The complex formation between CaCl2 and the ion carrier ligands 1 and 2 was investigated with 13C... more The complex formation between CaCl2 and the ion carrier ligands 1 and 2 was investigated with 13C‐NMR. spectroscopy. In methanol as solvent, the ligands form complexes with both 1:2‐ and 1:1‐stoichiometry (Ca2+/ligand). In the latter case, apart from solvent molecules, the ligand's two amide carbonyl groups and two ether oxygenatoms probably take part in the coordination of the metal cation. In contrast, when using a non polar solvent (CDCl3), 2 forms only a complex with 1:2‐stoichiometry, whereas 1 may also form a 1:1‐complex in which the ester carbonylgroups participate in the coordination too.
Investigation of the complexing of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ with some uncharged ligands by 13C‐chem... more Investigation of the complexing of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ with some uncharged ligands by 13C‐chemical shift and spin‐lattice relaxation time measurementsThe influence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions on 13C chemical shifts and on spin‐lattice relaxation times of some electrically neutral ion carriers was investigated. In the solvents CD3CN and CD3OD and in presence of an excess of metal ions ligand 4 (see the Scheme) forms complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry. All four oxygen atoms of the ligand as well as solvent molecules take part in the coordination. In CDCl3 as solvent, for all ions investigated except sodium, only 1:2 complexes (metal/ligand) were observed with 4. Sodium ions form both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes in this solvent. In the 1:2 complexes of the investigated monovalent ions only one, in those of the divalent ions both amide carbonyl groups of ligand 4 take part in the coordination.
13C‐NMR. Studies on Ion‐Selective Liquid Membranes.A method for the 13C‐NMR. study of solvent pol... more 13C‐NMR. Studies on Ion‐Selective Liquid Membranes.A method for the 13C‐NMR. study of solvent polymeric membranes in equilibrium with aqueous salt solutions is described. Neutral ion carriers incorporated in these membranes maintain a high degree of rotational mobility. The complexation by group IA and IIA cations of macrotetrolide antibiotics as well as of carriers of the type 3,6‐dioxa‐octanedioic diamides in the membrane phase was followed by 13C‐NMR. chemical shift and spin‐lattice relaxation studies.
Investigation of the interaction of neutral carriers with ions in membranes by 13C‐NMR. and EMF.‐... more Investigation of the interaction of neutral carriers with ions in membranes by 13C‐NMR. and EMF.‐measurements.Applying a simple model, information on the interaction of neutral carriers with cations as well as on the ion pair formation may be obtained through 13C‐NMR. and potentiometric studies of PVC‐supported ion selective liquidmembranes in contact with aqueous solutions. The results indicate that carriers for K+ (nonactin) and synthetic ionophores for Ca2+ show an association of the carrier‐complexes with lipophilic anions. The extent of complex formation of the carrier in the presence of lipophilic anions in the sample solution is in agreement with earlier interpretations of the anion interference of cation selective liquid‐membrane electrodes.
Are the relations between citizens and politicians in a strictly representative democracy (RD, e.... more Are the relations between citizens and politicians in a strictly representative democracy (RD, e.g. Finland) different from those in a democracy which combines representative and well-designed direct democracy (DD, e.g. Switzerland)? In which ways do the two political systems contribute to the formation of the personality structure (habitus) and of the collective ideas and images of the two groups? What influence do RD and DD have on the self-esteem and political competence, as well as on the representations of political competence, of politicians and citizens? On what kind of image of the human being are they based?
Page 1. 202 Rolf Büchi Local popular votes in Finland procedures and experiences Rolf Büchi It... more Page 1. 202 Rolf Büchi Local popular votes in Finland procedures and experiences Rolf Büchi It [the political system in Finland] is perhaps the best in the world. Paavo Lipponen, former Prime Minister and Speaker of the Finnish Parliament. Helsingin Sano-mat 13.3.2007 ...
The Jura conflict provides a useful example for studying the impact of modern direct democracy in... more The Jura conflict provides a useful example for studying the impact of modern direct democracy in a conflictual established-outsiders relationship. The first part of this article examines the functions and effects of direct democracy in general and in theory. When considering the effects of direct democracy on politics, the formation of state and society, the political habitus, and the public sphere, it is important to distinguish between the different types of procedures – initiative, referendum, plebiscite – and the different forms that they can take. Against false accusations of tyranny levelled at direct democracy, it must be stressed that well-designed direct democracy makes decision-making more democratic. This is not to deny the possibility and existence of abuse of democratic power; however, abuse should be attributed to the real causes. The second part of this article looks at the Jura conflict as an example of how direct democracy has worked in practice. In the course of the Jura conflict direct democracy turned out to be an indispensable tool of conflict regulation, and indeed conflict resolution, which is still ongoing. In describing the events emphasis is placed on the role played by direct democracy, its functions and effects in practice against the background set out in the first part of the article. The Jura conflict shows that there is a democratic alternative to (ethnic) nationalism. Whatever the ultimate solution will be, it has to pass the test of a democratic decision at the ballot box by all the citizens of the region. To begin with, however, it is necessary to clarify the concept of direct democracy.
Direct democracy is experiencing a new surge in popularity in Europe and across the world. Today ... more Direct democracy is experiencing a new surge in popularity in Europe and across the world. Today there is a demand for introducing direct democracy not only at the level of the individual nation state, but also at the transnational European level. In different times and at different places direct democracy has had its moments like in revolutionary France in 1792-3, in Switzerland in 1831 and the 1860s, in France, Italy, UK, USA at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in Uruguay before and after military dictatorship, after the Cold war in Germany and Eastern Europe, and today also in Latin America and Asia. At whatever time and place direct democracy has been going up, it has been resisted on the same old grounds by those in power and their supporters. Since the beginnings of modern democracy, times and circumstances have changed. Modern democracy began as an idea (remember Jean-Jacques Rousseau), but today we can look back on 200 years of practical experience with it. Yet even today many of the debates on direct democracy appear as variations and reformulations in a long repetitive cycle of the same arguments against it. Some of them have been used against democracy and against the extension of the male franchise, as well as against equal political rights for women. This "old debate" is a debate for and against direct democracy of which many instances can be named: the Federalist Papers (1787/88), the debates in Switzerland in 1831, in the 1860s and early 1970s, Karl Kautsky's book Parlamentarismus und Demokratie (1893 (1911)), the many debates around 1900 in Europe, which Pierre Rosanvallon called "le moment Suisse", the debate between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey in the 1920s, and countless reports and articles up till today (for an instructive recent article against direct democracy see Peter Kellner, Down with people power, in: Prospect 4 July 2009; www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/07/downwithpeoplepower/).
Que signifie le système RIC et comment instituer des procédures qui fonctionnent? RIC = référendu... more Que signifie le système RIC et comment instituer des procédures qui fonctionnent? RIC = référendums d’initiative citoyennes
The complex formation between CaCl2 and the ion carrier ligands 1 and 2 was investigated with 13C... more The complex formation between CaCl2 and the ion carrier ligands 1 and 2 was investigated with 13C‐NMR. spectroscopy. In methanol as solvent, the ligands form complexes with both 1:2‐ and 1:1‐stoichiometry (Ca2+/ligand). In the latter case, apart from solvent molecules, the ligand's two amide carbonyl groups and two ether oxygenatoms probably take part in the coordination of the metal cation. In contrast, when using a non polar solvent (CDCl3), 2 forms only a complex with 1:2‐stoichiometry, whereas 1 may also form a 1:1‐complex in which the ester carbonylgroups participate in the coordination too.
Investigation of the complexing of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ with some uncharged ligands by 13C‐chem... more Investigation of the complexing of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ with some uncharged ligands by 13C‐chemical shift and spin‐lattice relaxation time measurementsThe influence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions on 13C chemical shifts and on spin‐lattice relaxation times of some electrically neutral ion carriers was investigated. In the solvents CD3CN and CD3OD and in presence of an excess of metal ions ligand 4 (see the Scheme) forms complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry. All four oxygen atoms of the ligand as well as solvent molecules take part in the coordination. In CDCl3 as solvent, for all ions investigated except sodium, only 1:2 complexes (metal/ligand) were observed with 4. Sodium ions form both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes in this solvent. In the 1:2 complexes of the investigated monovalent ions only one, in those of the divalent ions both amide carbonyl groups of ligand 4 take part in the coordination.
13C‐NMR. Studies on Ion‐Selective Liquid Membranes.A method for the 13C‐NMR. study of solvent pol... more 13C‐NMR. Studies on Ion‐Selective Liquid Membranes.A method for the 13C‐NMR. study of solvent polymeric membranes in equilibrium with aqueous salt solutions is described. Neutral ion carriers incorporated in these membranes maintain a high degree of rotational mobility. The complexation by group IA and IIA cations of macrotetrolide antibiotics as well as of carriers of the type 3,6‐dioxa‐octanedioic diamides in the membrane phase was followed by 13C‐NMR. chemical shift and spin‐lattice relaxation studies.
Investigation of the interaction of neutral carriers with ions in membranes by 13C‐NMR. and EMF.‐... more Investigation of the interaction of neutral carriers with ions in membranes by 13C‐NMR. and EMF.‐measurements.Applying a simple model, information on the interaction of neutral carriers with cations as well as on the ion pair formation may be obtained through 13C‐NMR. and potentiometric studies of PVC‐supported ion selective liquidmembranes in contact with aqueous solutions. The results indicate that carriers for K+ (nonactin) and synthetic ionophores for Ca2+ show an association of the carrier‐complexes with lipophilic anions. The extent of complex formation of the carrier in the presence of lipophilic anions in the sample solution is in agreement with earlier interpretations of the anion interference of cation selective liquid‐membrane electrodes.
Are the relations between citizens and politicians in a strictly representative democracy (RD, e.... more Are the relations between citizens and politicians in a strictly representative democracy (RD, e.g. Finland) different from those in a democracy which combines representative and well-designed direct democracy (DD, e.g. Switzerland)? In which ways do the two political systems contribute to the formation of the personality structure (habitus) and of the collective ideas and images of the two groups? What influence do RD and DD have on the self-esteem and political competence, as well as on the representations of political competence, of politicians and citizens? On what kind of image of the human being are they based?
Page 1. 202 Rolf Büchi Local popular votes in Finland procedures and experiences Rolf Büchi It... more Page 1. 202 Rolf Büchi Local popular votes in Finland procedures and experiences Rolf Büchi It [the political system in Finland] is perhaps the best in the world. Paavo Lipponen, former Prime Minister and Speaker of the Finnish Parliament. Helsingin Sano-mat 13.3.2007 ...
The Jura conflict provides a useful example for studying the impact of modern direct democracy in... more The Jura conflict provides a useful example for studying the impact of modern direct democracy in a conflictual established-outsiders relationship. The first part of this article examines the functions and effects of direct democracy in general and in theory. When considering the effects of direct democracy on politics, the formation of state and society, the political habitus, and the public sphere, it is important to distinguish between the different types of procedures – initiative, referendum, plebiscite – and the different forms that they can take. Against false accusations of tyranny levelled at direct democracy, it must be stressed that well-designed direct democracy makes decision-making more democratic. This is not to deny the possibility and existence of abuse of democratic power; however, abuse should be attributed to the real causes. The second part of this article looks at the Jura conflict as an example of how direct democracy has worked in practice. In the course of the Jura conflict direct democracy turned out to be an indispensable tool of conflict regulation, and indeed conflict resolution, which is still ongoing. In describing the events emphasis is placed on the role played by direct democracy, its functions and effects in practice against the background set out in the first part of the article. The Jura conflict shows that there is a democratic alternative to (ethnic) nationalism. Whatever the ultimate solution will be, it has to pass the test of a democratic decision at the ballot box by all the citizens of the region. To begin with, however, it is necessary to clarify the concept of direct democracy.
Direct democracy is experiencing a new surge in popularity in Europe and across the world. Today ... more Direct democracy is experiencing a new surge in popularity in Europe and across the world. Today there is a demand for introducing direct democracy not only at the level of the individual nation state, but also at the transnational European level. In different times and at different places direct democracy has had its moments like in revolutionary France in 1792-3, in Switzerland in 1831 and the 1860s, in France, Italy, UK, USA at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in Uruguay before and after military dictatorship, after the Cold war in Germany and Eastern Europe, and today also in Latin America and Asia. At whatever time and place direct democracy has been going up, it has been resisted on the same old grounds by those in power and their supporters. Since the beginnings of modern democracy, times and circumstances have changed. Modern democracy began as an idea (remember Jean-Jacques Rousseau), but today we can look back on 200 years of practical experience with it. Yet even today many of the debates on direct democracy appear as variations and reformulations in a long repetitive cycle of the same arguments against it. Some of them have been used against democracy and against the extension of the male franchise, as well as against equal political rights for women. This "old debate" is a debate for and against direct democracy of which many instances can be named: the Federalist Papers (1787/88), the debates in Switzerland in 1831, in the 1860s and early 1970s, Karl Kautsky's book Parlamentarismus und Demokratie (1893 (1911)), the many debates around 1900 in Europe, which Pierre Rosanvallon called "le moment Suisse", the debate between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey in the 1920s, and countless reports and articles up till today (for an instructive recent article against direct democracy see Peter Kellner, Down with people power, in: Prospect 4 July 2009; www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/07/downwithpeoplepower/).
Que signifie le système RIC et comment instituer des procédures qui fonctionnent? RIC = référendu... more Que signifie le système RIC et comment instituer des procédures qui fonctionnent? RIC = référendums d’initiative citoyennes
Seuraavat luvut kirjassa "Kansan Valta":
Johdanto - Mitä on suora demokratia? (Saara Ilvessalo, ... more Seuraavat luvut kirjassa "Kansan Valta":
Johdanto - Mitä on suora demokratia? (Saara Ilvessalo, Henrik Jaakkola, Rolf Buechi)
Faktat pöytään, ihmiset pöydän ympärille (Artikkeli kertoo, kuinka suora demokratia toimii taistelussa vesihuollon yksityistämistä vastaan Saksassa, Italiassa ja Uruguayssa.)
Kansanäänestysmenettelyjen luokittelu (suoran demokratian typologia)
The Guidebook’s main focus is on Switzerland which has the most extensive practice of direct demo... more The Guidebook’s main focus is on Switzerland which has the most extensive practice of direct democracy for the longest period of time. The twelve essays present a concept of direct democracy in its various dimensions. The many factsheets and the concluding surveys on direct democracy worldwide provide additional information and material for a deeper understanding of direct democracy.
Współpraca: Szwajcarskie Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Zdjęcie na okładce: bna hdzimmermann, h... more Współpraca: Szwajcarskie Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Zdjęcie na okładce: bna hdzimmermann, http://flic.kr/p/bTk4zz Polskie wydanie książki powstało w ramach projektu "My Obywatele" we współpracy z Siecią 118. Projekt współfinansowany przez Szwajcarię w ramach szwajcarskiego programu współpracy z nowymi krajami członkowskimi UE. Spis treści Przedmowa prezydent Szwajcarii / 4 Demokracja prawdziwie reprezentatywna / 7 Rok decyzji / 21 Obywatele w centrum polityki / 30 Powrót do przyszłości / 40 Tyle centralizacji, ile to konieczne / 51 Kraj zadowolonych przegranych / 61 Demokracja zamiast nacjonalizmu / 70 Mit niekompetentnego obywatela / 80 Na głos! / 91 Wartość dodana demokracji / 98 Jakość demokracji bezpośredniej / 107 Granice demokracji bezpośredniej / 119 Świat demokracji bezpośredniej / 132
Kirja valaisee suoran demokratian konseptin ja toiminnan eri ulottuvuuksia Sveitsin esimerkin avu... more Kirja valaisee suoran demokratian konseptin ja toiminnan eri ulottuvuuksia Sveitsin esimerkin avulla. Se sisältää esseitä, jotka ovat ilmestyneet englanniksi kirjassa Guidebook to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond (2010 edition). Esseiden lisäksi on Siboné Orozan kirjoittama luku Helsingin kaupunkimetsäliikkeestä ja Rolf Büchin kirjoittama luku Suomessako suora demokratia? sekä lopuksi Katsaus suoran demokratian maailmanlaajuiseen tilaan. Esseitä ja Katsauksen on kääntänyt Irina Kyllönen.
Tämän kirjan tarkoituksena on osallistua demokratiakeskusteluun, jossa punnitaan erilaisia kansal... more Tämän kirjan tarkoituksena on osallistua demokratiakeskusteluun, jossa punnitaan erilaisia kansalaisten osallistumisen tapoja demokratian toteuttamiseksi. Keskeisiä teemoja ovat kansanäänestys ja suora demokratia. Kirja on puheenvuoro suoran demokratian puolesta. Osallistava demokratia tarkoittaa tässä kirjassa modernia, hyvin toimivalla suoralla demokratialla täydennettyä edustuksellista demokratiaa. Sana ’osallistava’ tuo hyvin esiin sen, että kyseessä on demokratian tyyppi, joka tukee ihmisten aktiivista osallistumista politiikkaan ja sitoutumista demokratian periaatteisiin. Ihmisiä ei kuitenkaan pakoteta olemaan aktiivisia, vaan heillä on siihen oikeus ja mahdollisuus.
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PAPERS by Rolf Buchi
Johdanto - Mitä on suora demokratia? (Saara Ilvessalo, Henrik Jaakkola, Rolf Buechi)
Faktat pöytään, ihmiset pöydän ympärille (Artikkeli kertoo, kuinka suora demokratia toimii taistelussa vesihuollon yksityistämistä vastaan Saksassa, Italiassa ja Uruguayssa.)
Kansanäänestysmenettelyjen luokittelu (suoran demokratian typologia)