Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2015
Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis... more Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis emphasizes on purely macroeconomic and political factors which perceives the market attractiveness to be related only to these two sets of factors. At the outset the analysis fails to account for social/cultural dynamism which has great impact on future potential market attractiveness and the entire nation's economy. Therefore, the objective of this research is to expand the tradition model of economic & financial and political with social/ cultural issues, technology, & infrastructure and present a model which goes beyond the traditional PEST analysis to PESTI to evaluate the potential market attractiveness of 44 Sub-Saharan countries while prioritizing on social cultural issues. Design/Methodology/approach: First, through literature review the author identifies the strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the African continent. Secondly the author applies Analytical Hierarchy Process model to solve the complex multi-criteria decisions of evaluating the market attractiveness of a country with respect to global macro environment indicators. Statistical data from various credible sources were adopted for the weights calculation in AHP sub criteria level instead of the commonly applied intensity rating. Absolute measurement criteria are weighted independently of the evaluation of the alternative. The resulting priorities revealed attractive market growth potential and sourcing opportunities in Mauritius that, might otherwise have been overlooked. Mauritius have integrated social cultural and politics with economic factors making it the best option among the 44 evaluated Sub-Saharan countries, various regional trading blocs are also a possibility. The analysis also helped us to gain a better understanding of the trade-offs in the decision making process and a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of AHP absolute measurements in multi criteria decision problem.
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2015
ABSTRACTPurpose: Market attractiveness of a nation is primarily driven by the macro factors Polit... more ABSTRACTPurpose: Market attractiveness of a nation is primarily driven by the macro factors Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis emphasizes on purely macroeconomic and political factors which perceives the market attractiveness to be related only to these two sets of factors. At the outset the analysis fails to account for social/cultural dynamism which has great impact on future potential market attractiveness and the entire nation's economy. Therefore, the objective of this research is to expand the tradition model of economic & financial and political with social/ cultural issues, technology, & infrastructure and present a model which goes beyond the traditional PEST analysis to PESTI to evaluate the potential market attractiveness of 44 Sub-Saharan countries while prioritizing on social cultural issues.Design/Methodology/approach: First, through literature review the author identifies the strengths, weaknesses oppo...
Background: Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) continues to offer potential strategy for mala... more Background: Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. However their effectiveness, sustainability and massive scale up remain a factor of socio-economic and cultural variables of the local community which are indispensable during design and implementation stages. Methods: An ethnographic household survey was conducted in four study villages which were purposefully selected to represent socio-economic and geographical diversity. In total, 400 households were randomly selected from the four study villages. Quantitative and qualitative information of the respondents were collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results: Malaria was reported the most frequently occurring disease in the area (93%) and its aetiology was attributed to other non-biomedical causes like stagnant water (16%), and long rains (13%). Factors which significantly caused variation in bed net use were occupant relationship to household head (χ 2 = 105.705; df 14; P = 0.000), Age (χ 2 = 74.483; df 14; P = 0.000), village (χ 2 = 150.325; df 6; P = 0.000), occupation (χ 2 = 7.955; df 3; P = 0.047), gender (χ 2 = 4.254; df 1; P = 0.039) and education levels of the household head or spouse (χ 2 = 33.622; df 6; P = 0.000). The same variables determined access and conditions of bed nets at household level. Protection against mosquito bite (95%) was the main reason cited for using bed nets in most households while protection against malaria came second (54%). Colour, shape and affordability were some of the key potential factors which determined choice, use and acceptance of bed nets in the study area. The study highlights potential social and economic variables important for effective and sustainable implementation of bed nets-related programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Background: Malaria transmission in most agricultural ecosystems is complex and hence the need fo... more Background: Malaria transmission in most agricultural ecosystems is complex and hence the need for developing a holistic malaria control strategy with adequate consideration of socio-economic factors driving transmission at community level. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in an irrigated ecosystem with the aim of investigating vector control practices applied and factors affecting their application both at household and community level. Methods: Four villages representing the socio-economic, demographic and geographical diversity within the study area were purposefully selected. A total of 400 households were randomly sampled from the four study villages. Both semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that malaria was perceived to be a major public health problem in the area and the role of the vector Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria transmission was generally recognized. More than 80% of respondents were aware of the major breeding sites of the vector. Reported personal protection methods applied to prevent mosquito bites included; use of treated bed nets (57%), untreated bed nets (35%), insecticide coils (21%), traditional methods such as burning of cow dung (8%), insecticide sprays (6%), and use of skin repellents (2%). However, 39% of respondents could not apply some of the known vector control methods due to unaffordability (50.5%), side effects (19.9%), perceived lack of effectiveness (16%), and lack of time to apply (2.6%). Lack of time was the main reason (56.3%) reported for non-application of environmental management practices, such as draining of stagnant water (77%) and clearing of vegetations along water canals (67%). The study provides relevant information necessary for the management, prevention and control of malaria in irrigated agro-ecosystems, where vectors of malaria are abundant and disease transmission is stable.
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2015
Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis... more Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis emphasizes on purely macroeconomic and political factors which perceives the market attractiveness to be related only to these two sets of factors. At the outset the analysis fails to account for social/cultural dynamism which has great impact on future potential market attractiveness and the entire nation's economy. Therefore, the objective of this research is to expand the tradition model of economic & financial and political with social/ cultural issues, technology, & infrastructure and present a model which goes beyond the traditional PEST analysis to PESTI to evaluate the potential market attractiveness of 44 Sub-Saharan countries while prioritizing on social cultural issues. Design/Methodology/approach: First, through literature review the author identifies the strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the African continent. Secondly the author applies Analytical Hierarchy Process model to solve the complex multi-criteria decisions of evaluating the market attractiveness of a country with respect to global macro environment indicators. Statistical data from various credible sources were adopted for the weights calculation in AHP sub criteria level instead of the commonly applied intensity rating. Absolute measurement criteria are weighted independently of the evaluation of the alternative. The resulting priorities revealed attractive market growth potential and sourcing opportunities in Mauritius that, might otherwise have been overlooked. Mauritius have integrated social cultural and politics with economic factors making it the best option among the 44 evaluated Sub-Saharan countries, various regional trading blocs are also a possibility. The analysis also helped us to gain a better understanding of the trade-offs in the decision making process and a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of AHP absolute measurements in multi criteria decision problem.
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2015
ABSTRACTPurpose: Market attractiveness of a nation is primarily driven by the macro factors Polit... more ABSTRACTPurpose: Market attractiveness of a nation is primarily driven by the macro factors Politics, Economy, Social and Technology (PEST). Generally, traditional market selection analysis emphasizes on purely macroeconomic and political factors which perceives the market attractiveness to be related only to these two sets of factors. At the outset the analysis fails to account for social/cultural dynamism which has great impact on future potential market attractiveness and the entire nation's economy. Therefore, the objective of this research is to expand the tradition model of economic & financial and political with social/ cultural issues, technology, & infrastructure and present a model which goes beyond the traditional PEST analysis to PESTI to evaluate the potential market attractiveness of 44 Sub-Saharan countries while prioritizing on social cultural issues.Design/Methodology/approach: First, through literature review the author identifies the strengths, weaknesses oppo...
Background: Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) continues to offer potential strategy for mala... more Background: Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) continues to offer potential strategy for malaria prevention in endemic areas. However their effectiveness, sustainability and massive scale up remain a factor of socio-economic and cultural variables of the local community which are indispensable during design and implementation stages. Methods: An ethnographic household survey was conducted in four study villages which were purposefully selected to represent socio-economic and geographical diversity. In total, 400 households were randomly selected from the four study villages. Quantitative and qualitative information of the respondents were collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results: Malaria was reported the most frequently occurring disease in the area (93%) and its aetiology was attributed to other non-biomedical causes like stagnant water (16%), and long rains (13%). Factors which significantly caused variation in bed net use were occupant relationship to household head (χ 2 = 105.705; df 14; P = 0.000), Age (χ 2 = 74.483; df 14; P = 0.000), village (χ 2 = 150.325; df 6; P = 0.000), occupation (χ 2 = 7.955; df 3; P = 0.047), gender (χ 2 = 4.254; df 1; P = 0.039) and education levels of the household head or spouse (χ 2 = 33.622; df 6; P = 0.000). The same variables determined access and conditions of bed nets at household level. Protection against mosquito bite (95%) was the main reason cited for using bed nets in most households while protection against malaria came second (54%). Colour, shape and affordability were some of the key potential factors which determined choice, use and acceptance of bed nets in the study area. The study highlights potential social and economic variables important for effective and sustainable implementation of bed nets-related programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Background: Malaria transmission in most agricultural ecosystems is complex and hence the need fo... more Background: Malaria transmission in most agricultural ecosystems is complex and hence the need for developing a holistic malaria control strategy with adequate consideration of socio-economic factors driving transmission at community level. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in an irrigated ecosystem with the aim of investigating vector control practices applied and factors affecting their application both at household and community level. Methods: Four villages representing the socio-economic, demographic and geographical diversity within the study area were purposefully selected. A total of 400 households were randomly sampled from the four study villages. Both semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that malaria was perceived to be a major public health problem in the area and the role of the vector Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria transmission was generally recognized. More than 80% of respondents were aware of the major breeding sites of the vector. Reported personal protection methods applied to prevent mosquito bites included; use of treated bed nets (57%), untreated bed nets (35%), insecticide coils (21%), traditional methods such as burning of cow dung (8%), insecticide sprays (6%), and use of skin repellents (2%). However, 39% of respondents could not apply some of the known vector control methods due to unaffordability (50.5%), side effects (19.9%), perceived lack of effectiveness (16%), and lack of time to apply (2.6%). Lack of time was the main reason (56.3%) reported for non-application of environmental management practices, such as draining of stagnant water (77%) and clearing of vegetations along water canals (67%). The study provides relevant information necessary for the management, prevention and control of malaria in irrigated agro-ecosystems, where vectors of malaria are abundant and disease transmission is stable.
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Papers by Peter Nganga