데이터 처리 방법은 전자 문서를 수신하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 적어도 한 부분을 렌더링하는 단계와, 렌더링되지 않은 전자 문서의 부분을 검출하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 부분을 ... more 데이터 처리 방법은 전자 문서를 수신하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 적어도 한 부분을 렌더링하는 단계와, 렌더링되지 않은 전자 문서의 부분을 검출하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 부분을 포함하는 피드백 문서를 생성하는 단계와, 이 피드백 문서를 전송하는 단계를 포함한다. 바람직하게, 이 피드백 문서는 렌더링되는 전자 문서의 부분을 포함한다.
This paper presents the development and assessment of two low-cost, travelling wave, thermoacoust... more This paper presents the development and assessment of two low-cost, travelling wave, thermoacoustic generators operating by waste heat energy from cooking stove. One powered by waste heat from a propane-driven stove, the other powered by waste heat from a wood-burning stove. The propane-driven thermoacoustic generator was successfully demonstrated to produce approximately 15 watts of electricity using a commercial audio loudspeaker. The wood-burning thermoacoustic generator was successfully constructed and tested to generate a maximum of 22.7 watts of electricity under a pressurised condition. The latter has a high potential to be used by over 1.5 billion people in rural communities for applications such as LED lighting, charging mobile phones or charging a 12 V battery. A comprehensive power assessment of the propane-driving generator as well as the development and performance assessment of the wood-burning generator are described throughout this article.
The measurement of both slowly and rapidly changing quantities such as temperature, static and dy... more The measurement of both slowly and rapidly changing quantities such as temperature, static and dynamic strain at 27,000 g and elevated temperatures, is discussed. The causes of interference in telemetry of moving parts include phase modulation, transducer wire pickup, amplitude modulation of the recieved RF signal, and frequency modulation of the transmitter. Techniques for reducing interference are explained. Aluminum bond wires must be used in microcircuits subject to high levels of acceleration. High temperature design considerations for active and passive components include thick film technology, dielectric isolation, and printed ceramic and aluminum capacitors. Bibtex entry for this abstract Preferred format for this abstract (see Preferences) Find Similar Abstracts: Use: Authors Title Keywords (in text query field) Abstract Text Return: Query Results Return items starting with number Query Form Database: Astronomy Physics arXiv e-prints
The reported discrepancy between theory and experiment for external combustion Stirling engines i... more The reported discrepancy between theory and experiment for external combustion Stirling engines is explained by the addition of thermal resistance of the combustion gasses to the standard Carnot model. In these cases, the Stirling engine ideal efficiency is not as is normally reported equal to the Carnot cycle efficiency but is significantly lower. A new equation for ideal Stirling engine efficiency when the heat is obtained through external combustion without pre-heating the air, is presented and results for various fuels tabulated. The results show that petrol and diesel, internal combustion engines (Otto cycle) have a higher ideal efficiency than the Stirling engine. When comparing thermoacoustic engines heated by wood, efficiency should not be quoted as a percentage of the Carnot efficiency, but against a figure 48% lower than Carnot. The effect is not seen with electrically heated rigs, solar or nuclear fission heated engines.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2013
A design of the thermo-acoustic engine to combustion interface of an electrically generating clea... more A design of the thermo-acoustic engine to combustion interface of an electrically generating clean cookstove is presented. Social surveys carried out by the SCORE project have indicated that adding electrical generation to a clean cookstove should increase their uptake considerably above the current 8% level (outside China) as electricity is perceived as high value and so wanted by the communities. This work discusses the development process, using elements of the formal design methodology BS 7000 to design a mass-producible, easy-to-manufacture, low-cost cooking stove that uses a thermo-acoustic engine to produce electricity whilst cooking. The iterative design process is discussed with analyses made of predicted cost and performance at each iteration and compared with the targets set from social surveys. With currently available technology and suitable investment in tooling and production facilities, estimated production costs are £100. An independent audit by engineers and cost e...
Clean cookstoves that also generate electricity improve affordability. Excel spreadsheet model to... more Clean cookstoves that also generate electricity improve affordability. Excel spreadsheet model to assist stakeholders to choose optimum technology. Presents views for each stakeholder villager, village and country. By adding certain capital costs, affordability and sustainability are improved. Affordability is highly dependent on carbon credits and social understandings. a b s t r a c t Clean burning products, for example cooking stoves, can reduce household air pollution (HAP), which prematurely kills 3.5 million people each year. By careful selection of components into a product package with micro-finance used for the capital payment, barriers to large-scale uptake of products that remove HAP are reduced. Such products reduce smoke from cooking and the lighting from electricity produced, eliminates smoke from kerosene lamps. A bottom-up financial model, that is cognisant of end user social needs, has been developed to compare different products for use in rural areas of developing countries. The model is freely available for use by researchers and has the ability to assist in the analysis of changing assumptions. Business views of an individual villager, the village itself and a country view are presented. The model shows that affordability (defined as the effect on household expenses as a result of a product purchase) and recognition of end-user social needs are as important as product cost. The effects of largescale deployment (greater that 10 million per year) are described together with level of subsidy required by the poorest people. With the assumptions given, the model shows that pico-hydro is the most cost effective, but not generally available, one thermo-acoustic technology option does not require subsidy, but it is only at technology readiness level 2 (NASA definition) therefore costs are predicted and very large investment in manufacturing capability is needed to meet the cost target. Thermo-electric is currently the only technology that can be used worldwide every day of the year and is available without research. However, it is not yet self-financing and therefore requires subsidy or diversion of more household income to be affordable. A combination of photovoltaic and clean cookstove may be suitable in areas where sufficient solar radiation is available on most days. Affordability is shown to be highly dependent on the income that can be derived from carbon credits.
데이터 처리 방법은 전자 문서를 수신하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 적어도 한 부분을 렌더링하는 단계와, 렌더링되지 않은 전자 문서의 부분을 검출하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 부분을 ... more 데이터 처리 방법은 전자 문서를 수신하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 적어도 한 부분을 렌더링하는 단계와, 렌더링되지 않은 전자 문서의 부분을 검출하는 단계와, 전자 문서의 부분을 포함하는 피드백 문서를 생성하는 단계와, 이 피드백 문서를 전송하는 단계를 포함한다. 바람직하게, 이 피드백 문서는 렌더링되는 전자 문서의 부분을 포함한다.
This paper presents the development and assessment of two low-cost, travelling wave, thermoacoust... more This paper presents the development and assessment of two low-cost, travelling wave, thermoacoustic generators operating by waste heat energy from cooking stove. One powered by waste heat from a propane-driven stove, the other powered by waste heat from a wood-burning stove. The propane-driven thermoacoustic generator was successfully demonstrated to produce approximately 15 watts of electricity using a commercial audio loudspeaker. The wood-burning thermoacoustic generator was successfully constructed and tested to generate a maximum of 22.7 watts of electricity under a pressurised condition. The latter has a high potential to be used by over 1.5 billion people in rural communities for applications such as LED lighting, charging mobile phones or charging a 12 V battery. A comprehensive power assessment of the propane-driving generator as well as the development and performance assessment of the wood-burning generator are described throughout this article.
The measurement of both slowly and rapidly changing quantities such as temperature, static and dy... more The measurement of both slowly and rapidly changing quantities such as temperature, static and dynamic strain at 27,000 g and elevated temperatures, is discussed. The causes of interference in telemetry of moving parts include phase modulation, transducer wire pickup, amplitude modulation of the recieved RF signal, and frequency modulation of the transmitter. Techniques for reducing interference are explained. Aluminum bond wires must be used in microcircuits subject to high levels of acceleration. High temperature design considerations for active and passive components include thick film technology, dielectric isolation, and printed ceramic and aluminum capacitors. Bibtex entry for this abstract Preferred format for this abstract (see Preferences) Find Similar Abstracts: Use: Authors Title Keywords (in text query field) Abstract Text Return: Query Results Return items starting with number Query Form Database: Astronomy Physics arXiv e-prints
The reported discrepancy between theory and experiment for external combustion Stirling engines i... more The reported discrepancy between theory and experiment for external combustion Stirling engines is explained by the addition of thermal resistance of the combustion gasses to the standard Carnot model. In these cases, the Stirling engine ideal efficiency is not as is normally reported equal to the Carnot cycle efficiency but is significantly lower. A new equation for ideal Stirling engine efficiency when the heat is obtained through external combustion without pre-heating the air, is presented and results for various fuels tabulated. The results show that petrol and diesel, internal combustion engines (Otto cycle) have a higher ideal efficiency than the Stirling engine. When comparing thermoacoustic engines heated by wood, efficiency should not be quoted as a percentage of the Carnot efficiency, but against a figure 48% lower than Carnot. The effect is not seen with electrically heated rigs, solar or nuclear fission heated engines.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2013
A design of the thermo-acoustic engine to combustion interface of an electrically generating clea... more A design of the thermo-acoustic engine to combustion interface of an electrically generating clean cookstove is presented. Social surveys carried out by the SCORE project have indicated that adding electrical generation to a clean cookstove should increase their uptake considerably above the current 8% level (outside China) as electricity is perceived as high value and so wanted by the communities. This work discusses the development process, using elements of the formal design methodology BS 7000 to design a mass-producible, easy-to-manufacture, low-cost cooking stove that uses a thermo-acoustic engine to produce electricity whilst cooking. The iterative design process is discussed with analyses made of predicted cost and performance at each iteration and compared with the targets set from social surveys. With currently available technology and suitable investment in tooling and production facilities, estimated production costs are £100. An independent audit by engineers and cost e...
Clean cookstoves that also generate electricity improve affordability. Excel spreadsheet model to... more Clean cookstoves that also generate electricity improve affordability. Excel spreadsheet model to assist stakeholders to choose optimum technology. Presents views for each stakeholder villager, village and country. By adding certain capital costs, affordability and sustainability are improved. Affordability is highly dependent on carbon credits and social understandings. a b s t r a c t Clean burning products, for example cooking stoves, can reduce household air pollution (HAP), which prematurely kills 3.5 million people each year. By careful selection of components into a product package with micro-finance used for the capital payment, barriers to large-scale uptake of products that remove HAP are reduced. Such products reduce smoke from cooking and the lighting from electricity produced, eliminates smoke from kerosene lamps. A bottom-up financial model, that is cognisant of end user social needs, has been developed to compare different products for use in rural areas of developing countries. The model is freely available for use by researchers and has the ability to assist in the analysis of changing assumptions. Business views of an individual villager, the village itself and a country view are presented. The model shows that affordability (defined as the effect on household expenses as a result of a product purchase) and recognition of end-user social needs are as important as product cost. The effects of largescale deployment (greater that 10 million per year) are described together with level of subsidy required by the poorest people. With the assumptions given, the model shows that pico-hydro is the most cost effective, but not generally available, one thermo-acoustic technology option does not require subsidy, but it is only at technology readiness level 2 (NASA definition) therefore costs are predicted and very large investment in manufacturing capability is needed to meet the cost target. Thermo-electric is currently the only technology that can be used worldwide every day of the year and is available without research. However, it is not yet self-financing and therefore requires subsidy or diversion of more household income to be affordable. A combination of photovoltaic and clean cookstove may be suitable in areas where sufficient solar radiation is available on most days. Affordability is shown to be highly dependent on the income that can be derived from carbon credits.
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