Buku ini ditulis untuk memahami tatanan fundamental anusia menurut pandangan Freud. Di bagian awa... more Buku ini ditulis untuk memahami tatanan fundamental anusia menurut pandangan Freud. Di bagian awal, buku ini memberi pengantar mengenai kehidupan Freud, dasar keputusan Freud menekuni psikoanalisis berikut pemikir yang mempengaruhi dalam penulisan karya-karyanya. Di bagian akhir buku ini akan menjawab pertanyaan mengenai cara Freud mendefinisikan manusia atau epistemologi Freud dalam mengonseptualisasi manusia
This research aims to: (1) understand the various forms of stigma and social exclusion toward the... more This research aims to: (1) understand the various forms of stigma and social exclusion toward the wives of those convicted of terrorism, (2) understand the psychological impact of stigma and social exclusion toward the wives, (3) understand the coping mechanism of the wives toward stigma and social exclusion. The all Muslim participants were 24 wives of terror convicts or former convicts who lived in East Java, Central Java, and West Java. The data were collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), whereas interpretative psychological analysis were used to explore the participants’ experience. Results of the study show that participants were stigmatized as “terrorist,” and “ISIS.” As a result, they received verbal abuse both directly and indirectly as well as threats of physical violence. The psychological impact felt by participants were a deep sense of shame and trauma. Three participants often still regret the situation although their husbands’ arrest happened 3 ...
Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 2018
In regard to the rise of Islamic terrorism and fundamentalism, this paper aims to (1) explore the... more In regard to the rise of Islamic terrorism and fundamentalism, this paper aims to (1) explore the ways in changing jihadists' mind and behavior; that is, by guiding them away from “war situation” and by persuading them to conduct good deeds and to relate Islam to daily life such as by giving sermons on peace or helping others. To the convicted terrorists, the authors present the project findings showing that developing dialogs about humanity and peace could increase the level of cognitive complexity through which it can lead them to be more positive to others. (2) The authors also discuss religious fundamentalism and how to deal with it. Two studies revealed that although eliminating religious fundamentalism is almost not possible, there are still ways to lead them to have positive perceptions toward other religious groups. One of them is to make the fundamentalists believe that Muslims and Islam perceive non-Muslims in a positive way, instead of in a negative way.
Using social psychological perspectives, this paper aims to (1) explore how communism was sociall... more Using social psychological perspectives, this paper aims to (1) explore how communism was socially constructed in Indonesia and why communism attributes labeled to a person can lead to negative effects, such as social exclusions. (2) After that, it presents findings of our study explaining that reminding people that human is naturally good and kind can reduce the negative effects of the communism stigma. (3) This chapter also discusses issues of past maltreatments to people labeled as communists in Indonesia, and why asking the government to apologize on behalf of Indonesians has not succeeded so far – the government refuses to apologize. To this matter, it is argued that as a start, what can be done is apologizing to the victims of violence and injustice because of the communist party of Indonesia (PKI) stigma, and the offsprings who don’t know the political turbulence. From here, it may be possible that the truth can slowly be revealed.
This paper presents an analysis of interviews of participants in a political manifestation in Ind... more This paper presents an analysis of interviews of participants in a political manifestation in Indonesia about the reasons for the rally and the resulting riot. The rally was held in the middle of the Jakarta gubernatorial election, against a non-Muslim incumbent who was accused of having insulted the Quran. We argue that there is a deep relationship between social identities and religion, which has implications for societal togetherness and political freedom. Using a snowball technique, we interviewed 16 Muslims who had participated in this rally. The findings suggest that 1) even though the rally was held in the middle of an election, the demonstrators denied that the rally was politically motivated; 2) Those demonstrators who thought that intruders had infiltrated the rally, maintained that the intruders are to be held responsible for any violence, but not the ‘actual’ participants. 3) Interviewees claimed that their actions were not motivated by anti-Chinese prejudice, although t...
Conducted in Indonesia, this study analyzes how a religious group accused of being heretical ende... more Conducted in Indonesia, this study analyzes how a religious group accused of being heretical ended up receiving threats and a number of violent reactions, a situation in which the victims were considered to have caused the violence. The study presented here focused on this case of the Ahmadiyya, a minority Muslim group in Indonesia that are the most frequently reported as being victims of violence. In total, 309 Sunni Muslims participated in filling out open-ended questions, and 10 Sunni Muslims (all male) participated in interviews discussing the Ahmadiyya and interreligious groups. We found that a substantial number of majority Sunni Muslims think that the values of the Ahmadiyya group are incompatible with common, mainstream Muslim values. As a consequence, their existence is considered a threat and a disruption to the Muslim community. Therefore, violence is justified if the group insists upon continuing their religious activities. In the eyes of these Sunni Muslims, Ahmadiyya members undermine the coherence within the Muslim community, and occurrence of violence against Ahmadiyya members is thus thought to be the victim’s own fault.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 2019
Since 1965, in Indonesia, people labelled as communists and their descendants have been mistreate... more Since 1965, in Indonesia, people labelled as communists and their descendants have been mistreated. Recently, there has been an issue to apologize to them, but up until now, no official apology has been offered by the Indonesian government. The present study aims to understand how communism is perceived in Indonesia and why communism attributes labelled to a person can lead to negative effects, such as social exclusions. We interviewed 23 Muslims living in Jakarta (i.e., majority group) and used a thematic analysis to organize and describe the data. We found that Muslims who see communists as non‐believers view communist members as dangerous and a threat for the unity of the Republic of Indonesia. Among participants with such beliefs, the past maltreatments to accused communists are justified and legitimate; any apology toward the victims is considered not needed. The findings are discussed in the context of collective blaming and group essentialization, and ways to solve the proble...
Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic ... more Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic beliefs and practices. Here we examine how the diversity of beliefs and practices among Indonesian Muslims relates to group bonding and parochialism. In particular, we examine the predictive power of two distinct types of group alignment, group identification and identity fusion, among individuals from three Sunni politico-religious groups - a fundamentalist group (PKS), a moderate group (NU), and a control sample of politically unaffiliated citizens. Fundamentalists were more fused to targets than moderates or citizens, but contrary to fusion theory, we found across all groups, that group identification (not fusion) better predicted parochialism, including willingness to carry out extreme pro-group actions. We discuss how religious beliefs and practice impact parochial attitudes, as well as the implications for theoretical models linking fusion to extreme behaviour.
Located in Indonesia, the aim of the present study was to test the dynamics of integrative comple... more Located in Indonesia, the aim of the present study was to test the dynamics of integrative complexity of convicted terrorists in a series of dialogs set by the researchers. It was expected that if the meeting containing ideas related to humanity, peace, and intergroup harmony could be able to make the attendees stay until the end, cognitive complexity of the last meeting would be higher than the first meeting. Fifty nine statements were randomly collected from thirty eight convicted terrorists who participated in the meeting. The statements, then, were scored based on the level of cognitive complexity. A measure of cognitive complexity showed significant (Wilks’ Lambda = .748, F (3, 56) = 6.30, p < .001, partial eta2 = .252) increase during the process of the four meetings; compared to meeting 1, the level of integrative complexity in meeting 2, 3, and 4 were consistently higher. The findings indicate the possibility to increase the level of integrative complexity of the members ...
Terorisme menjadi salah satu topik yang banyak dikaji oleh ilmu psikologi setidaknya satu setenga... more Terorisme menjadi salah satu topik yang banyak dikaji oleh ilmu psikologi setidaknya satu setengah dasawarsa terakhir. Berbagai penelitian telah menjelaskan motivasi, kecenderungan kepribadian, dan struktur berpikir para teroris. Namun penelitian terhadap istri teroris belum banyak dilakukan. Istri teroris adalah individu yang tidak selalu memiliki pemikiran sama dengan suami. Meskipun memiliki kepatuhan yang tinggi, tidak semuanya mengadopsi faham suami. Ada istri yang lebih inklusif, ada pula yang lebih radikal dari suami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana istri memaknai tindakan teror suami. Apakah mereka membenarkan atau menyalahkan. Pemaknaan istri sekaligus dapat mendeskripsikan apakah mereka setuju atau menolak tindakan teror. Partisipan penelitian adalah 4 istri narapidana teror (napiter) di Jakarta, Semarang, dan Cilacap. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode wawancara dan <em>qualitative</em> <em>thematic</em> &...
Buku ini ditulis untuk memahami tatanan fundamental anusia menurut pandangan Freud. Di bagian awa... more Buku ini ditulis untuk memahami tatanan fundamental anusia menurut pandangan Freud. Di bagian awal, buku ini memberi pengantar mengenai kehidupan Freud, dasar keputusan Freud menekuni psikoanalisis berikut pemikir yang mempengaruhi dalam penulisan karya-karyanya. Di bagian akhir buku ini akan menjawab pertanyaan mengenai cara Freud mendefinisikan manusia atau epistemologi Freud dalam mengonseptualisasi manusia
This research aims to: (1) understand the various forms of stigma and social exclusion toward the... more This research aims to: (1) understand the various forms of stigma and social exclusion toward the wives of those convicted of terrorism, (2) understand the psychological impact of stigma and social exclusion toward the wives, (3) understand the coping mechanism of the wives toward stigma and social exclusion. The all Muslim participants were 24 wives of terror convicts or former convicts who lived in East Java, Central Java, and West Java. The data were collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), whereas interpretative psychological analysis were used to explore the participants’ experience. Results of the study show that participants were stigmatized as “terrorist,” and “ISIS.” As a result, they received verbal abuse both directly and indirectly as well as threats of physical violence. The psychological impact felt by participants were a deep sense of shame and trauma. Three participants often still regret the situation although their husbands’ arrest happened 3 ...
Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 2018
In regard to the rise of Islamic terrorism and fundamentalism, this paper aims to (1) explore the... more In regard to the rise of Islamic terrorism and fundamentalism, this paper aims to (1) explore the ways in changing jihadists' mind and behavior; that is, by guiding them away from “war situation” and by persuading them to conduct good deeds and to relate Islam to daily life such as by giving sermons on peace or helping others. To the convicted terrorists, the authors present the project findings showing that developing dialogs about humanity and peace could increase the level of cognitive complexity through which it can lead them to be more positive to others. (2) The authors also discuss religious fundamentalism and how to deal with it. Two studies revealed that although eliminating religious fundamentalism is almost not possible, there are still ways to lead them to have positive perceptions toward other religious groups. One of them is to make the fundamentalists believe that Muslims and Islam perceive non-Muslims in a positive way, instead of in a negative way.
Using social psychological perspectives, this paper aims to (1) explore how communism was sociall... more Using social psychological perspectives, this paper aims to (1) explore how communism was socially constructed in Indonesia and why communism attributes labeled to a person can lead to negative effects, such as social exclusions. (2) After that, it presents findings of our study explaining that reminding people that human is naturally good and kind can reduce the negative effects of the communism stigma. (3) This chapter also discusses issues of past maltreatments to people labeled as communists in Indonesia, and why asking the government to apologize on behalf of Indonesians has not succeeded so far – the government refuses to apologize. To this matter, it is argued that as a start, what can be done is apologizing to the victims of violence and injustice because of the communist party of Indonesia (PKI) stigma, and the offsprings who don’t know the political turbulence. From here, it may be possible that the truth can slowly be revealed.
This paper presents an analysis of interviews of participants in a political manifestation in Ind... more This paper presents an analysis of interviews of participants in a political manifestation in Indonesia about the reasons for the rally and the resulting riot. The rally was held in the middle of the Jakarta gubernatorial election, against a non-Muslim incumbent who was accused of having insulted the Quran. We argue that there is a deep relationship between social identities and religion, which has implications for societal togetherness and political freedom. Using a snowball technique, we interviewed 16 Muslims who had participated in this rally. The findings suggest that 1) even though the rally was held in the middle of an election, the demonstrators denied that the rally was politically motivated; 2) Those demonstrators who thought that intruders had infiltrated the rally, maintained that the intruders are to be held responsible for any violence, but not the ‘actual’ participants. 3) Interviewees claimed that their actions were not motivated by anti-Chinese prejudice, although t...
Conducted in Indonesia, this study analyzes how a religious group accused of being heretical ende... more Conducted in Indonesia, this study analyzes how a religious group accused of being heretical ended up receiving threats and a number of violent reactions, a situation in which the victims were considered to have caused the violence. The study presented here focused on this case of the Ahmadiyya, a minority Muslim group in Indonesia that are the most frequently reported as being victims of violence. In total, 309 Sunni Muslims participated in filling out open-ended questions, and 10 Sunni Muslims (all male) participated in interviews discussing the Ahmadiyya and interreligious groups. We found that a substantial number of majority Sunni Muslims think that the values of the Ahmadiyya group are incompatible with common, mainstream Muslim values. As a consequence, their existence is considered a threat and a disruption to the Muslim community. Therefore, violence is justified if the group insists upon continuing their religious activities. In the eyes of these Sunni Muslims, Ahmadiyya members undermine the coherence within the Muslim community, and occurrence of violence against Ahmadiyya members is thus thought to be the victim’s own fault.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 2019
Since 1965, in Indonesia, people labelled as communists and their descendants have been mistreate... more Since 1965, in Indonesia, people labelled as communists and their descendants have been mistreated. Recently, there has been an issue to apologize to them, but up until now, no official apology has been offered by the Indonesian government. The present study aims to understand how communism is perceived in Indonesia and why communism attributes labelled to a person can lead to negative effects, such as social exclusions. We interviewed 23 Muslims living in Jakarta (i.e., majority group) and used a thematic analysis to organize and describe the data. We found that Muslims who see communists as non‐believers view communist members as dangerous and a threat for the unity of the Republic of Indonesia. Among participants with such beliefs, the past maltreatments to accused communists are justified and legitimate; any apology toward the victims is considered not needed. The findings are discussed in the context of collective blaming and group essentialization, and ways to solve the proble...
Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic ... more Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic beliefs and practices. Here we examine how the diversity of beliefs and practices among Indonesian Muslims relates to group bonding and parochialism. In particular, we examine the predictive power of two distinct types of group alignment, group identification and identity fusion, among individuals from three Sunni politico-religious groups - a fundamentalist group (PKS), a moderate group (NU), and a control sample of politically unaffiliated citizens. Fundamentalists were more fused to targets than moderates or citizens, but contrary to fusion theory, we found across all groups, that group identification (not fusion) better predicted parochialism, including willingness to carry out extreme pro-group actions. We discuss how religious beliefs and practice impact parochial attitudes, as well as the implications for theoretical models linking fusion to extreme behaviour.
Located in Indonesia, the aim of the present study was to test the dynamics of integrative comple... more Located in Indonesia, the aim of the present study was to test the dynamics of integrative complexity of convicted terrorists in a series of dialogs set by the researchers. It was expected that if the meeting containing ideas related to humanity, peace, and intergroup harmony could be able to make the attendees stay until the end, cognitive complexity of the last meeting would be higher than the first meeting. Fifty nine statements were randomly collected from thirty eight convicted terrorists who participated in the meeting. The statements, then, were scored based on the level of cognitive complexity. A measure of cognitive complexity showed significant (Wilks’ Lambda = .748, F (3, 56) = 6.30, p < .001, partial eta2 = .252) increase during the process of the four meetings; compared to meeting 1, the level of integrative complexity in meeting 2, 3, and 4 were consistently higher. The findings indicate the possibility to increase the level of integrative complexity of the members ...
Terorisme menjadi salah satu topik yang banyak dikaji oleh ilmu psikologi setidaknya satu setenga... more Terorisme menjadi salah satu topik yang banyak dikaji oleh ilmu psikologi setidaknya satu setengah dasawarsa terakhir. Berbagai penelitian telah menjelaskan motivasi, kecenderungan kepribadian, dan struktur berpikir para teroris. Namun penelitian terhadap istri teroris belum banyak dilakukan. Istri teroris adalah individu yang tidak selalu memiliki pemikiran sama dengan suami. Meskipun memiliki kepatuhan yang tinggi, tidak semuanya mengadopsi faham suami. Ada istri yang lebih inklusif, ada pula yang lebih radikal dari suami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana istri memaknai tindakan teror suami. Apakah mereka membenarkan atau menyalahkan. Pemaknaan istri sekaligus dapat mendeskripsikan apakah mereka setuju atau menolak tindakan teror. Partisipan penelitian adalah 4 istri narapidana teror (napiter) di Jakarta, Semarang, dan Cilacap. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode wawancara dan <em>qualitative</em> <em>thematic</em> &...
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