Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology and management Volume I, 1993
This paper discusses the general types of wetlands found in the United States (including Alaska a... more This paper discusses the general types of wetlands found in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) as well as their classification, ecology, status and trends, and regional problem areas. It is based upon the work performed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory and also upon a review of existing information about the wetlands of the United States.
This symposium presents examples of watershed-based approaches to wetland planning and evaluation... more This symposium presents examples of watershed-based approaches to wetland planning and evaluation. Much of the decision-making regarding the fate of individual wetlands has been and remains based on site-specific analysis and evaluation. This process tends to ignore the interrelationships and interdependencies among wetlands acting in combination as a functional unit. Today there is increasing interest in examination and management of the wetland resource from a watershed standpoint or landscape perspective. There is also widespread recognition that the health of wetlands is largely determined by various land use practices around wetlands and elsewhere in the watershed. Wetlands perform many functions that are vital to maintaining a healthy watershed. They serve as flood storage basins, sinks for nutrients and sediments, stabilizers of shorelines, and habitat for many species of fish and wildlife. The quality of life for a society is, in many ways, determined by the abundance and co...
Table 3. Brief definitions of water flow paths used in this study. Water Flow Path (map code) Def... more Table 3. Brief definitions of water flow paths used in this study. Water Flow Path (map code) Definition Bidirectional-nontidal outflow (BO) Water levels fluctuate with outflow lake levels Bidirectional-nontidal throughflow (TB) Water levels fluctuate with throughflow lake levels Bidirectional-nontidal isolated (IB) Water levels fluctuate with levels in an isolated lake; vertical flow Bidirectional-tidal (BT) Water ebbs and flows largely in response to tides; Nanotidal (NA)-tidal range <1foot; Microtidal (MI)tidal range 1-6 feet Inflow (IN) Water flows into an area with no surface flow outlet (a closed system); collected water is lost by evaporation, transpiration and possibly groundwater recharge Outflow-artificial (OA) Water flows out of the system through a ditch or manmade channel; no direct surface water inflow Outflow-intermittent (OI) Water flows out of the system periodically usually during the wet season or during and shortly after heavy rains; no direct surface water inflow; may be the source of a stream Outflow-perennial (OU) Water flows out of the system year-round; no direct surface water inflow; often the source of a stream Throughflow-artificial (TA) Water enters from a water source above and flows out of the system via a ditch or manmade channel or canal Throughflow-intermittent (TI) Water enters from a water source above and flows out of the system via an intermittent stream, usually during the wet season or during and shortly after heavy rains Throughflow-perennial (TH) Water flows through the system more or less year-round via a perennial stream; wetlands subject to seasonal overflow Vertical Flow (VF, formerly IS) Water levels affected by precipitation, local runoff and groundwater; no apparent surface water inlet or outlet; water may infrequently spill out of depressions during extremely wet conditions
Note: While correlations between NWI+ data and wetland functions have been revised from time to t... more Note: While correlations between NWI+ data and wetland functions have been revised from time to time through updates of the correlation table, time has not been available to update this document. The revisions made through the updated tables are generally minor in nature and the rationale provided in this 2003 document is still relevant. Be sure however to use the latest correlation table in using NWI+ data for producing landscape-level assessment of wetland function. If questions, contact: ralph_tiner@fws.gov
Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology and management Volume I, 1993
This paper discusses the general types of wetlands found in the United States (including Alaska a... more This paper discusses the general types of wetlands found in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) as well as their classification, ecology, status and trends, and regional problem areas. It is based upon the work performed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory and also upon a review of existing information about the wetlands of the United States.
This symposium presents examples of watershed-based approaches to wetland planning and evaluation... more This symposium presents examples of watershed-based approaches to wetland planning and evaluation. Much of the decision-making regarding the fate of individual wetlands has been and remains based on site-specific analysis and evaluation. This process tends to ignore the interrelationships and interdependencies among wetlands acting in combination as a functional unit. Today there is increasing interest in examination and management of the wetland resource from a watershed standpoint or landscape perspective. There is also widespread recognition that the health of wetlands is largely determined by various land use practices around wetlands and elsewhere in the watershed. Wetlands perform many functions that are vital to maintaining a healthy watershed. They serve as flood storage basins, sinks for nutrients and sediments, stabilizers of shorelines, and habitat for many species of fish and wildlife. The quality of life for a society is, in many ways, determined by the abundance and co...
Table 3. Brief definitions of water flow paths used in this study. Water Flow Path (map code) Def... more Table 3. Brief definitions of water flow paths used in this study. Water Flow Path (map code) Definition Bidirectional-nontidal outflow (BO) Water levels fluctuate with outflow lake levels Bidirectional-nontidal throughflow (TB) Water levels fluctuate with throughflow lake levels Bidirectional-nontidal isolated (IB) Water levels fluctuate with levels in an isolated lake; vertical flow Bidirectional-tidal (BT) Water ebbs and flows largely in response to tides; Nanotidal (NA)-tidal range <1foot; Microtidal (MI)tidal range 1-6 feet Inflow (IN) Water flows into an area with no surface flow outlet (a closed system); collected water is lost by evaporation, transpiration and possibly groundwater recharge Outflow-artificial (OA) Water flows out of the system through a ditch or manmade channel; no direct surface water inflow Outflow-intermittent (OI) Water flows out of the system periodically usually during the wet season or during and shortly after heavy rains; no direct surface water inflow; may be the source of a stream Outflow-perennial (OU) Water flows out of the system year-round; no direct surface water inflow; often the source of a stream Throughflow-artificial (TA) Water enters from a water source above and flows out of the system via a ditch or manmade channel or canal Throughflow-intermittent (TI) Water enters from a water source above and flows out of the system via an intermittent stream, usually during the wet season or during and shortly after heavy rains Throughflow-perennial (TH) Water flows through the system more or less year-round via a perennial stream; wetlands subject to seasonal overflow Vertical Flow (VF, formerly IS) Water levels affected by precipitation, local runoff and groundwater; no apparent surface water inlet or outlet; water may infrequently spill out of depressions during extremely wet conditions
Note: While correlations between NWI+ data and wetland functions have been revised from time to t... more Note: While correlations between NWI+ data and wetland functions have been revised from time to time through updates of the correlation table, time has not been available to update this document. The revisions made through the updated tables are generally minor in nature and the rationale provided in this 2003 document is still relevant. Be sure however to use the latest correlation table in using NWI+ data for producing landscape-level assessment of wetland function. If questions, contact: ralph_tiner@fws.gov
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