Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when... more Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers. This phenomenon, called number forms, shares three key characteristics with the other types of synaesthesiae, within-individual consistency, between-individual variety, and mixture of regularity and randomness. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether mental number lines of non-synaesthetes share the properties above.
We propose a connectionist model that can learn the pronunciation of words by imitation. The mode... more We propose a connectionist model that can learn the pronunciation of words by imitation. The model “hears” the pronunciation of words (sequences of phonemes) and develops a static internal representation of phonology. It then tries to reproduce the pronunciation from the internal representation. We trained the model to imitate the pronunciation of 3,684 English monosyllabic words. After 15 million training trials, the network achieved a 99.2% correct response. To simulate the process of the serial recall of words or nonwords, we added a subsystem called a temporary maintenance module. This module preserves the phonological internal representation by using a Hebbian one-shot algorithm to transform the activation pattern to a connection pattern. The model could reproduce the effect of the phonotactic probability on a serial recall task done by human children. The result of the simulation implies that our model can explain the effect of long-term memory on the phonological working memory.
Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This ph... more Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This phenomenon is called serial dependence. However, it remains unclear whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing. We examined the effects of serial dependence when participants estimated the total number of coins or the monetary value of coins displayed and found attractive effects in both tasks. The attractive effect observed in the value estimation task suggests that serial dependence occurs through higher-order cognitive processes during calculation. We also examined the effect of response history (i.e., the responses of participants on previous trials), with multiple regression analyses that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the previous stimuli and responses. In both number and value estimation tasks, the immediately prior response had an attractive effect on current responses, while the immediately prior stimuli exerted a repulsive effect. This pattern suggests that the attractive serial dependence found in the single regression analysis was due to the correlation between stimulus and response in the previous trials and that the effect of past stimuli per se may be an adaptation that increases sensitivity to current stimuli. Past perceptual experiences inevitably influence current perceptions of the external world. Serial dependence is one such phenomenon in which the perception of a current stimulus is attracted to (or repelled from) the perception of a past stimulus 1,2. When a response is induced by past experience, it is called attractive serial dependence, and when it is repelled, it is called repulsive serial dependence 3. Repulsive serial dependence is a phenomenon equivalent to aftereffects that was studied before the discovery of serial dependence 4. Unless otherwise specified, serial dependence refers to attractive serial dependence. The nature of serial dependence has been examined in tasks using diverse types of stimuli, including tilt perception 2,5 , number perception 1,6,7 , motion perception 8 , face perception 9 , and sense of agency 10. Attractive serial dependence is thought to stabilize the perception of continuously changing stimuli in noise, such as blinking or occlusion by objects 5,11. Repulsive serial dependence increases sensitivity to change and facilitates adaptation to new situations. These two functions are thought to allow us to optimally perceive the external environment 3,12. Various hypotheses have been proposed as mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, including a continuity field that supports visual stability and continuity 2 , the influence of memory and response biases 13 , feedback from higher-order processing 14 , and the effect of perceptual decision templates 3. The question of whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing remains unanswered. Findings in favor of lower-order processing include the spatial localization of serial dependence 2,15,16 , while those in favor of higher-order processing include the attention requirements of serial dependence, that serial dependence can be induced by different stimuli representing the same attribute 14,17 , that it requires conscious perception 18,19 , and that it can be explained as a phenomenon of the decision-making process rather than the effect of a past stimulus 3. It has been reported that the proximity (similarity) between the stimulus to be responded to and the preceding stimulus in the feature space affects serial dependence 13,20,21. Fritsche et al. examined the effects of attention and feature proximity on serial dependence by conducting a visual search task followed by a test task in which participants adjusted the tilt of a line. Targets in the visual search task caused positive serial dependence when their orientations were similar to that of the test stimulus. Distractors caused attractive serial dependence when their orientations were close to that of the test stimulus but produced repulsive serial dependence when their orientations were far apart. These findings suggest that feature-based attention may affect serial dependence, and it has also been reported that stimuli that should be actively ignored cause negative serial dependence 22. Previous studies on the serial dependence of numbers have used a task involving arrays with various numbers of dots 1,6,16. In the present study, we aimed to examine the level of processing underlying serial dependence by
A psychological study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) suggested that CVCVCV-structured nonwords (e.g... more A psychological study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) suggested that CVCVCV-structured nonwords (e.g., /kohomo/) with the same vowel repeated showed longer naming latencies than the same-structured nonwords without vowel repetition (e.g., /kohami/). One of the possible factors for prolonging vowel repetition could be the frequency of vowel repetition in Japanese. Thus, the present study calculated token frequencies for nouns with the same vowel repeated within a CVCVCV phonological structure, based on the Japanese lexical corpus (287,792,797 words) of Amano and Kondo (2000). The results showed that vowels were repeated among Japanese nouns with a CVCVCV string more frequently than the random possibility of 4 percent. In addition, nouns with the same vowels in the first and second positions (i.e., V 1 and V 2 in the CV 1 CV 2 CV 3) showed significantly higher occurrences than the random chance of 20 percent, whereas nouns with the same vowels in the second and third positions appeared at the random level (i.e., V 2 and V 3). Since it is expected that higher frequency enhances speed and accuracy in naming, phonological structures with the same vowel repeated can be expected to be more quickly and accurately named. Conflicting results between the present corpus study and the experimental study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) excluded the possibility of the frequency of vowel repetition affecting the speed and accuracy of phonological processing.
The psychological space of shapes has been studied in many experiments. However, how shapes are r... more The psychological space of shapes has been studied in many experiments. However, how shapes are represented in the brain has not been a major issue in psychological literature. Here, the characteristics of internal representation and how it was formed have been considered and an attempt has been made to explain the results of experiments in a unified manner. First, the data of similarity of alphabetic characters and random-dot patterns were reexamined. Multivariate analysis suggested that those patterns were represented by the combination of global features. Second, three-layer neural networks were trained to perform categorization or identity transformation of the same sets of patterns as used in psychological experiments, and activation patterns of the hidden units were analyzed. When the network learned categorization of the patterns, its internal representation was not similar to the representation suggested by psychological experiments. But a network which learned identity transformation of the patterns could acquire such an internal representation. The transformation performed by this kind of network is similar to principal-component analysis in that it projects the input image onto a lower-dimensional space. From these results it is proposed that two-dimensional shapes are represented in human brain by a process like principal-component analysis. This idea is compatible with the findings in neurophysiological studies about higher visual areas.
The Japanese journal of cognitive psychology, 2012
e intention-superiority e ect refers to the superior retention of information about intended but ... more e intention-superiority e ect refers to the superior retention of information about intended but uncompleted tasks compared with the retention of information about tasks that are unintended. We conduct two experiments to examine this e ect in a situation where the participants were presented with multiple plans. e rst experiment attempts to replicate the e ect with 24 participants. e results indicated that the time needed for a lexical decision tended to be shorter for items included within a script when the script was yet to be performed compared to when the script had already been carried out. In the second experiment, 24 participants performed actions from two scripts that were memorized in advance. Longer response times were observed for items from the second script, when the decision task was administered before performing the rst script compared to when the decision task was administered a er performing the rst script i.e., immediately before performing the second script. ese results indicate that participants e ciently control activation levels related to both uncompleted and completed plans.
Some people automatically and involuntarily "see&amp... more Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers. This phenomenon, called number forms, shares three key characteristics with the other types of synaesthesia, within-individual consistency, between-individual variety, and mixture of regularity and randomness. A theoretical framework called SOLA (self-organizing learning account of number forms) is proposed, which explains the generation process of number forms and the origin of those three characteristics. The simulations replicated the qualitative properties of the shapes of number forms, the property that numbers are aligned in order of size, that discontinuity usually occurs at the point of carry, and that continuous lines tend to have many bends.
Some individuals automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays... more Some individuals automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers (number forms). Makioka (2009) proposed a theoretical framework called self-organizing learning account of number forms (SOLA), which argues that number forms are generated by self-organizing learning between numerical and spatial representation. This framework explains three important properties of number forms: (a) within-individual consistency, (b) between-individual variation, and (c) mixture of regularity and randomness. This study aims to examine whether SOLA can explain the interaction between numerical and spatial representations in non-synaesthetes. Participants viewed pairs of numerals and reported vocally which numeral was larger. The two numerals were presented in various spatial configurations, and mean reaction times (RTs) were calculated for each configuration of each individual. We have found significant interactions between numeral pairs and spatial configuration in some participants, which suggests that they have irregular mental number lines.
People with spatial sequence synesthesia have clear and stable mental images of spatial arrays of... more People with spatial sequence synesthesia have clear and stable mental images of spatial arrays of numbers, days of the week, and months. The shapes of the arrays vary by individual. We conducted an experiment to estimate the shapes of spatial arrays in people without synesthesia. We presented a pair of Japanese characters that represent the days of the week on a display, and asked participants without synesthesia to state which day they thought came later by pressing a key that was congruent with the spatial position of the day shown. We then estimated the shape of the spatial array in the participants' mental space (mental weekday lines) from the distribution of the reaction times. We found that these 'estimated mental weekday lines' differed by individual, and that the shapes (straight or bent lines, U-shapes, zigzags, or triangles) were similar to the spatial arrays found in individuals with synesthesia. We then conducted simulations using a self-organizing map and found that differences in the shapes of the spatial arrays compared with those in individuals with synesthesia could be explained by the inputs to the network. These results support the hypothesis that interactions between spatial and ordinal/cardinal representations in both synesthetes and non-synesthetes develop under the influence of selforganizing learning.
Psychological Research-psychologische Forschung, Mar 16, 2016
Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially s... more Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially standardized kanji (Japanese logographic characters) in the Jōyō kanji list (originally announced by the Japanese government in 1981). However, this list was extensively modified in 2010: five kanji were removed and 196 kanji were added; the latest revision of the list now has a total of 2136 kanji. Using an up-to-date corpus consisting of 11 years' worth of articles printed in the Mainichi Newspaper (2000-2010), we have constructed two novel databases that can be used in psychological research using the Japanese language: (1) a database containing a wide variety of properties on the latest 2136 Jōyō kanji, and (2) a novel database containing 27,950 two-kanji compound words (or jukugo). Based on these two databases, we have created an interactive website (www.kanjidatabase.com) to retrieve and store linguistic information to be used in psychological and linguistic experiments. The present paper reports the most important characteristics for the new databases, as well as their value for experimental psychological and linguistic research.
Abstract. In the Japanese language, the light verb –suru can be attached to various two-kanji com... more Abstract. In the Japanese language, the light verb –suru can be attached to various two-kanji com-pound words containing a verb-like feature (or aspects) to allow them to be used as a verb. Using a large sample of the 2,000 two-kanji compound words, encompassing a little less than 80 percent of the total two-kanji compound words printed in 14 years of Asahi Newspaper issues, the present study investigates how much the light verb attachment is predicted by four aspects: inchoative, durative, telic and stative. A binary logistic regression analysis indicates that all four aspects are significant predictors. Among them, the telic aspect shows an overwhelmingly high predictive power. The quantitative theory type III analysis further demonstrates that, in contrast to the stative aspect, the inchoative, durative and telic aspects share a similar semantic feature of time series. Nevertheless, since the telic aspect overlaps not only the time series feature of the inchoative and durative as...
Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This ph... more Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This phenomenon is called serial dependence. However, it remains unclear whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing. We examined the effects of serial dependence when participants estimated the total number of coins or the monetary value of coins displayed and found attractive effects in both tasks. The attractive effect observed in the value estimation task suggests that serial dependence occurs through higher-order cognitive processes during calculation. We also examined the effect of response history (i.e., the responses of participants on previous trials), with multiple regression analyses that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the previous stimuli and responses. In both number and value estimation tasks, the immediately prior response had an attractive effect on current responses, while the i...
Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when... more Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers. This phenomenon, called number forms, shares three key characteristics with the other types of synaesthesiae, within-individual consistency, between-individual variety, and mixture of regularity and randomness. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether mental number lines of non-synaesthetes share the properties above.
We propose a connectionist model that can learn the pronunciation of words by imitation. The mode... more We propose a connectionist model that can learn the pronunciation of words by imitation. The model “hears” the pronunciation of words (sequences of phonemes) and develops a static internal representation of phonology. It then tries to reproduce the pronunciation from the internal representation. We trained the model to imitate the pronunciation of 3,684 English monosyllabic words. After 15 million training trials, the network achieved a 99.2% correct response. To simulate the process of the serial recall of words or nonwords, we added a subsystem called a temporary maintenance module. This module preserves the phonological internal representation by using a Hebbian one-shot algorithm to transform the activation pattern to a connection pattern. The model could reproduce the effect of the phonotactic probability on a serial recall task done by human children. The result of the simulation implies that our model can explain the effect of long-term memory on the phonological working memory.
Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This ph... more Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This phenomenon is called serial dependence. However, it remains unclear whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing. We examined the effects of serial dependence when participants estimated the total number of coins or the monetary value of coins displayed and found attractive effects in both tasks. The attractive effect observed in the value estimation task suggests that serial dependence occurs through higher-order cognitive processes during calculation. We also examined the effect of response history (i.e., the responses of participants on previous trials), with multiple regression analyses that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the previous stimuli and responses. In both number and value estimation tasks, the immediately prior response had an attractive effect on current responses, while the immediately prior stimuli exerted a repulsive effect. This pattern suggests that the attractive serial dependence found in the single regression analysis was due to the correlation between stimulus and response in the previous trials and that the effect of past stimuli per se may be an adaptation that increases sensitivity to current stimuli. Past perceptual experiences inevitably influence current perceptions of the external world. Serial dependence is one such phenomenon in which the perception of a current stimulus is attracted to (or repelled from) the perception of a past stimulus 1,2. When a response is induced by past experience, it is called attractive serial dependence, and when it is repelled, it is called repulsive serial dependence 3. Repulsive serial dependence is a phenomenon equivalent to aftereffects that was studied before the discovery of serial dependence 4. Unless otherwise specified, serial dependence refers to attractive serial dependence. The nature of serial dependence has been examined in tasks using diverse types of stimuli, including tilt perception 2,5 , number perception 1,6,7 , motion perception 8 , face perception 9 , and sense of agency 10. Attractive serial dependence is thought to stabilize the perception of continuously changing stimuli in noise, such as blinking or occlusion by objects 5,11. Repulsive serial dependence increases sensitivity to change and facilitates adaptation to new situations. These two functions are thought to allow us to optimally perceive the external environment 3,12. Various hypotheses have been proposed as mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, including a continuity field that supports visual stability and continuity 2 , the influence of memory and response biases 13 , feedback from higher-order processing 14 , and the effect of perceptual decision templates 3. The question of whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing remains unanswered. Findings in favor of lower-order processing include the spatial localization of serial dependence 2,15,16 , while those in favor of higher-order processing include the attention requirements of serial dependence, that serial dependence can be induced by different stimuli representing the same attribute 14,17 , that it requires conscious perception 18,19 , and that it can be explained as a phenomenon of the decision-making process rather than the effect of a past stimulus 3. It has been reported that the proximity (similarity) between the stimulus to be responded to and the preceding stimulus in the feature space affects serial dependence 13,20,21. Fritsche et al. examined the effects of attention and feature proximity on serial dependence by conducting a visual search task followed by a test task in which participants adjusted the tilt of a line. Targets in the visual search task caused positive serial dependence when their orientations were similar to that of the test stimulus. Distractors caused attractive serial dependence when their orientations were close to that of the test stimulus but produced repulsive serial dependence when their orientations were far apart. These findings suggest that feature-based attention may affect serial dependence, and it has also been reported that stimuli that should be actively ignored cause negative serial dependence 22. Previous studies on the serial dependence of numbers have used a task involving arrays with various numbers of dots 1,6,16. In the present study, we aimed to examine the level of processing underlying serial dependence by
A psychological study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) suggested that CVCVCV-structured nonwords (e.g... more A psychological study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) suggested that CVCVCV-structured nonwords (e.g., /kohomo/) with the same vowel repeated showed longer naming latencies than the same-structured nonwords without vowel repetition (e.g., /kohami/). One of the possible factors for prolonging vowel repetition could be the frequency of vowel repetition in Japanese. Thus, the present study calculated token frequencies for nouns with the same vowel repeated within a CVCVCV phonological structure, based on the Japanese lexical corpus (287,792,797 words) of Amano and Kondo (2000). The results showed that vowels were repeated among Japanese nouns with a CVCVCV string more frequently than the random possibility of 4 percent. In addition, nouns with the same vowels in the first and second positions (i.e., V 1 and V 2 in the CV 1 CV 2 CV 3) showed significantly higher occurrences than the random chance of 20 percent, whereas nouns with the same vowels in the second and third positions appeared at the random level (i.e., V 2 and V 3). Since it is expected that higher frequency enhances speed and accuracy in naming, phonological structures with the same vowel repeated can be expected to be more quickly and accurately named. Conflicting results between the present corpus study and the experimental study by Tamaoka and Murata (2001) excluded the possibility of the frequency of vowel repetition affecting the speed and accuracy of phonological processing.
The psychological space of shapes has been studied in many experiments. However, how shapes are r... more The psychological space of shapes has been studied in many experiments. However, how shapes are represented in the brain has not been a major issue in psychological literature. Here, the characteristics of internal representation and how it was formed have been considered and an attempt has been made to explain the results of experiments in a unified manner. First, the data of similarity of alphabetic characters and random-dot patterns were reexamined. Multivariate analysis suggested that those patterns were represented by the combination of global features. Second, three-layer neural networks were trained to perform categorization or identity transformation of the same sets of patterns as used in psychological experiments, and activation patterns of the hidden units were analyzed. When the network learned categorization of the patterns, its internal representation was not similar to the representation suggested by psychological experiments. But a network which learned identity transformation of the patterns could acquire such an internal representation. The transformation performed by this kind of network is similar to principal-component analysis in that it projects the input image onto a lower-dimensional space. From these results it is proposed that two-dimensional shapes are represented in human brain by a process like principal-component analysis. This idea is compatible with the findings in neurophysiological studies about higher visual areas.
The Japanese journal of cognitive psychology, 2012
e intention-superiority e ect refers to the superior retention of information about intended but ... more e intention-superiority e ect refers to the superior retention of information about intended but uncompleted tasks compared with the retention of information about tasks that are unintended. We conduct two experiments to examine this e ect in a situation where the participants were presented with multiple plans. e rst experiment attempts to replicate the e ect with 24 participants. e results indicated that the time needed for a lexical decision tended to be shorter for items included within a script when the script was yet to be performed compared to when the script had already been carried out. In the second experiment, 24 participants performed actions from two scripts that were memorized in advance. Longer response times were observed for items from the second script, when the decision task was administered before performing the rst script compared to when the decision task was administered a er performing the rst script i.e., immediately before performing the second script. ese results indicate that participants e ciently control activation levels related to both uncompleted and completed plans.
Some people automatically and involuntarily "see&amp... more Some people automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers. This phenomenon, called number forms, shares three key characteristics with the other types of synaesthesia, within-individual consistency, between-individual variety, and mixture of regularity and randomness. A theoretical framework called SOLA (self-organizing learning account of number forms) is proposed, which explains the generation process of number forms and the origin of those three characteristics. The simulations replicated the qualitative properties of the shapes of number forms, the property that numbers are aligned in order of size, that discontinuity usually occurs at the point of carry, and that continuous lines tend to have many bends.
Some individuals automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays... more Some individuals automatically and involuntarily "see" mental images of numbers in spatial arrays when they think of numbers (number forms). Makioka (2009) proposed a theoretical framework called self-organizing learning account of number forms (SOLA), which argues that number forms are generated by self-organizing learning between numerical and spatial representation. This framework explains three important properties of number forms: (a) within-individual consistency, (b) between-individual variation, and (c) mixture of regularity and randomness. This study aims to examine whether SOLA can explain the interaction between numerical and spatial representations in non-synaesthetes. Participants viewed pairs of numerals and reported vocally which numeral was larger. The two numerals were presented in various spatial configurations, and mean reaction times (RTs) were calculated for each configuration of each individual. We have found significant interactions between numeral pairs and spatial configuration in some participants, which suggests that they have irregular mental number lines.
People with spatial sequence synesthesia have clear and stable mental images of spatial arrays of... more People with spatial sequence synesthesia have clear and stable mental images of spatial arrays of numbers, days of the week, and months. The shapes of the arrays vary by individual. We conducted an experiment to estimate the shapes of spatial arrays in people without synesthesia. We presented a pair of Japanese characters that represent the days of the week on a display, and asked participants without synesthesia to state which day they thought came later by pressing a key that was congruent with the spatial position of the day shown. We then estimated the shape of the spatial array in the participants' mental space (mental weekday lines) from the distribution of the reaction times. We found that these 'estimated mental weekday lines' differed by individual, and that the shapes (straight or bent lines, U-shapes, zigzags, or triangles) were similar to the spatial arrays found in individuals with synesthesia. We then conducted simulations using a self-organizing map and found that differences in the shapes of the spatial arrays compared with those in individuals with synesthesia could be explained by the inputs to the network. These results support the hypothesis that interactions between spatial and ordinal/cardinal representations in both synesthetes and non-synesthetes develop under the influence of selforganizing learning.
Psychological Research-psychologische Forschung, Mar 16, 2016
Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially s... more Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially standardized kanji (Japanese logographic characters) in the Jōyō kanji list (originally announced by the Japanese government in 1981). However, this list was extensively modified in 2010: five kanji were removed and 196 kanji were added; the latest revision of the list now has a total of 2136 kanji. Using an up-to-date corpus consisting of 11 years' worth of articles printed in the Mainichi Newspaper (2000-2010), we have constructed two novel databases that can be used in psychological research using the Japanese language: (1) a database containing a wide variety of properties on the latest 2136 Jōyō kanji, and (2) a novel database containing 27,950 two-kanji compound words (or jukugo). Based on these two databases, we have created an interactive website (www.kanjidatabase.com) to retrieve and store linguistic information to be used in psychological and linguistic experiments. The present paper reports the most important characteristics for the new databases, as well as their value for experimental psychological and linguistic research.
Abstract. In the Japanese language, the light verb –suru can be attached to various two-kanji com... more Abstract. In the Japanese language, the light verb –suru can be attached to various two-kanji com-pound words containing a verb-like feature (or aspects) to allow them to be used as a verb. Using a large sample of the 2,000 two-kanji compound words, encompassing a little less than 80 percent of the total two-kanji compound words printed in 14 years of Asahi Newspaper issues, the present study investigates how much the light verb attachment is predicted by four aspects: inchoative, durative, telic and stative. A binary logistic regression analysis indicates that all four aspects are significant predictors. Among them, the telic aspect shows an overwhelmingly high predictive power. The quantitative theory type III analysis further demonstrates that, in contrast to the stative aspect, the inchoative, durative and telic aspects share a similar semantic feature of time series. Nevertheless, since the telic aspect overlaps not only the time series feature of the inchoative and durative as...
Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This ph... more Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This phenomenon is called serial dependence. However, it remains unclear whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing. We examined the effects of serial dependence when participants estimated the total number of coins or the monetary value of coins displayed and found attractive effects in both tasks. The attractive effect observed in the value estimation task suggests that serial dependence occurs through higher-order cognitive processes during calculation. We also examined the effect of response history (i.e., the responses of participants on previous trials), with multiple regression analyses that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the previous stimuli and responses. In both number and value estimation tasks, the immediately prior response had an attractive effect on current responses, while the i...
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Papers by Shogo Makioka