Presented in this paper is a public service data base for Kirkuk city. The data base is based on ... more Presented in this paper is a public service data base for Kirkuk city. The data base is based on dividing the town into a number of main districts and coding the zones and neighborhoods in each of the main distracted. This coding would help in constructing a comprehensive indexing system for the available services in the Nations zones of the city. The system may then be utilized in the plans of future expansion of the city in order to reduce discrepancies in the distribution of public services. It has been found that the block system is better and more suitable than other existing methods. It can be implemented easily by governmental establishments that are involved in such services uses geographical information system (GIS).
Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2007), 2007
... Xiaoping Liu Xia Li* Bing Ai Shaokun Wu Tao Liu (School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-se... more ... Xiaoping Liu Xia Li* Bing Ai Shaokun Wu Tao Liu (School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China ... sample data can be translated from the original space to a high-dimensional feature space F through a nonlinear mapping function ...
In the presence of harsh economic conditions, conducting laboratory experiments in a wide anticip... more In the presence of harsh economic conditions, conducting laboratory experiments in a wide anticipated area to determine soil properties for any purpose or task within a city is unachievable. Hence, this work is focused on incorporating the existing record data of 56 distinct soil samples acquired from different pits of Kirkuk city utilizing spatial analysis described by inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging methodologies. The incorporated constituents were principally categorized into basic soil characteristics such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel contents and various soil parameters such as initial void ratio (e o), angle of internal friction (ϕ), cohesion (c), and optimum soil moisture content. Moreover, quantitative approaches such as geotechnical parameters association, linear single, and linear multi-regression models were used. Significant discrepancies in both approaches are readily obvious in the third to fifth zones, indicating that IDW and Kriging processes describe ...
Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization du... more Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization due to economic development, industrialization, massive migrations as well as natural population growth. This expansion particularly unplanned consumed a huge amount of arable land in the urban milieu and in its surrounding areas. This paper aims to measure arable land loss due to massive urbanization in Balik Pulau region of Penang State, Malaysia. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images of 1992 and 2002 at the resolution of 30 m and Landsat ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) 2010 have been used to measure the rate of urban expansion and its impact on agricultural land. The integration of Remote Sensing and Geographical information system GIS were used to quantify the conversion of arable land to built-up areas in Penang State. The result reveals that built-up areas have expanded rapidly during the last four decades at the expense of agricultural land in Balik Pulau Region. Built-up areas had inc...
In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a ... more In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a whole intended area to define the soil characteristics for whatever task or situation within an entire city. Hence, this study has used the spatial analysis through applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique to integrate with the available data for 56 different soil samples collected from various depths of Kirkuk city. The studied characteristics were mainly classified to physical soil properties included gravel, sand, silt, and clay contents with chemical soil properties included organic and gypsum contents, pH content, sulfur trioxide, and total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Moreover, statistical investigations such as physico-chemical correlation, linear single and linear multi regression models have been applied. The results of this study have focused on constructing thematic digital maps for visualizing different physical and chemical characteristics of Kirkuk soil. In...
In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a ... more In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a whole intended area to define the soil characteristics for whatever task or situation within an entire city. Hence, this study has used the spatial analysis through applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique to integrate with the available data for 56 different soil samples collected from various depths of Kirkuk city. The studied characteristics were mainly classified to physical soil properties included gravel, sand, silt, and clay contents with chemical soil properties included organic and gypsum contents, pH content, sulfur trioxide, and total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Moreover, statistical investigations such as physico-chemical correlation, linear single and linear multi regression models have been applied. The results of this study have focused on constructing thematic digital maps for visualizing different physical and chemical characteristics of Kirkuk soil. In...
Geographic information systems (GIS) combine digital computer technology, spatial and non-spatial... more Geographic information systems (GIS) combine digital computer technology, spatial and non-spatial database are growing apace with the city's growth. Likewise, it improves the planning level, performance management through training, which will affect directly in achieving urban and regional planning. So, most problems which have been carrying out these plans can be averted. The planner needs sufficient cost and work to complete the analysis and receive the results of these studies that have large information with different dimensions, while the implements needed to take the decisions and results as presently as possible due to daily changing variables. The application of GIS technique, which dispenses with the immense quantity of data and information, analyze the data in a phase that helps to improve the efficiency of the planning procedure. This paper points to highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of daily application of GIS in different planning establishments and ut...
Spatio-temporal land-use change modeling, simulation, and prediction have become one of the criti... more Spatio-temporal land-use change modeling, simulation, and prediction have become one of the critical issues in the last three decades due to uncertainty, structure, flexibility, accuracy, the ability for improvement, and the capability for integration of available models. Therefore, many types of models such as dynamic, statistical, and machine learning (ML) models have been used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to fulfill the high-performance requirements of land-use modeling. This paper provides a literature review on models for modeling, simulating, and predicting land-use change to determine the best approach that can realistically simulate land-use changes. Therefore, the general characteristics of conventional and ML models for land-use change are described, and the different techniques used in the design of these models are classified. The strengths and weaknesses of the various dynamic, statistical, and ML models are determined according to the analysis and discussion of the characteristics of these models. The results of the review confirm that ML models are the most powerful models for simulating land-use change because they can include all driving forces of land-use change in the simulation process and simulate linear and non-linear phenomena, which dynamic models and statistical models are unable to do. However, ML models also have limitations. For instance, some ML models are complex, the simulation rules cannot be changed, and it is difficult to understand how ML models work in a system. However, this can be solved via the use of programming languages such as Python, which in turn improve the simulation capabilities of the ML models.
Background: Swift population growth and unplanned settlement led to the phenomenon of informal ur... more Background: Swift population growth and unplanned settlement led to the phenomenon of informal urban in Iraqi cities because of warfare, political instability and economic blockage for more than three decades. Economic status and political migration to sensitive areas were mainly due to weak management of local government organizations. The complexity process in the growth trend for settlements does not involve any modern factors requirements such as topography, soil bearing capacity and other environmental factors issues that may result in a determination of settlement zone trends. Today, after the disaster, it has become necessary to determine the suitability trend for the new settlement area to determine which areas are compatible for the settlement area purpose. Methods: This study focused on using multi factors data integrated with GIS and expert choice to employ and drive the weights associated with suitability determination of settlement trends. Results: These tools would help to generate a synergistic effect to contribute efficiently in suitability, select trends and examine the concept of land suitability evaluation and its implementation possibility for settlements based on the bearing capacity of the soil and other multi factors. Conclusions: The results of this study have shown that the social aspects represented as security, have a strong role in reshaping the city beside the spatial aspects, which could interest urban planners and decision makers.
Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization du... more Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization due to economic development, industrialization, massive migrations as well as natural population growth. This expansion particularly unplanned consumed a huge amount of arable land in the urban milieu and in its surrounding areas. This paper aims to measure arable land loss due to massive urbanization in Balik Pulau region of Penang State, Malaysia. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images of 1992 and 2002 at the resolution of 30 m and Landsat ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) 2010 have been used to measure the rate of urban expansion and its impact on agricultural land. The integration of Remote Sensing and Geographical information system GIS were used to quantify the conversion of arable land to built-up areas in Penang State. The result reveals that built-up areas have expanded rapidly during the last four decades at the expense of agricultural land in Balik Pulau Region. Built-up areas had increased from 1793.22 ha in 1992 to 3235.38 ha in 2002, while agricultural areas decreased from 6171.32 to 4727.83 ha during the same period. The expansion of Built-up area is directed towards low-lying areas with less topographical barrier causing heavy loss in productive land and environmental degradation. In order to safeguard the environment and maintain arable land, urbanization should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures, wise policy and public awareness. More attention should be given to the areas that have witnessed massive urbanization and coordination between various sectors involved in development is a must.
Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2014
ABSTRACT The cellular automata (CA) model is an important tool in land use change studies. Swift ... more ABSTRACT The cellular automata (CA) model is an important tool in land use change studies. Swift increases in population and long-term expectations of rapid urbanization have led to extensive land use change, and normal living conditions have affected the natural resources of the land. This paper highlights and analyzes the historical urban changes in Kirkuk City, Iraq, considering repeated changes undergone by the state such change as government infrastructures, wars, and economic blockade. In this paper, an integrated model, built-in multi regression model, and multi-criteria evaluation were considered to improve the representation of CA transition rules. Environmental and socioeconomic factors were used to produce Suitable Maps (SMs). These SMs were practicalities to create factor layers and weight usage, rating method process for variance expert decision-making groups, and geographic information systems for the periods 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2010. The roots of the equation (R2) values are compared and these values are chosen to produce a good model of suitable maps. The approach used in this study provides a mechanism for monitoring suitability maps in Kirkuk. Furthermore, the model Markov CA is implemented and evaluated. The results indicate that the model, its related concepts performs sufficiency
International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2014
This paper tries to highlight on the analysis of the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk ci... more This paper tries to highlight on the analysis of the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk city / Iraq that's due to repeated changes in structures of governments, wars and economic blockade over the past three decades that drove to chaos. The Markov-cellular automata model is an important and powerful tool in simulation. In this article a new Markov-CA model was developed based on built-in multi-regression model and multi-criteria evaluation approach to improve the representation of Markov-CA transition rules. Utilised data relate to the environmental and socioeconomic are produce criteria layers and weights in order to output the suitability maps via a ranking method for periods 1984, 1990, 2000 and 2010, which have become conditional for the next step of Markov-CA generation. The suitability maps are compared in order to determine the best fit maps based on the values of the root equation (R 2). This comparison helpful to the stakeholders make better decisions and the best maps indicated best transition rules, which is represent the core of Markov-CA model. Thus, the resultant of best suitability maps derives a predefined transition rule for the end of Markov-CA model step. The approach used in the present study a mechanism for monitoring the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk depend on Markov-CA is implemented and evaluated thru the different decision maker. The results assert that the model bears a high applicability and flexibility degree in land-use and land-cover changes.
Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas... more Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas (MA). They are particularly prominent in more recently formed MAs, such as those in certain locations in Spain, where the structure of the traditional city has undergone sweeping changes. Given the capacity of spatial metrics to characterize landscape structure, these metrics can be a valuable instrument to identify growth patterns in MAs and to evaluate possible urban growth options, based on spatial characteristics. This article focuses on a medium-sized MA (Granada, Spain), and explores the use of spatial metrics to quantify changes in the urban growth patterns reflected in three future scenarios (2020). The scenarios were simulated with a model based on cellular automata, which reproduced three urban growth processes (aggregation, compaction, and dispersion) and four urban growth patterns (aggregated, linear, leapfrogging, and nodal). The scenarios were evaluated with metrics that q...
Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas... more Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas (MA). They are particularly prominent in more recently formed MAs, such as those in certain locations in Spain, where the structure of the traditional city has undergone sweeping changes. Given the capacity of spatial metrics to characterize landscape structure, these metrics can be a valuable instrument to identify growth patterns in MAs and to evaluate possible urban growth options, based on spatial characteristics. This article focuses on a medium-sized MA (Granada, Spain), and explores the use of spatial metrics to quantify changes in the urban growth patterns reflected in three future scenarios (2020). The scenarios were simulated with a model based on cellular automata, which reproduced three urban growth processes (aggregation, compaction, and dispersion) and four urban growth patterns (aggregated, linear, leapfrogging, and nodal). The scenarios were evaluated with metrics that q...
Presented in this paper is a public service data base for Kirkuk city. The data base is based on ... more Presented in this paper is a public service data base for Kirkuk city. The data base is based on dividing the town into a number of main districts and coding the zones and neighborhoods in each of the main distracted. This coding would help in constructing a comprehensive indexing system for the available services in the Nations zones of the city. The system may then be utilized in the plans of future expansion of the city in order to reduce discrepancies in the distribution of public services. It has been found that the block system is better and more suitable than other existing methods. It can be implemented easily by governmental establishments that are involved in such services uses geographical information system (GIS).
Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2007), 2007
... Xiaoping Liu Xia Li* Bing Ai Shaokun Wu Tao Liu (School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-se... more ... Xiaoping Liu Xia Li* Bing Ai Shaokun Wu Tao Liu (School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China ... sample data can be translated from the original space to a high-dimensional feature space F through a nonlinear mapping function ...
In the presence of harsh economic conditions, conducting laboratory experiments in a wide anticip... more In the presence of harsh economic conditions, conducting laboratory experiments in a wide anticipated area to determine soil properties for any purpose or task within a city is unachievable. Hence, this work is focused on incorporating the existing record data of 56 distinct soil samples acquired from different pits of Kirkuk city utilizing spatial analysis described by inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging methodologies. The incorporated constituents were principally categorized into basic soil characteristics such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel contents and various soil parameters such as initial void ratio (e o), angle of internal friction (ϕ), cohesion (c), and optimum soil moisture content. Moreover, quantitative approaches such as geotechnical parameters association, linear single, and linear multi-regression models were used. Significant discrepancies in both approaches are readily obvious in the third to fifth zones, indicating that IDW and Kriging processes describe ...
Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization du... more Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization due to economic development, industrialization, massive migrations as well as natural population growth. This expansion particularly unplanned consumed a huge amount of arable land in the urban milieu and in its surrounding areas. This paper aims to measure arable land loss due to massive urbanization in Balik Pulau region of Penang State, Malaysia. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images of 1992 and 2002 at the resolution of 30 m and Landsat ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) 2010 have been used to measure the rate of urban expansion and its impact on agricultural land. The integration of Remote Sensing and Geographical information system GIS were used to quantify the conversion of arable land to built-up areas in Penang State. The result reveals that built-up areas have expanded rapidly during the last four decades at the expense of agricultural land in Balik Pulau Region. Built-up areas had inc...
In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a ... more In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a whole intended area to define the soil characteristics for whatever task or situation within an entire city. Hence, this study has used the spatial analysis through applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique to integrate with the available data for 56 different soil samples collected from various depths of Kirkuk city. The studied characteristics were mainly classified to physical soil properties included gravel, sand, silt, and clay contents with chemical soil properties included organic and gypsum contents, pH content, sulfur trioxide, and total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Moreover, statistical investigations such as physico-chemical correlation, linear single and linear multi regression models have been applied. The results of this study have focused on constructing thematic digital maps for visualizing different physical and chemical characteristics of Kirkuk soil. In...
In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a ... more In the sense of challenging economic situation, it is difficult to perform laboratory tests in a whole intended area to define the soil characteristics for whatever task or situation within an entire city. Hence, this study has used the spatial analysis through applying the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique to integrate with the available data for 56 different soil samples collected from various depths of Kirkuk city. The studied characteristics were mainly classified to physical soil properties included gravel, sand, silt, and clay contents with chemical soil properties included organic and gypsum contents, pH content, sulfur trioxide, and total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Moreover, statistical investigations such as physico-chemical correlation, linear single and linear multi regression models have been applied. The results of this study have focused on constructing thematic digital maps for visualizing different physical and chemical characteristics of Kirkuk soil. In...
Geographic information systems (GIS) combine digital computer technology, spatial and non-spatial... more Geographic information systems (GIS) combine digital computer technology, spatial and non-spatial database are growing apace with the city's growth. Likewise, it improves the planning level, performance management through training, which will affect directly in achieving urban and regional planning. So, most problems which have been carrying out these plans can be averted. The planner needs sufficient cost and work to complete the analysis and receive the results of these studies that have large information with different dimensions, while the implements needed to take the decisions and results as presently as possible due to daily changing variables. The application of GIS technique, which dispenses with the immense quantity of data and information, analyze the data in a phase that helps to improve the efficiency of the planning procedure. This paper points to highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of daily application of GIS in different planning establishments and ut...
Spatio-temporal land-use change modeling, simulation, and prediction have become one of the criti... more Spatio-temporal land-use change modeling, simulation, and prediction have become one of the critical issues in the last three decades due to uncertainty, structure, flexibility, accuracy, the ability for improvement, and the capability for integration of available models. Therefore, many types of models such as dynamic, statistical, and machine learning (ML) models have been used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to fulfill the high-performance requirements of land-use modeling. This paper provides a literature review on models for modeling, simulating, and predicting land-use change to determine the best approach that can realistically simulate land-use changes. Therefore, the general characteristics of conventional and ML models for land-use change are described, and the different techniques used in the design of these models are classified. The strengths and weaknesses of the various dynamic, statistical, and ML models are determined according to the analysis and discussion of the characteristics of these models. The results of the review confirm that ML models are the most powerful models for simulating land-use change because they can include all driving forces of land-use change in the simulation process and simulate linear and non-linear phenomena, which dynamic models and statistical models are unable to do. However, ML models also have limitations. For instance, some ML models are complex, the simulation rules cannot be changed, and it is difficult to understand how ML models work in a system. However, this can be solved via the use of programming languages such as Python, which in turn improve the simulation capabilities of the ML models.
Background: Swift population growth and unplanned settlement led to the phenomenon of informal ur... more Background: Swift population growth and unplanned settlement led to the phenomenon of informal urban in Iraqi cities because of warfare, political instability and economic blockage for more than three decades. Economic status and political migration to sensitive areas were mainly due to weak management of local government organizations. The complexity process in the growth trend for settlements does not involve any modern factors requirements such as topography, soil bearing capacity and other environmental factors issues that may result in a determination of settlement zone trends. Today, after the disaster, it has become necessary to determine the suitability trend for the new settlement area to determine which areas are compatible for the settlement area purpose. Methods: This study focused on using multi factors data integrated with GIS and expert choice to employ and drive the weights associated with suitability determination of settlement trends. Results: These tools would help to generate a synergistic effect to contribute efficiently in suitability, select trends and examine the concept of land suitability evaluation and its implementation possibility for settlements based on the bearing capacity of the soil and other multi factors. Conclusions: The results of this study have shown that the social aspects represented as security, have a strong role in reshaping the city beside the spatial aspects, which could interest urban planners and decision makers.
Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization du... more Currently, Malaysia like other Asian countries has experienced rapid expansion of urbanization due to economic development, industrialization, massive migrations as well as natural population growth. This expansion particularly unplanned consumed a huge amount of arable land in the urban milieu and in its surrounding areas. This paper aims to measure arable land loss due to massive urbanization in Balik Pulau region of Penang State, Malaysia. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images of 1992 and 2002 at the resolution of 30 m and Landsat ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) 2010 have been used to measure the rate of urban expansion and its impact on agricultural land. The integration of Remote Sensing and Geographical information system GIS were used to quantify the conversion of arable land to built-up areas in Penang State. The result reveals that built-up areas have expanded rapidly during the last four decades at the expense of agricultural land in Balik Pulau Region. Built-up areas had increased from 1793.22 ha in 1992 to 3235.38 ha in 2002, while agricultural areas decreased from 6171.32 to 4727.83 ha during the same period. The expansion of Built-up area is directed towards low-lying areas with less topographical barrier causing heavy loss in productive land and environmental degradation. In order to safeguard the environment and maintain arable land, urbanization should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures, wise policy and public awareness. More attention should be given to the areas that have witnessed massive urbanization and coordination between various sectors involved in development is a must.
Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2014
ABSTRACT The cellular automata (CA) model is an important tool in land use change studies. Swift ... more ABSTRACT The cellular automata (CA) model is an important tool in land use change studies. Swift increases in population and long-term expectations of rapid urbanization have led to extensive land use change, and normal living conditions have affected the natural resources of the land. This paper highlights and analyzes the historical urban changes in Kirkuk City, Iraq, considering repeated changes undergone by the state such change as government infrastructures, wars, and economic blockade. In this paper, an integrated model, built-in multi regression model, and multi-criteria evaluation were considered to improve the representation of CA transition rules. Environmental and socioeconomic factors were used to produce Suitable Maps (SMs). These SMs were practicalities to create factor layers and weight usage, rating method process for variance expert decision-making groups, and geographic information systems for the periods 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2010. The roots of the equation (R2) values are compared and these values are chosen to produce a good model of suitable maps. The approach used in this study provides a mechanism for monitoring suitability maps in Kirkuk. Furthermore, the model Markov CA is implemented and evaluated. The results indicate that the model, its related concepts performs sufficiency
International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2014
This paper tries to highlight on the analysis of the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk ci... more This paper tries to highlight on the analysis of the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk city / Iraq that's due to repeated changes in structures of governments, wars and economic blockade over the past three decades that drove to chaos. The Markov-cellular automata model is an important and powerful tool in simulation. In this article a new Markov-CA model was developed based on built-in multi-regression model and multi-criteria evaluation approach to improve the representation of Markov-CA transition rules. Utilised data relate to the environmental and socioeconomic are produce criteria layers and weights in order to output the suitability maps via a ranking method for periods 1984, 1990, 2000 and 2010, which have become conditional for the next step of Markov-CA generation. The suitability maps are compared in order to determine the best fit maps based on the values of the root equation (R 2). This comparison helpful to the stakeholders make better decisions and the best maps indicated best transition rules, which is represent the core of Markov-CA model. Thus, the resultant of best suitability maps derives a predefined transition rule for the end of Markov-CA model step. The approach used in the present study a mechanism for monitoring the land-use and land-cover changes in Kirkuk depend on Markov-CA is implemented and evaluated thru the different decision maker. The results assert that the model bears a high applicability and flexibility degree in land-use and land-cover changes.
Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas... more Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas (MA). They are particularly prominent in more recently formed MAs, such as those in certain locations in Spain, where the structure of the traditional city has undergone sweeping changes. Given the capacity of spatial metrics to characterize landscape structure, these metrics can be a valuable instrument to identify growth patterns in MAs and to evaluate possible urban growth options, based on spatial characteristics. This article focuses on a medium-sized MA (Granada, Spain), and explores the use of spatial metrics to quantify changes in the urban growth patterns reflected in three future scenarios (2020). The scenarios were simulated with a model based on cellular automata, which reproduced three urban growth processes (aggregation, compaction, and dispersion) and four urban growth patterns (aggregated, linear, leapfrogging, and nodal). The scenarios were evaluated with metrics that q...
Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas... more Urban growth patterns are characteristic of spatial changes that take place in metropolitan areas (MA). They are particularly prominent in more recently formed MAs, such as those in certain locations in Spain, where the structure of the traditional city has undergone sweeping changes. Given the capacity of spatial metrics to characterize landscape structure, these metrics can be a valuable instrument to identify growth patterns in MAs and to evaluate possible urban growth options, based on spatial characteristics. This article focuses on a medium-sized MA (Granada, Spain), and explores the use of spatial metrics to quantify changes in the urban growth patterns reflected in three future scenarios (2020). The scenarios were simulated with a model based on cellular automata, which reproduced three urban growth processes (aggregation, compaction, and dispersion) and four urban growth patterns (aggregated, linear, leapfrogging, and nodal). The scenarios were evaluated with metrics that q...
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