Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries
Abstract In the present era of high throughput sequencing, genomic databases are piling up new se... more Abstract In the present era of high throughput sequencing, genomic databases are piling up new sequences everyday with very little known about their functions and phenotypic effects. Reverse genetic tools allow us to understand the function of these newly sequenced genes via incorporating targeted modification or integration of exogenous mutations and analyzing the phenotypic outcome. Traditional genetic manipulation techniques are associated with limiting issues of specificity, cost of experimentation, and reproducibility but advanced reverse genetic tools including ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 have substantially improved the efficiency of precise genome editing in a targeted manner at affordable costs and high specificity. Many important issues related to animal health explicit performance, disease resistance, and biomedicine are being exploited by virtue of these reverse genetic tools paving the path for production of genome-edited livestock with improved attributes in the near future.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2018
CXCR1 (Interleukin-8 Receptor A) is one of the two high-affinity receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB), p... more CXCR1 (Interleukin-8 Receptor A) is one of the two high-affinity receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB), present on the surface of neutrophils that binds to the IL-8 ligand, which results in the activation of immune response and allows the migration of immune cells to the site of inflammation. CXCR1 is strongly associated with inflammatory responses against most of the Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of the present work was to amplify, sequence and in silico characterize CXCR1 coding region of buffalo. The amplified target gene of buffalo CXCR1 was custom-sequenced, and the annotated sequence of 1130 bp having coding region of 1083 bp was submitted to DDBJ with accession number LC384988. Pairwise sequence alignment of buffalo CXCR1 and the reference cattle CXCR1 showed 95% similarity. Sequence analysis and integrative analysis of CXCR1 in 36 divergent species revealed that 7 codon positions have undergone positive selection pressure, indicating that the gene has undergone evolutionary changes over the period of time. Evolutionary analysis of the CXCR1 (MEGA 6 and Datamonkey online server) revealed that ruminant, avian, fish CXCR1 formed different clusters within the phylogenetic tree, showing evolutionary divergence.
CS (2018) Validation of immunomodulatory effects of lipopolysaccharide through expression profili... more CS (2018) Validation of immunomodulatory effects of lipopolysaccharide through expression profiling of Th1 and Th2 biased genes in Newcastle disease virus vaccinated indigenous chicken, Veterinary World, 11(4): 437-445.
Mammaglobin, a member of secretoglobin family has been recognized as a breast cancer associated p... more Mammaglobin, a member of secretoglobin family has been recognized as a breast cancer associated protein. Though the exact function of the protein is not fully known, its expression has been reported to be upregulated in human breast cancer.We focused on studying the expression of mammaglobin-B gene and protein in canine mammary tumor (CMT) tissue. Expression of mammaglobin-B mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. High levels of mammaglobin-B mRNA expression (6.663 ± 0.841times) was observed in CMT as compared to age and breed matched healthy controls. Further, expression of mammaglobin-B protein was detected in paraffin-embedded mammary tumor tissues from the same subjects by IHC. Mammaglobin-B protein was overexpressed only in 6.67% of healthy mammary glands while, a high level of its expression was scored in 76.7% of the CMT subjects. Moreover, no significant differences in terms of...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 2017
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Pustular vulvovaginitis in ... more Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle. Glycoprotein D (gD) of BHV-1 represents a major component of the viral envelope and is a dominant immunogen. gD encoding gene was expressed in baculovirus-insect cell system. Viral genomic DNA extracted from BHV-1 grown on Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell monolayer was used as a template for PCR amplification of gD gene (1255 bp). Gel purified gD gene was used for directional cloning into pENTR/SD/D Directional TOPO vector to produce entry clone. Recombinant plasmids were screened by PCR and restriction enzyme (RE) digestion for gD gene insert. Endotoxin free purified plasmids were then subjected to LR recombination reaction with baculovirus linear DNA. LR recombination mix was transfected into Sf-9 cells and observed for appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE). Recombinant virus was serially passaged for 3 more generations and the 4 th passage viral stock was used to infect fresh Sf-9 cells for gene expression study. Recombinant gD protein was immunoprecipitated and when subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis protein band of ~70 kDa was detected consistently. The recombinant gD protein was further weakly confirmed by dot-ELISA indicating its limited potential as a coating antigen in gD-based diagnostic ELISA.
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding and m... more Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Hsp90, an important member of HSP family, has an important role in breast cancer. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum paralog of Hsp90 encoded by Hsp90B1 gene. To test if this protein is overexpressed in dogs with mammary tumor, we estimated and compared its serum levels in healthy dogs and that of dogs with mammary tumors. Hsp90B1 mRNA expression was measured in tumorous and healthy mammary tissues (from age- and breed-matched dogs) by real-time PCR. The gene was found to be overexpressed in mammary tumors (3.586 ± 0.067 times). Further, it was heterologously expressed in a prokaryotic system as 90 kDa protein. A recombinant Grp94-based sandwich ELISA was developed to quantify serum Grp94 in dogs with mammary tumors. Based on receiver-operating characteristics' analysis, the assay was found to be 90.62% sensitive and ...
Mammaglobin is a glycoprotein exhibiting homology to uteroglobin gene family. Although the biolog... more Mammaglobin is a glycoprotein exhibiting homology to uteroglobin gene family. Although the biological function of the protein is not yet known it has been reported to act as marker for breast cancer in women. This study reports the expression of mammaglobin gene in canine mammary tumor condition. The gene was cloned, sequenced and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli host system as 12 kDa (approx.) recombinant fusion protein. The expressed protein was further purified to homogeneity and confirmed by western blotting. Hyperimmune sera were raised against the expressed protein in rabbits and mice to standardize sandwich ELISA for relative quantification of circulating protein in the sera of dogs with mammary tumors. Based on receiver-operating characteristics analysis, the test was found to be 90% sensitive and 95% specific for a cut-off value of 0.177 with respect to histopathological staining in diagnosing canine mammary tumors and the protein level was not elevated in other diseased conditions. These findings indicate that it can act as a novel molecular marker for detecting mammary tumors in canines.
ABSTRACT CSF is a major concern for the swine industry, representing currently the most epizootic... more ABSTRACT CSF is a major concern for the swine industry, representing currently the most epizootically dangerous disease to the species. Numerous CSFV isolates with various degrees of virulence have already been isolated worldwide, ranging from low virulent strains that do not result in any apparent clinical signs to highly virulent strains that cause a severe per acute hemorrhagic fever with very high mortality. The molecular epidemiology of CSFVs has proven to be an essential tool for effective disease control and the development of safe and effective vaccines. Therefore, this study cloned and sequenced local CSFV isolates, and conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on the E2 glycoprotein encoding sequences. The RNA was extracted from PK15 cell culture passaged CSFV isolates, the cDNA prepared, and the complete E2 gene amplified with a product size of 1186 bp. The gel purified PCR product was cloned into a pGEMT easy vector and the positive clone commercially sequenced. Aligning the nucleotide (1119 bp) and amino acid (373) sequences with 29 reference strains revealed nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of 82.60-97.80% and 88.70-98.70%, respectively, indicating a higher mutation rate of the field CSFV strains. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete E2 amino acid sequences also revealed a reliable differentiation of all the analyzed strains into specific genetic groups and subgroups, plus the local isolate (CSFV-E2) was found to cluster with the CSFV subgroup 2.2. Thus, the full-length E2 cds proved to be most suitable for a reliable and statistically significant phylogenetic analysis of CSFV isolates.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2016
Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in south Asia and Africa. Mammary gland repeated... more Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in south Asia and Africa. Mammary gland repeatedly undergoes the cycles of growth and regeneration during pregnancy, lactation and involution. It is assumed that buffalo mammary gland has mammary stem and progenitor cells that regulate gland growth and regeneration. In the present study the authors analyzed percentage of cellular composition, proliferation status and putative mammary stem/progenitor cell population. Identification of putative buffalo mammary stem/progenitor cells was attempted using immunohistochemical staining with Musashi1 (MSI1), an adult stem cell marker and fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B), a mammary stem and cancer cell marker. Immunolocalization of MSI1 and FNDC3B showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of alveolar and ductal mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and a few stromal cells. The percentage of MSI1-positive MEC in non-lactating (3.31 ± 1.11 %), lactating (2.73 ± 0.78 %) and mastitic glands (3.30 ± 0.97 %) were equivalent, indicating that the proportion of putative stem/progenitor cell population did not differ during various physiological stages. Likewise, the percentage of FNDC3B-positive MEC in non-lactating (12.40 ± 3.22 %) tended to be higher than lactating (8.19 ± 2.71 %) and mastitic glands (4.88 ± 2.37 %). In some cases, expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B was exceptionally high with high proliferative indices (37.6 ± 2.4 %)-an indication of tumor cells. This is the first report on expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B in buffalo mammary gland. Identification of buffalo mammary stem cells using MSI1 and FNDC3B requires further studies and functional validation.
Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic c... more Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The requirement of expensive micromanipulators and skilled expertise is eliminated in this technique, proving it as a major revolution in the field of embryology. During the past years, many modifications have been incorporated in this technique to boost its efficiency. This alternative approach to micromanipulator based traditional cloning (TC) works wonder in generating comparable or even higher birth rates in addition to declining costs drastically and enabling cryopreservation. This technique is not only applicable to intraspecies nuclear transfer but also to interspecies nuclear transfer (iSCNT) thus permitting conservation of endangered species. It also offers unique possibilities for automation of SCNT which aims at production of transgenic animals that can cure certain human diseases by producing therapeutics hence, providing a healthier future for the wellbeing of humans. The present review aims at highlighting certain aspects of HMC including recent advancements in procedure and factors involved in elevating its efficiency besides covering the potentials and pitfalls of this technique.
Nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR techniques were compared for rabies diagnosis in 62 biolog... more Nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR techniques were compared for rabies diagnosis in 62 biological fluid samples collected ante mortem from animals clinically suspected to be rabid. The average sensitivity of Nested RT-PCR technique obtained from fluid samples was detected as 61.68% while for TaqMan real time PCR it was 72.07%. Usage of molecular approaches for ante mortem rabies diagnosis from fluid samples lead to conclusion that body secretion (saliva, milk) and excretion (urine) can be a viable, alternative tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of rabies where standard sample collection is not feasible in aggressive rabid animals.
Mammary alveoli, composed of mammary epithelial cells, are the structural and functional units of... more Mammary alveoli, composed of mammary epithelial cells, are the structural and functional units of a mammary gland, which secrete milk into the alveolar lumen. Milk production is directly related to secretory activity and number of alveolar cells. Alternation in cellular composition, in particular alveolar cells, thus has a direct role in volume of milk secretion.We collected mammary tissues of milking water buffalo from a slaughterhouse for the purpose of evaluation of its cellular composition, proliferation status, and identification of myoepithelial cells. Out of 21 buffaloes, ~80% of mammary samples were from the dry animals (evidenced by presence of small nonsecretory epithelial cells and virgin-like state of the gland) and ~20% of samples were from the lactating animals. All the lactating animals were affected with mastitis (suggested by the presence of fibrin clots, cellular debris, and loss of alveolar epithelium), which were also confirmed by a veterinary pathologist. The fr...
Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries
Abstract In the present era of high throughput sequencing, genomic databases are piling up new se... more Abstract In the present era of high throughput sequencing, genomic databases are piling up new sequences everyday with very little known about their functions and phenotypic effects. Reverse genetic tools allow us to understand the function of these newly sequenced genes via incorporating targeted modification or integration of exogenous mutations and analyzing the phenotypic outcome. Traditional genetic manipulation techniques are associated with limiting issues of specificity, cost of experimentation, and reproducibility but advanced reverse genetic tools including ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 have substantially improved the efficiency of precise genome editing in a targeted manner at affordable costs and high specificity. Many important issues related to animal health explicit performance, disease resistance, and biomedicine are being exploited by virtue of these reverse genetic tools paving the path for production of genome-edited livestock with improved attributes in the near future.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2018
CXCR1 (Interleukin-8 Receptor A) is one of the two high-affinity receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB), p... more CXCR1 (Interleukin-8 Receptor A) is one of the two high-affinity receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB), present on the surface of neutrophils that binds to the IL-8 ligand, which results in the activation of immune response and allows the migration of immune cells to the site of inflammation. CXCR1 is strongly associated with inflammatory responses against most of the Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of the present work was to amplify, sequence and in silico characterize CXCR1 coding region of buffalo. The amplified target gene of buffalo CXCR1 was custom-sequenced, and the annotated sequence of 1130 bp having coding region of 1083 bp was submitted to DDBJ with accession number LC384988. Pairwise sequence alignment of buffalo CXCR1 and the reference cattle CXCR1 showed 95% similarity. Sequence analysis and integrative analysis of CXCR1 in 36 divergent species revealed that 7 codon positions have undergone positive selection pressure, indicating that the gene has undergone evolutionary changes over the period of time. Evolutionary analysis of the CXCR1 (MEGA 6 and Datamonkey online server) revealed that ruminant, avian, fish CXCR1 formed different clusters within the phylogenetic tree, showing evolutionary divergence.
CS (2018) Validation of immunomodulatory effects of lipopolysaccharide through expression profili... more CS (2018) Validation of immunomodulatory effects of lipopolysaccharide through expression profiling of Th1 and Th2 biased genes in Newcastle disease virus vaccinated indigenous chicken, Veterinary World, 11(4): 437-445.
Mammaglobin, a member of secretoglobin family has been recognized as a breast cancer associated p... more Mammaglobin, a member of secretoglobin family has been recognized as a breast cancer associated protein. Though the exact function of the protein is not fully known, its expression has been reported to be upregulated in human breast cancer.We focused on studying the expression of mammaglobin-B gene and protein in canine mammary tumor (CMT) tissue. Expression of mammaglobin-B mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. High levels of mammaglobin-B mRNA expression (6.663 ± 0.841times) was observed in CMT as compared to age and breed matched healthy controls. Further, expression of mammaglobin-B protein was detected in paraffin-embedded mammary tumor tissues from the same subjects by IHC. Mammaglobin-B protein was overexpressed only in 6.67% of healthy mammary glands while, a high level of its expression was scored in 76.7% of the CMT subjects. Moreover, no significant differences in terms of...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 2017
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Pustular vulvovaginitis in ... more Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle. Glycoprotein D (gD) of BHV-1 represents a major component of the viral envelope and is a dominant immunogen. gD encoding gene was expressed in baculovirus-insect cell system. Viral genomic DNA extracted from BHV-1 grown on Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell monolayer was used as a template for PCR amplification of gD gene (1255 bp). Gel purified gD gene was used for directional cloning into pENTR/SD/D Directional TOPO vector to produce entry clone. Recombinant plasmids were screened by PCR and restriction enzyme (RE) digestion for gD gene insert. Endotoxin free purified plasmids were then subjected to LR recombination reaction with baculovirus linear DNA. LR recombination mix was transfected into Sf-9 cells and observed for appearance of cytopathic effects (CPE). Recombinant virus was serially passaged for 3 more generations and the 4 th passage viral stock was used to infect fresh Sf-9 cells for gene expression study. Recombinant gD protein was immunoprecipitated and when subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis protein band of ~70 kDa was detected consistently. The recombinant gD protein was further weakly confirmed by dot-ELISA indicating its limited potential as a coating antigen in gD-based diagnostic ELISA.
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding and m... more Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Hsp90, an important member of HSP family, has an important role in breast cancer. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum paralog of Hsp90 encoded by Hsp90B1 gene. To test if this protein is overexpressed in dogs with mammary tumor, we estimated and compared its serum levels in healthy dogs and that of dogs with mammary tumors. Hsp90B1 mRNA expression was measured in tumorous and healthy mammary tissues (from age- and breed-matched dogs) by real-time PCR. The gene was found to be overexpressed in mammary tumors (3.586 ± 0.067 times). Further, it was heterologously expressed in a prokaryotic system as 90 kDa protein. A recombinant Grp94-based sandwich ELISA was developed to quantify serum Grp94 in dogs with mammary tumors. Based on receiver-operating characteristics' analysis, the assay was found to be 90.62% sensitive and ...
Mammaglobin is a glycoprotein exhibiting homology to uteroglobin gene family. Although the biolog... more Mammaglobin is a glycoprotein exhibiting homology to uteroglobin gene family. Although the biological function of the protein is not yet known it has been reported to act as marker for breast cancer in women. This study reports the expression of mammaglobin gene in canine mammary tumor condition. The gene was cloned, sequenced and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli host system as 12 kDa (approx.) recombinant fusion protein. The expressed protein was further purified to homogeneity and confirmed by western blotting. Hyperimmune sera were raised against the expressed protein in rabbits and mice to standardize sandwich ELISA for relative quantification of circulating protein in the sera of dogs with mammary tumors. Based on receiver-operating characteristics analysis, the test was found to be 90% sensitive and 95% specific for a cut-off value of 0.177 with respect to histopathological staining in diagnosing canine mammary tumors and the protein level was not elevated in other diseased conditions. These findings indicate that it can act as a novel molecular marker for detecting mammary tumors in canines.
ABSTRACT CSF is a major concern for the swine industry, representing currently the most epizootic... more ABSTRACT CSF is a major concern for the swine industry, representing currently the most epizootically dangerous disease to the species. Numerous CSFV isolates with various degrees of virulence have already been isolated worldwide, ranging from low virulent strains that do not result in any apparent clinical signs to highly virulent strains that cause a severe per acute hemorrhagic fever with very high mortality. The molecular epidemiology of CSFVs has proven to be an essential tool for effective disease control and the development of safe and effective vaccines. Therefore, this study cloned and sequenced local CSFV isolates, and conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on the E2 glycoprotein encoding sequences. The RNA was extracted from PK15 cell culture passaged CSFV isolates, the cDNA prepared, and the complete E2 gene amplified with a product size of 1186 bp. The gel purified PCR product was cloned into a pGEMT easy vector and the positive clone commercially sequenced. Aligning the nucleotide (1119 bp) and amino acid (373) sequences with 29 reference strains revealed nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of 82.60-97.80% and 88.70-98.70%, respectively, indicating a higher mutation rate of the field CSFV strains. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete E2 amino acid sequences also revealed a reliable differentiation of all the analyzed strains into specific genetic groups and subgroups, plus the local isolate (CSFV-E2) was found to cluster with the CSFV subgroup 2.2. Thus, the full-length E2 cds proved to be most suitable for a reliable and statistically significant phylogenetic analysis of CSFV isolates.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2016
Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in south Asia and Africa. Mammary gland repeated... more Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in south Asia and Africa. Mammary gland repeatedly undergoes the cycles of growth and regeneration during pregnancy, lactation and involution. It is assumed that buffalo mammary gland has mammary stem and progenitor cells that regulate gland growth and regeneration. In the present study the authors analyzed percentage of cellular composition, proliferation status and putative mammary stem/progenitor cell population. Identification of putative buffalo mammary stem/progenitor cells was attempted using immunohistochemical staining with Musashi1 (MSI1), an adult stem cell marker and fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B), a mammary stem and cancer cell marker. Immunolocalization of MSI1 and FNDC3B showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of alveolar and ductal mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and a few stromal cells. The percentage of MSI1-positive MEC in non-lactating (3.31 ± 1.11 %), lactating (2.73 ± 0.78 %) and mastitic glands (3.30 ± 0.97 %) were equivalent, indicating that the proportion of putative stem/progenitor cell population did not differ during various physiological stages. Likewise, the percentage of FNDC3B-positive MEC in non-lactating (12.40 ± 3.22 %) tended to be higher than lactating (8.19 ± 2.71 %) and mastitic glands (4.88 ± 2.37 %). In some cases, expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B was exceptionally high with high proliferative indices (37.6 ± 2.4 %)-an indication of tumor cells. This is the first report on expression of MSI1 and FNDC3B in buffalo mammary gland. Identification of buffalo mammary stem cells using MSI1 and FNDC3B requires further studies and functional validation.
Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic c... more Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The requirement of expensive micromanipulators and skilled expertise is eliminated in this technique, proving it as a major revolution in the field of embryology. During the past years, many modifications have been incorporated in this technique to boost its efficiency. This alternative approach to micromanipulator based traditional cloning (TC) works wonder in generating comparable or even higher birth rates in addition to declining costs drastically and enabling cryopreservation. This technique is not only applicable to intraspecies nuclear transfer but also to interspecies nuclear transfer (iSCNT) thus permitting conservation of endangered species. It also offers unique possibilities for automation of SCNT which aims at production of transgenic animals that can cure certain human diseases by producing therapeutics hence, providing a healthier future for the wellbeing of humans. The present review aims at highlighting certain aspects of HMC including recent advancements in procedure and factors involved in elevating its efficiency besides covering the potentials and pitfalls of this technique.
Nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR techniques were compared for rabies diagnosis in 62 biolog... more Nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR techniques were compared for rabies diagnosis in 62 biological fluid samples collected ante mortem from animals clinically suspected to be rabid. The average sensitivity of Nested RT-PCR technique obtained from fluid samples was detected as 61.68% while for TaqMan real time PCR it was 72.07%. Usage of molecular approaches for ante mortem rabies diagnosis from fluid samples lead to conclusion that body secretion (saliva, milk) and excretion (urine) can be a viable, alternative tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of rabies where standard sample collection is not feasible in aggressive rabid animals.
Mammary alveoli, composed of mammary epithelial cells, are the structural and functional units of... more Mammary alveoli, composed of mammary epithelial cells, are the structural and functional units of a mammary gland, which secrete milk into the alveolar lumen. Milk production is directly related to secretory activity and number of alveolar cells. Alternation in cellular composition, in particular alveolar cells, thus has a direct role in volume of milk secretion.We collected mammary tissues of milking water buffalo from a slaughterhouse for the purpose of evaluation of its cellular composition, proliferation status, and identification of myoepithelial cells. Out of 21 buffaloes, ~80% of mammary samples were from the dry animals (evidenced by presence of small nonsecretory epithelial cells and virgin-like state of the gland) and ~20% of samples were from the lactating animals. All the lactating animals were affected with mastitis (suggested by the presence of fibrin clots, cellular debris, and loss of alveolar epithelium), which were also confirmed by a veterinary pathologist. The fr...
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Papers by Ramneek Verma