Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, ... more Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.
ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to determine the temperature of kaolin calcination in order ... more ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to determine the temperature of kaolin calcination in order to obtain an intermediate product (metakaolin) for the synthesis of geopolymers with potential application as self-supporting zeolitic membranes. The products obtained were analysed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural analysis of the metakaolins obtained suggested that the optimal temperature for the proposed application is 700°C. After alkali activation of metakaolin, it is possible to obtain zeolite A and hydroxysodalite. The factors analysed, determining the type and quantity of crystalline phases, were activation temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (activator). The largest amounts of zeolites were obtained by alkali activation with 9 mol/dm3 NaOH solution at 70°C.
In Indonesia, the rising sugar production contributes to an increase in sugarcane bagasse waste. ... more In Indonesia, the rising sugar production contributes to an increase in sugarcane bagasse waste. This waste can be used for environmental purposes, such as the treatment of colorants in the textile industry using mesoporous silica materials. Previous studies showed the potential of synthesizing mesoporous silica from agricultural waste including corn cob and rice husk. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential use of sugarcane bagasse as an alternative waste source for synthesizing mesoporous silica. Sugarcane bagasse ash, containing a high silica content ranging from 55.5% to 70%, served as the main silica source for synthesis. A combination of surfactant templates, Pluronic 123 (P123), and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in a ratio of 1:1, was used to obtain optimal structure, surface area, pore radius, and pore volume. These parameters were optimized to enhance the adsorption of colorants, specifically methyl blue commonly found in textile waste. The characterization techniques used included Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized mesoporous silica showed a surface area of 323.3 m 2 /g, a pore radius of 2.437 Å, and a pore volume of 0.52 cc/g, with an adsorption capacity of 97.3%. This adsorbent product was expected to provide a cost-effective, ecofriendly source of silica suitable for various dye adsorption applications and the treatment of heavy metals in industrial waste.
This article presents the characterization of Badau Belitung kaolin after activated with NH4Cl so... more This article presents the characterization of Badau Belitung kaolin after activated with NH4Cl solution and calcined at 300, 500 and 700 °C. This study is needed to understand kaolin behavior before converted into the zeolite. Badau Belitung kaolin was activated using NH4Cl solutions, with a molarity of 0.5, 1, and 2 M, and then stirred for 24 h. This activation was done to remove the impurities of the Belitung kaolin, such as iron and titanium. After the activation, the kaolin was neutralized and dried. The dried kaolin calcined at 300, 500, and 700 °C. These samples were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to gather information on how the calcination temperatures were affecting the samples’ characteristics. This article also presents the loss of ignition (LoI) percentages after the calcination processes. The results of this study indicated that metakaolin starting to form at 500 °C, and at the temperature of 700 °C, the kaolin fully transformed into metakaolin.
In order to evaluate the applicability of biodegradable base-oil lubricants for railway applicati... more In order to evaluate the applicability of biodegradable base-oil lubricants for railway applications, the influence of UV(ultraviolet)-B light (280-320 nm) on oxidation stability and the tribological performance of rapeseed oil (RO) have been investigated. Antioxidant free RO was oxidized immediately under UV-B irradiation at moderate temperature. Three sterically hindered phenolic-type antioxidants, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and 2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol were tested in order to increase the oxidation stability of RO. Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) was the most effective, prolonging the oxidation induction time from 3 h of RO to 40 h. The tribological performance of RO could be improved by the addition of metallic detergent (Ca-alkylsalicylate-CaCO 3) and was stable against the UV-B irradiation.
Jaminan mutu hasil pengujian laboratorium yang dapat menentukan kompetensi laboratorium, antara l... more Jaminan mutu hasil pengujian laboratorium yang dapat menentukan kompetensi laboratorium, antara lain dari hasil uji banding antar laboratorium atau uji profesiensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi presisi dan akurasi data hasil uji dalam rangka penjaminan mutu laboratorium. Penelitian ini mengambil kasus penyelenggaraan uji profesiensi pelumas yaitu Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Proficiency Testing Programme yang diselenggarakan oleh Komite Akreditasi Nasional bekerjasama dengan PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS” pada tahun 2014 dengan parameter uji meliputi Viskositas Kinematik pada 40 o C dan 100 o C, Viskositas pada Suhu Rendah (Metode CCS), Angka Basa Total, serta Sifat Penguapan (Metode Noack). Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa data hasil uji yang tidak memuaskan untuk parameter viskositas 40 o C dan 100 o C masing-masing adalah 19,51% dan 10.26%, TBN 8,00%, CCS 5,56% dan untuk Sifat Penguapan (Metode Noack) seluruhnya memuaskan. Sedangkan %RSD paling rendah adalah viskositas kinematik pada 40 o C sebesar 0,5516 dan %RSD paling tinggi yaitu sifat penguapan metode noack sebesar 7,048. Data hasil uji dengan nilai %RSD kecil mempunyai tingkat presisi dan akurasi yang lebih baik, sehingga kumpulan data tersebut sangat sensitif terhadap perbedaan nilai dan mudah masuk dalam kategori outlier. Faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi presisi dan akurasi data adalah pemilihan metode uji, kompetensi personil, kalibrasi atau verifikasi alat uji serta penggunaan bahan kimia yang tepat. Presisi dan akurasi data hasil uji menentukan tingkat kompetensi laboratorium, hal ini dapat dicapai apabila sistem manajemen mutu telah diimplementasikan secara efektif dan konsisten. The competence of a laboratory is supported by its quality assurance which is affected, the results of interlaboratory comparisons or profi ciency testing. The objective of this study to determine the factors that affect the precision and accuracy of test result data in the framework of laboratory quality assurance. This study was carried out using the case of lubricants profi ciency testing namely Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Proficiency Testing Programme organized by the National Accreditation Committee in cooperation with PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS” in 2014, profi ciency testing parameters include Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C and 100°C, Viscosity at Low Temperature (CCS Method), Total Base Number (TBN), and Evaporation Loss (Noack Method). The evaluation of the results indicate that the test results which are not satisfactory for the viscosity parameter at 40°C and 100°C are 19.51% and 10.26% respectively, TBN is 8.00%, CCS is 5.56%, whereas for evaporation loss (Noack Method), all the results are satisfactory. Whereas the lowest %RSD is kinematic viscosity at 40°C0.5516 and the highest is evaporation loss (Noack Method) 7.048. The data with lower %RSD have better precision and accuracy level, as a result the aggregate of the data are very sensitive to the value disparity. More over these data are much easier to enter the outlier category. The factors that affect the precision and accuracy data include selection test method, personnel competency, callibration or verifi cation of the equipment, and using appropriate chemical reagent. The precision and accuracy of the data indicating that the laboratory competency level are accessible, if the effectiveness and consistency of quality manajemen system have already implemented.
Jurnal Standardisasi: Majalah Ilmiah Standardisasi, Mar 6, 2018
Standar Nasional Indonesia adalah standar acuan untuk produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan di dalam ne... more Standar Nasional Indonesia adalah standar acuan untuk produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan di dalam negeri maupun untuk keperluan ekspor, dengan demikian produk dan jasa yang berasal dari luar negeri harus memenuhi SNI apabila akan dipasarkan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mutu produk yang dipasarkan, serta implementasi sistem manajemen mutu dalam rangka menjamin mutu produk. Penelitian ini mengambil kasus pemantauan mutu produk pelumas yang beredar pada tahun 2009, 2012 dan 2015 di pasaran wilayah Jabodetabek dan beberapa kota besar di Indonesia, yang dijual di SPBU maupun pengecer. Jenis pelumas yang diambil adalah minyak lumas mesin bensin empat langkah kendaraan bermotor dengan tingkat mutu unjuk kerja API SG sampai dengan API SN. Karakteristik yang dievaluasi, yaitu: Viskositas Kinematik pada 100 o C dengan ASTM D445 dan Sifat Penguapan (metode Noack) dengan ASTM D5800. Berdasarkan data hasil uji 316 buah sampel minyak lumas, persentase produk yang tidak memenuhi standar spesifikasi untuk nilai viskositas kinematik pada 100 o C adalah 1,6%, 8,9% dan 4,5% masingmasing untuk tahun 2009, 2012 dan 2015. Sedangkan untuk nilai sifat penguapan (Metode Noack) adalah 3,92% dan 1,14% masing-masing untuk tahun 2009 dan 2015. Ketidaksesuaian kualitas produk minyak lumas dengan standar spesifikasi tersebut seharusnya dapat dieliminasi apabila sistem manajemen mutu ISO 9001:2008 diterapkan secara efektif dan konsisten, karena pada setiap tahapan proses dilakukan pemantauan kualitas produk secara kontinyu. Dengan demikian dapat dipastikan bahwa kualitas produk minyak lumas yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar spesifikasi.
International Journal of Technology: IJ Tech, Oct 4, 2022
This article describes the study of synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite based on kaolin as catalysts for c... more This article describes the study of synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite based on kaolin as catalysts for catalytic cracking of heavy distillate. There are five types of formulas A, B, C, D, and E synthesized with varying the molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2/Na2O, and H2O/SiO2 and characterized by chemical compound, microstructure and catalytic performance. Three methods conducted the catalytic cracking of heavy distillate such as without catalyst, Ni-Mo commercial catalyst, and bifunctional catalyst ZSM-5 from Formula E, which was impregnated with transition metals (Ni, Mo) to be Ni-Mo/HZSM-5. The catalytical performance test result shows that, under operational conditions (~350 C, 1 MPa), middle distillate hydrocarbon is obtained by the catalytic cracking of heavy distillate using Ni-Mo commercial catalyst and Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 Formula E catalyst. When a Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 Formula E catalyst and Ni-Mo Commercial Catalyst were used in the cracking process, a light hydrocarbon fraction (C3-C5) was formed.
This is a 'preproof' accepted article for Clay Minerals. This version may be subject to change du... more This is a 'preproof' accepted article for Clay Minerals. This version may be subject to change during the production process.
Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants ... more Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants made by biodegradable materials. Biodegradable lubricants are suitable for various kinds of application, one of the promising usages is for railways. Oils or greases are applied for railways or points to keep sufficient friction coefficient or to avoid wear damage. These lubricants are “once-through” lubricants, and never recovered but defused into the earth’s surface. The oxidation of lubricants on the railways will take place because of the sunlight effect. The solar radiation at the top of earth’s atmosphere contains a significant amount of UV radiation of shorter wavelength, and therefore higher energy. This study shows that the UV-B radiation can deteriorate rapeseed oil immediately. It is showed by the results of peroxide value, total acid number and molecular weight distribution are increased with oxidation time.
Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, ... more Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.
Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, ... more Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.
ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to determine the temperature of kaolin calcination in order ... more ABSTRACTThe aim of this research was to determine the temperature of kaolin calcination in order to obtain an intermediate product (metakaolin) for the synthesis of geopolymers with potential application as self-supporting zeolitic membranes. The products obtained were analysed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural analysis of the metakaolins obtained suggested that the optimal temperature for the proposed application is 700°C. After alkali activation of metakaolin, it is possible to obtain zeolite A and hydroxysodalite. The factors analysed, determining the type and quantity of crystalline phases, were activation temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (activator). The largest amounts of zeolites were obtained by alkali activation with 9 mol/dm3 NaOH solution at 70°C.
In Indonesia, the rising sugar production contributes to an increase in sugarcane bagasse waste. ... more In Indonesia, the rising sugar production contributes to an increase in sugarcane bagasse waste. This waste can be used for environmental purposes, such as the treatment of colorants in the textile industry using mesoporous silica materials. Previous studies showed the potential of synthesizing mesoporous silica from agricultural waste including corn cob and rice husk. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential use of sugarcane bagasse as an alternative waste source for synthesizing mesoporous silica. Sugarcane bagasse ash, containing a high silica content ranging from 55.5% to 70%, served as the main silica source for synthesis. A combination of surfactant templates, Pluronic 123 (P123), and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in a ratio of 1:1, was used to obtain optimal structure, surface area, pore radius, and pore volume. These parameters were optimized to enhance the adsorption of colorants, specifically methyl blue commonly found in textile waste. The characterization techniques used included Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized mesoporous silica showed a surface area of 323.3 m 2 /g, a pore radius of 2.437 Å, and a pore volume of 0.52 cc/g, with an adsorption capacity of 97.3%. This adsorbent product was expected to provide a cost-effective, ecofriendly source of silica suitable for various dye adsorption applications and the treatment of heavy metals in industrial waste.
This article presents the characterization of Badau Belitung kaolin after activated with NH4Cl so... more This article presents the characterization of Badau Belitung kaolin after activated with NH4Cl solution and calcined at 300, 500 and 700 °C. This study is needed to understand kaolin behavior before converted into the zeolite. Badau Belitung kaolin was activated using NH4Cl solutions, with a molarity of 0.5, 1, and 2 M, and then stirred for 24 h. This activation was done to remove the impurities of the Belitung kaolin, such as iron and titanium. After the activation, the kaolin was neutralized and dried. The dried kaolin calcined at 300, 500, and 700 °C. These samples were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to gather information on how the calcination temperatures were affecting the samples’ characteristics. This article also presents the loss of ignition (LoI) percentages after the calcination processes. The results of this study indicated that metakaolin starting to form at 500 °C, and at the temperature of 700 °C, the kaolin fully transformed into metakaolin.
In order to evaluate the applicability of biodegradable base-oil lubricants for railway applicati... more In order to evaluate the applicability of biodegradable base-oil lubricants for railway applications, the influence of UV(ultraviolet)-B light (280-320 nm) on oxidation stability and the tribological performance of rapeseed oil (RO) have been investigated. Antioxidant free RO was oxidized immediately under UV-B irradiation at moderate temperature. Three sterically hindered phenolic-type antioxidants, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and 2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol were tested in order to increase the oxidation stability of RO. Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) was the most effective, prolonging the oxidation induction time from 3 h of RO to 40 h. The tribological performance of RO could be improved by the addition of metallic detergent (Ca-alkylsalicylate-CaCO 3) and was stable against the UV-B irradiation.
Jaminan mutu hasil pengujian laboratorium yang dapat menentukan kompetensi laboratorium, antara l... more Jaminan mutu hasil pengujian laboratorium yang dapat menentukan kompetensi laboratorium, antara lain dari hasil uji banding antar laboratorium atau uji profesiensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi presisi dan akurasi data hasil uji dalam rangka penjaminan mutu laboratorium. Penelitian ini mengambil kasus penyelenggaraan uji profesiensi pelumas yaitu Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Proficiency Testing Programme yang diselenggarakan oleh Komite Akreditasi Nasional bekerjasama dengan PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS” pada tahun 2014 dengan parameter uji meliputi Viskositas Kinematik pada 40 o C dan 100 o C, Viskositas pada Suhu Rendah (Metode CCS), Angka Basa Total, serta Sifat Penguapan (Metode Noack). Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa data hasil uji yang tidak memuaskan untuk parameter viskositas 40 o C dan 100 o C masing-masing adalah 19,51% dan 10.26%, TBN 8,00%, CCS 5,56% dan untuk Sifat Penguapan (Metode Noack) seluruhnya memuaskan. Sedangkan %RSD paling rendah adalah viskositas kinematik pada 40 o C sebesar 0,5516 dan %RSD paling tinggi yaitu sifat penguapan metode noack sebesar 7,048. Data hasil uji dengan nilai %RSD kecil mempunyai tingkat presisi dan akurasi yang lebih baik, sehingga kumpulan data tersebut sangat sensitif terhadap perbedaan nilai dan mudah masuk dalam kategori outlier. Faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi presisi dan akurasi data adalah pemilihan metode uji, kompetensi personil, kalibrasi atau verifikasi alat uji serta penggunaan bahan kimia yang tepat. Presisi dan akurasi data hasil uji menentukan tingkat kompetensi laboratorium, hal ini dapat dicapai apabila sistem manajemen mutu telah diimplementasikan secara efektif dan konsisten. The competence of a laboratory is supported by its quality assurance which is affected, the results of interlaboratory comparisons or profi ciency testing. The objective of this study to determine the factors that affect the precision and accuracy of test result data in the framework of laboratory quality assurance. This study was carried out using the case of lubricants profi ciency testing namely Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Proficiency Testing Programme organized by the National Accreditation Committee in cooperation with PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS” in 2014, profi ciency testing parameters include Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C and 100°C, Viscosity at Low Temperature (CCS Method), Total Base Number (TBN), and Evaporation Loss (Noack Method). The evaluation of the results indicate that the test results which are not satisfactory for the viscosity parameter at 40°C and 100°C are 19.51% and 10.26% respectively, TBN is 8.00%, CCS is 5.56%, whereas for evaporation loss (Noack Method), all the results are satisfactory. Whereas the lowest %RSD is kinematic viscosity at 40°C0.5516 and the highest is evaporation loss (Noack Method) 7.048. The data with lower %RSD have better precision and accuracy level, as a result the aggregate of the data are very sensitive to the value disparity. More over these data are much easier to enter the outlier category. The factors that affect the precision and accuracy data include selection test method, personnel competency, callibration or verifi cation of the equipment, and using appropriate chemical reagent. The precision and accuracy of the data indicating that the laboratory competency level are accessible, if the effectiveness and consistency of quality manajemen system have already implemented.
Jurnal Standardisasi: Majalah Ilmiah Standardisasi, Mar 6, 2018
Standar Nasional Indonesia adalah standar acuan untuk produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan di dalam ne... more Standar Nasional Indonesia adalah standar acuan untuk produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan di dalam negeri maupun untuk keperluan ekspor, dengan demikian produk dan jasa yang berasal dari luar negeri harus memenuhi SNI apabila akan dipasarkan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mutu produk yang dipasarkan, serta implementasi sistem manajemen mutu dalam rangka menjamin mutu produk. Penelitian ini mengambil kasus pemantauan mutu produk pelumas yang beredar pada tahun 2009, 2012 dan 2015 di pasaran wilayah Jabodetabek dan beberapa kota besar di Indonesia, yang dijual di SPBU maupun pengecer. Jenis pelumas yang diambil adalah minyak lumas mesin bensin empat langkah kendaraan bermotor dengan tingkat mutu unjuk kerja API SG sampai dengan API SN. Karakteristik yang dievaluasi, yaitu: Viskositas Kinematik pada 100 o C dengan ASTM D445 dan Sifat Penguapan (metode Noack) dengan ASTM D5800. Berdasarkan data hasil uji 316 buah sampel minyak lumas, persentase produk yang tidak memenuhi standar spesifikasi untuk nilai viskositas kinematik pada 100 o C adalah 1,6%, 8,9% dan 4,5% masingmasing untuk tahun 2009, 2012 dan 2015. Sedangkan untuk nilai sifat penguapan (Metode Noack) adalah 3,92% dan 1,14% masing-masing untuk tahun 2009 dan 2015. Ketidaksesuaian kualitas produk minyak lumas dengan standar spesifikasi tersebut seharusnya dapat dieliminasi apabila sistem manajemen mutu ISO 9001:2008 diterapkan secara efektif dan konsisten, karena pada setiap tahapan proses dilakukan pemantauan kualitas produk secara kontinyu. Dengan demikian dapat dipastikan bahwa kualitas produk minyak lumas yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar spesifikasi.
International Journal of Technology: IJ Tech, Oct 4, 2022
This article describes the study of synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite based on kaolin as catalysts for c... more This article describes the study of synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite based on kaolin as catalysts for catalytic cracking of heavy distillate. There are five types of formulas A, B, C, D, and E synthesized with varying the molar ratios of SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2/Na2O, and H2O/SiO2 and characterized by chemical compound, microstructure and catalytic performance. Three methods conducted the catalytic cracking of heavy distillate such as without catalyst, Ni-Mo commercial catalyst, and bifunctional catalyst ZSM-5 from Formula E, which was impregnated with transition metals (Ni, Mo) to be Ni-Mo/HZSM-5. The catalytical performance test result shows that, under operational conditions (~350 C, 1 MPa), middle distillate hydrocarbon is obtained by the catalytic cracking of heavy distillate using Ni-Mo commercial catalyst and Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 Formula E catalyst. When a Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 Formula E catalyst and Ni-Mo Commercial Catalyst were used in the cracking process, a light hydrocarbon fraction (C3-C5) was formed.
This is a 'preproof' accepted article for Clay Minerals. This version may be subject to change du... more This is a 'preproof' accepted article for Clay Minerals. This version may be subject to change during the production process.
Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants ... more Increasing environmental awareness led to the development of environmentally harmless lubricants made by biodegradable materials. Biodegradable lubricants are suitable for various kinds of application, one of the promising usages is for railways. Oils or greases are applied for railways or points to keep sufficient friction coefficient or to avoid wear damage. These lubricants are “once-through” lubricants, and never recovered but defused into the earth’s surface. The oxidation of lubricants on the railways will take place because of the sunlight effect. The solar radiation at the top of earth’s atmosphere contains a significant amount of UV radiation of shorter wavelength, and therefore higher energy. This study shows that the UV-B radiation can deteriorate rapeseed oil immediately. It is showed by the results of peroxide value, total acid number and molecular weight distribution are increased with oxidation time.
Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, ... more Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.
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