods for improving nanomedicine-based approaches for lung cancer therapy. This article provides mechanistic insight into various novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, and nanoemulsions for lung cancer therapy with recent research work. This review provides insights into various patents published for lung cancer therapy based on nanomedicine. This review also highlights the current status of approved and clinically tested nanoformulations for their treatment. Methodology: For finding scholarly related data for the literature search, many search engines were employed including PubMed, Science Direct, Google, Scihub, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Web of Sciences, and several others. Various keywords and phrases were used for the search such as “nanoparticles”, “solid lipid nanoparticles”, “liposomes”, “dendrimers”, “niosomes”, “nanoemulsions”, “lung cancer”, “nanomedicine”, “nanomaterial”, “nanotechnology”, “in vivo” and “in vitro”. The most innovative and cutting-edge nanotechnology-based approaches that are employed in pre-clinical and clinical studies to address problems associated with lung cancer therapies are also mentioned in future prospects. A variety of problems encountered with current lung cancer therapy techniques that frequently led to inadequate therapeutic success are also discussed in the end. Conclusion: The development of nanoformulations at the pilot scale still faces some difficulties, but their prospects for treating lung cancer appear to be promising in the future. Future developments and trends are anticipated as the evaluation comes to a close.
Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliacea... more Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliaceae family, members of which can be generally called valerians. Valerian is derived from Valerius, the Latin term “valere”, which means health or well-being. It is used as a sedative and anxiolytic in many countries. The beneficial effects of valerian have always been controversial due to inconsistent clinical trial results. Valerian contains more than 150 chemical constituents. Valerian exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities, and is used to treat various diseases. Objective: The main aim of this study was to gather knowledge on this herbal plant, its chemical constituents, and how they can be used to treat the most common diseases, such as depression, anxiety, headache, insomnia, etc. Result: Studies show that valerian is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, sleep disorders, depression, and headaches, as this plant possesses sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities. Conclusion: This review has explored the different types of studies conducted on valerian, and with their help, we can learn more about its activities and medicinal uses. Additionally, this review paper includes the recent patents on this herbal plant.
The aim of the present work was to prepare acetazolamide (ACZ) loaded nanoparticle-in-micropartic... more The aim of the present work was to prepare acetazolamide (ACZ) loaded nanoparticle-in-microparticle system (NiMS) using ionotropic-gelated chitosan for formulating orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The objective behind the study was to investigate the effect of-concentration of drug (X), concentration of 1 chitosan (X) and volume of sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) (X) on the encapsulation efciency of ACZ 2 3 from NiMS using Box-Behnken Design. The freeze dried optimized NiMS were further formulated into ODTs using direct compression method. The delivery of ACZ by oral route can be an effective way for the treatment of paediatric glaucoma. The encapsulation efciency and loading capacity of NiMS-10 was highest at high levels of chitosan concentration and low levels of volume of NaTPP. The encapsulation efciency and loading capacity of NiMS were lowest at mid levels of volume of NaTPP, which shows that, the proper ratio of chitosan: NaTPP should be present in the formulation for cross linking. A drug entrapment efciency of about 98.53 ± 3.36% (w/w), loading capacity of 99.62 ± 5.77% (w/w) and particle size of 593 nm were achieved for the optimized batch of nanoparticles. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied on the encapsulation efciency of NiMS to study the tting and the signicance of the model. The mathematical model developed in the present study can be further utilized to design NiMS with desired encapsulation efciency. The batch NiMS-10 showed 96.2% drug release after three hours in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Infrared analysis of NiMS-10 showed no interaction between drug and polymer during the formulation process. The particles of NiMS-10 were found spherical in shape. The formulated ODTs have a disintegration time of 35 seconds. The hardness, friability and weight variation of ODTs were found to be within pharmacopoeial limits. In vitro release study revealed that the cumulative percent drug release was found to be 97.8 ± 2.27% in 60 min and the release data followed the rst order kinetics. The NiMS approach has been successfully applied for the preparation of ODT of ACZ. The developed ODT can be advantageous for the treatment of glaucoma in paediatric patients.
Background: A lot of work has been done by many researchers to develop a system that is targeted ... more Background: A lot of work has been done by many researchers to develop a system that is targeted at a specific site. Nanosponges are one of the systems that serve this purpose and have several advantages over other methods. Objective: The article’s strategy is to provide access to data regarding the nanosponges system, including its preparation, evaluation, and advantages in various fields, such as the transportation of proteins, vaccines, biocatalysts, and drugs with enhanced bioavailability. Nanosponges also contribute significantly to the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, fungal infection, water treatment, and topical application than other approaches. Method: Nanosponges contain a solid, porous system in which hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs are loaded at their core in the nanocavity. All the information provided in this article was collected after analysing various reports on nanosponges available on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. It ...
Nutraceuticals are organic and traditional foods consumed nowadays to maintain a healthy lifestyl... more Nutraceuticals are organic and traditional foods consumed nowadays to maintain a healthy lifestyle and get rid of lifestyle diseases like obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Globally, herbal products have become increasingly popular in recent years. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) is a nutraceutical proven to be a dietary supplement and beneficial for cancer-suffering patients. Wheatgrass possesses many beneficial antioxidant properties: anti-cancer activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity, and anti-microbial activity. Due to the presence of resistant starch, lignans, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and numerous antioxidant components, including carotenoids and tocopherols, this herbal plant is deserving attention as a source of dietary fiber. Patients consume wheatgrass during cancer treatment as an adjunct to reduce toxicity associated with drugs and chemotherapy and ultimately improve long-term outcomes. Studies have proved that wheatgrass helps treat pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. So, the multi-targeted herbal drug-wheatgrass-is used as an adjunct therapy alongside conventional medicine to treat cancer and other diseases. A promising therapeutic nutraceutical for avoiding lifestyle disorders is wheatgrass.
Topical route of drug administration is more effective therapy for improving patient compliance a... more Topical route of drug administration is more effective therapy for improving patient compliance and bioavailability. The topical administration of analgesics allows effective and painless deliverance of medicament with least side-effects. This investigation was aimed to develop and evaluate Diclofenac emulgel for topical drug delivery with enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. Diclofenac is used as a first-line drug for acute and chronic pain and inflammation from a variety of causes. When applied topically the advantage of the drug is the avoidance of the first-pass metabolism, better patient compliance and site-specific for their action. Emulgel was prepared by using HPMC K4M as a gelling agent, light liquid paraffin as the oil base, Kollicream 3C and Kolliphor CS20 as emulsifiers via the QbD method. The emulgel formulation of diclofenac was optimized by central composite design and determines the effect of excipients on in vitro release. Emulgel formulation was eval...
: Nanotechnology has attracted researchers around the globe owing to the small size and targeting... more : Nanotechnology has attracted researchers around the globe owing to the small size and targeting properties of the drug delivery vectors. The interest in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) has shown an exponential increase from the formulator's point of view. SNEDDS have shown wide applicability in terms of controlled and targeted delivery of various types of drugs. They chemically consist of oil, surfactants and co-surfactants that decrease the emulsion particle size to the range of <100 nm. However, stability issues such as drug precipitation during storage, incompatibility of ingredients in shell, decrease their application for the long run and these issues have been highlighted in this paper. The current review throws limelight on the biological aspects and process parameters. In addition, the process of absorption from GI is also discussed in detail. SNEDDS have been utilized as a treatment option for various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and ocular and pulmonary diseases. Along with this, the authors highlight the advances involving in vivo and in vitro lipolysis studies on SNEDDS, also highlighting recent innovations in this field, such as novel combinations of drug-free solid SNEDDS + solid dispersions, lipid-modified chitosan containing mucoadhesive SNEDDS, pHsensitive SNEDDS and several others.
A Comprehensive Text Book on Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, 2021
SMEDDS (Type III B systems) are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, co-solvents and co-surfa... more SMEDDS (Type III B systems) are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, co-solvents and co-surfactants that have the capability to create fine o/w microemulsions upon mild stirring followed by dilution in the aqueous phase. They have captured due attention because of their high transparency, high solubilization capacity, thermodynamic stability and simple production method. They also improve oral assimilation and eradicate food effects. There has been an upheaval over the most recent two decades in the usage of microemulsion systems in an assortment of pharmaceutical, chemical and industrial processes. The use of self-microemulsion in pharmaceuticals, as cosmetics agents, for analytical purposes, in biotechnology, as enzymatic reactions, for immobilization of protein, bioseparations and chemical sensor have been described briefly. Oral, topical, parenteral, oculars and pulmonary deliveries are the general routes of drug administration for LBDDS that are discussed in detail. The ora...
A Comprehensive Text Book on Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, 2021
From the point of view of dosage forms, S-SEDDS represents the solid dose formulation with self-e... more From the point of view of dosage forms, S-SEDDS represents the solid dose formulation with self-emulsification features. The S-SEDDS becomes the focal point when adding liquid or semisolid SE components into powders or nanoparticles through various solidification strategies, such as adsorption to solid carriers, spray drying, spray cooling, supercritical liquid-based technique, melt extrusion, nanoparticle technology, etc. S-SMEDDS offers various benefits, such as diminishing the threat of interaction of the SMEDDS ingredients with the shell of the capsule. Immediate or controlled-release formulations can be formulated, relying upon the decision of the powder ingredient to be incorporated in the formulation; SE granules or pellets diminish the rate of the gastric emptying time and smooth entry in the gut, which generally leads to less threat of dosage fluctuations. Various types of S-SMEDDS include SE solid dispersions, SE tablets, SE enteric-coated dry emulsion, SE beads, SE sustai...
Background: During the development of the new formulations, the hydrophobic drugs face many probl... more Background: During the development of the new formulations, the hydrophobic drugs face many problems leading to poor water solubility and problems related to bioavailability. Topical drug delivery is a popular and unique process that directs the action of various drugs on the skin for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases and disorders such as urticaria, inflammation, rheumatism, etc. This topical release system is usually used to escape the first-pass metabolism. An emulgel is a superior formulation with combined advantages of both an emulsion and agel. Gel preparations normally offer earlier drug release than other predictable ointments and creams. Objective: The main aim of this review is to deal with the problems associated with the delivery of hydrophobic drugs and to tackle these problems using an emulgel formulation. Emulgel mainly provides better stability, prolonged local contact, controlled release of drugs with short half-life, and better loading capacity. Metho...
Background: Drugs with poor solubility exhibit hurdles in their formulation due to poor dissoluti... more Background: Drugs with poor solubility exhibit hurdles in their formulation due to poor dissolution and low bioavailability. Nanocrystallization is a great technique for incorporating poorly soluble drugs and is associated with many benefits. Objective: The objective of the present review is to discuss formulation techniques for the generation of Nanocrystals (NCs) and illustrate the various advantages of NCs. It also explains commonly used stabilizers and guidelines for their safe use for enhancing NCs and provides a deep insight into various biomedical applications of NCs. Methods: The review was extracted from the study carried out in the general literature to emphasize the importance of NCs in various formulations. Results: NCs are a widely accepted approach to enhancing drug solubility. There are so many marketed products of nanocrystal drug formulations that are being used to treat life-threatening disorders. Two techniques can be used to formulate NCs, i.e., the bottom-up met...
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, 2016
In the design of dosage forms, comforts of drug administration and patient conformity have consid... more In the design of dosage forms, comforts of drug administration and patient conformity have considerable prominence. Recent and rising technologies can manufacture robust, versatile tablets with extraordinary taste masking and controlled release. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms that disintegrate in the mouth in less than 60 s, and are thus swallowed without the need for water. Rapid disintegration of tablet cause quick dissolution and thus fast onset of action. ODTs are suitable dosage form for special populations like pediatrics, geriatrics, psychotic, dysphagic, bedridden patients, unconscious patients, young patients with under developed muscular and nervous system, patients with hand tremors problems and frequent traveller patients. It provides good stability, accurate dosing, easy manufacturing, decreased packaging size; self-administration is possible during the journey, as water is not required. ODTs are an economical method of drug delivery. ODTs a...
Background: Tumors are increasingly heterogeneous throughout the process of their growth, produci... more Background: Tumors are increasingly heterogeneous throughout the process of their growth, producing a mixed-cell community with a range of molecular features and susceptibility to therapies. Nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential in diagnosing and treating solid tumors. Objective: Most cancer-related deaths are attributed to the lack of early detection and effective treatment. Its early diagnosis helps overall survival and health-related quality of life in patients identified with cancer. Nanosystems are favorable for endocytic intracellular retention, high drug loading, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, greater drug-circulation time, superior dose scheduling for patient compliance, and site-specific targeting. Integrating nanosystems into biomedical applications will also reintroduce medicines that are no longer used in clinical practice because of certain drawbacks and help the identification of new active medicines with their sub-optimal kinetic profiles. This review provides...
Background: Nanotechnology has been considered an auspicious approach over the last twenty years ... more Background: Nanotechnology has been considered an auspicious approach over the last twenty years and numerous researchers are making efforts to extend its applications in pharmaceuticals. Recently, various nano-based drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, nanoemulgel, nanosuspension, and nanoemulsion, have been developed to deliver varieties of hydrophobics to target sites. Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase enzyme. The application of rosuvastatin is compromised because of its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Objective: This research work aimed to develop and characterize nanosuspension formulation for enhancing the dissolution rate of rosuvastatin that aids in enhancing oral bioavailability. Methods: Nanosuspension of rosuvastatin was prepared by using PVP K-30 and tween 80 as a stabiliser via the high-pressure homogenization method. The nanosuspension formulation was optimised by a factorial des...
Background: Chromatography is defined as a set of techniques that are used for the separation of ... more Background: Chromatography is defined as a set of techniques that are used for the separation of constituents in a mixture. Introduction: High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is known as a specialized technique in which columns as well as liquid chromatography are used in the separation, characterizationand investigation of the active moieties existing in the mixture. Objective: Current review focuses on the HPLC technique, including its principles, instrumentation, types, applications, advancements, and patents. Result: HPLC technique is important both for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis and is used for the evaluation of biological and pharmaceutical samples. It is the safest, most versatile, and fastest technique for chromatographic analysis in the field of quality control of drug components. In this review, the authors have also tried to summarize some of the advancements and recent patents in which the HPLC technique w...
Background: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the mos... more Background: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the most approbative drug delivery system for various kinds of drugs, bioactive, protein, and peptide compounds. Nanocapsules (NCs) are spherical shape microscopic shells consisting of a core (solid or liquid) in which the drug is positioned in a cavity enclosed by a distinctive polymeric membrane. Objectives: The main objective of the present study is to elaborate on various formulation techniques and methods of nanocapsules (NCs). The review also spotlights various biomedical applications as well as on the patents of NCs till date. Methods: The review was extracted from the searches performed using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Patents, Medline, and Google Scholars, etc. In order to emphasize the importance of NCs, some published patents of NCs have been also reported in the review. Results: NCs are tiny magical shells having incredible reproducibility. Various techniques can ...
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery, 2022
: Even today, cancer is one of the prominent leading causes of death worldwide. However, there ar... more : Even today, cancer is one of the prominent leading causes of death worldwide. However, there are a couple of treatment options available for management, but the adverse effects are more prominent compared to therapeutic effects. Therefore, there is a need to design some midway that may help to bypass the negative effects or lower their severity. Using nanotechnology has addressed many issues, even still many miles needed to cover before reaching the center stage. The nanoformulations thus developed can target distant organs owing to their multifunctionality and targeting potential. Stimuli-responsive nanomedicine is one of the most exploited formulations. They can encapsulate and release the drugs for a higher period. However, they release a burst mechanism. The other nano-formulations contain dendrimers, micelles, and lipid-based nano-formulations that have been developed and evaluated for their efficacy in cancer treatment. This review paper highlights some significant patents granted/applied in various patent offices around the globe to treat cancer using nanotechnology. The Google patent, United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Escapenet, and many others were used as the search engine for patent search, and data were collected and evaluated. They used these patented technologies for diagnostic and treatment options, enhancing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile of therapeutic molecules.
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Papers by Parijat Pandey