Papers by The Opened Scroll Ministry
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
In this research, I will explore the possibility that the Hyksos were the descendants of Ishmael,... more In this research, I will explore the possibility that the Hyksos were the descendants of Ishmael, and that an angel’s prophecy about Ishmael “dwelling in hostility toward all his brothers” was initially fulfilled shortly before the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt happened, and continued until the Hyksos took possession of the city of Avaris in the Nile Delta, from where they ruled over Lower Egypt and Middle Egypt up to Cusae:
Genesis 16:11-12 The angel of the Lord also said to her: “You are now pregnant and you will give birth to a son. You shall name him Ishmael, for the Lord has heard of your misery. He will be a wild donkey of a man; his hand will be against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he will live in hostility toward all his brothers.”
Genesis 25:18 His [Ishmael’s] descendants settled in the area from Havilah to Shur, near the eastern border of Egypt, as you go toward Ashur. And they lived in hostility toward all the tribes related to them.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Hebrew name of the Biblical Shishaq is made up of the Hebrew consonants: Shin-Shin-Qoph (Sh-S... more The Hebrew name of the Biblical Shishaq is made up of the Hebrew consonants: Shin-Shin-Qoph (Sh-Sh-Q). The spelling and pronunciation of Shishaq's name is not consistent throughout the Hebrew Bible. It occurs three times as Šīšaq (שִׁישַׁק), three times as Šīšāq (שִׁישָׁק), and once as Šūšaq (שׁוּשַׁק). In this research paper, I propose Sha-Shu-Qa'a (Shasu of Qa'aWaS) as the proper name pronunciation of the Biblical Pharaoh Shishaq. Furthermore, I propose Qa'aWaS (Edomite: 𐤒𐤅𐤎 QWS), as the proper pronunciation of the national god of the Edomites. The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu - nomadic raiders mentioned in Egyptian sources believed to be worshippers of YHWH.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
There were only two Egyptian Pharaohs who became allies of Israel after the Exodus, and these are... more There were only two Egyptian Pharaohs who became allies of Israel after the Exodus, and these are the Pharaoh who gave his daughter to Solomon in marriage mentioned in 1 Kings 3: 1, and of course Pharaoh Shishaq. Therefore, if one sees evidence of a Pharaoh’s prolonged sojourn in Israel, or of any one of his officials, one can conclude that this Pharaoh must be either the Pharaoh who gave his daughter to Solomon in marriage, or Pharaoh Shishak:
The Jerusalem Post, April 9, 2014, 3,300-year-old Egyptian coffin found in
Jezreel Valley: “During the excavation we discovered a unique and rare
find: a cylindrical clay coffin with an anthropoidal lid [fashioned in the
image of a person],” – was the skeleton of an adult believed to be of
Canaanite origin, who likely served the Egyptian government. An Egyptian signet encased in gold and affixed to a ring with the name of Pharaoh Seti I on its seal was discovered next to the remains. Near the coffin, the archeological team found the graves of two men and two women who may have been members of the Canaanite man’s family.
The coffin of an Egyptian official of Seti I, together with four members of his family found in Jezreel Valley, Northern Israel would only mean that this Egyptian official was a close and respected ally of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and probably Seti I’s ambassador.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The ointment jar from the collection of late Professor Peter A. Kaplony can be stylistically date... more The ointment jar from the collection of late Professor Peter A. Kaplony can be stylistically dated to the Old Kingdom, most likely to the 5th or early 6th Dynasty. The inscription mentions the rise of Sothis on the(month) IV. Akhet, day 1. Using my theory on the Sothic cycle, I dated this Sothis rise on May 21, 1747 BC during the start of Intef III's reign.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Ugaritic texts are a corpus of ancient cuneiform texts discovered since 1928 in Ugarit in Syr... more The Ugaritic texts are a corpus of ancient cuneiform texts discovered since 1928 in Ugarit in Syria. Approximately 1,500 texts and fragments have been found to date. One of the tablets found is named KTU 1.78 astronomical text which records a solar eclipse with the following description:
SIX.DAY.NEW MOON.HIYYARU
ENTER.SUN.HER GATE.RESHEP
This astro-shorthand is believed to be written by an Egyptian and should be interpreted as hour six, day of the new moon (in the month of) Hiyyaru when the sun entered into her (Shapash’s) Gate in Reshep (Taurus). Ugarit was under Egyptian suzerainty at the time this tablet was written so it wouldn't have been unusual for an Egyptian magistrate to have written this text. Furthermore, the Egyptian concept of the sun is connected to gates that are feminine.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
Abstract: In three of my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert whe... more Abstract: In three of my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert where Pi Hahiroth/Riwayah Lagoon & Migdol/Semna were located ', ‘Baal Zephon was the Hubal idol in the Kaaba, Shur was Jeddah & the bitter water of Marah was the Zamzam well in Mecca’, and Exodus route - Identifying Elim (Yanbu Al Nakhal or "spring of the palms"), the Desert of Sin (east of Yanbu and the Hejaz mountains), Rephidim spring (Wadi Al-Khanaq), and Midian (Medina), I identified Pi Hahiroth which is translated by the Strong’s concordance as both “mouth of the gorges'' or "place where sedge grows'' as the Rawayah Lagoon in the middle of Dungunab Bay. I identified Migdol, which the Strong’s concordance translates as “tower” or a fortified city on the Egyptian border, as Semna, a fortified city founded during the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt in the area of Lower Nubia.
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwa near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located.
I identified the Elim oasis (or the land of 12 springs & 70 palms) as Yanbu Al Nakhal translated as the "spring of the palms". I identified the Desert of Sin (where God first rained down Manna) as the rain shadow east of Yanbu Al Nakhal and the Hejaz mountain range. I identified the Rephidim spring as Wadi Al-Khanaq which is bordered by two mountains which Moses named Massah and Meribah. I identified Midian where Jethro (father in law of Moses) was its priest, as Medina. In this paper, I will now continue identifying two more stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt, namely: Mount Sinai and the Desert of Paran (where the Israelites wandered for 40 years).
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
In two of my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert where Pi Hahiro... more In two of my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert where Pi Hahiroth/Riwayah Lagoon & Migdol/Semna were located ', and ‘Baal Zephon was the Hubal idol in the Kaaba, Shur was Jeddah & the bitter water of Marah was the Zamzam well in Mecca’, I identified Pi Hahiroth which is translated by the Strong’s concordance as both “mouth of the gorges'' or "place where sedge grows'' as the Rawayah Lagoon in the middle of Dungunab Bay. I identified Migdol, which the Strong’s concordance translates as “tower” or a fortified city on the Egyptian border, as Semna, a fortified city founded during the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt in the area of Lower Nubia.
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwah near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located. In this paper, I will now continue identifying the several stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
In my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert where Pi Hahiroth/Riwa... more In my previous research titled “Exodus route was through the Nubian desert where Pi Hahiroth/Riwayah Lagoon & Migdol/Semna were located”, I showed that the Exodus route did not pass by the Sinai Peninsula but passed through the Nubian desert instead. The Nubian desert which is outside of Egypt was where both the Biblical Migdol (or the Semna fortress) and the Biblical Pi Hahiroth (or the Rawayah lagoon) were located at the western bank of the Red Sea. In this research I will now identify Baal Zephon, the Desert of Shur, and the bitter water of Marah which were all located at the eastern bank of the Red Sea.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
Most mainstream scholars do not accept the Biblical Exodus account as history for a number of rea... more Most mainstream scholars do not accept the Biblical Exodus account as history for a number of reasons and this is why they refer to it as the founding myth of the Israelites. One of the reasons given was the Book of Numbers' claim that the number of Israelite males aged 20 years and older in the desert during the wandering were 603,550, including 22,273 first-borns, which modern estimates put at 2.5-3 million total Israelites. According to scholars this vast number could not be supported by the Sinai Desert through natural means. In this research, I will show that the Exodus route did not pass by the Sinai Peninsula at all.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Ipuwer Papyrus was originally dated no earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, but it is now agr... more The Ipuwer Papyrus was originally dated no earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, but it is now agreed that the text itself is much older, and dated back to the Middle Kingdom, though no earlier than the late Twelfth Dynasty. Now the Middle Kingdom happens to end with the Twelfth Dynasty, and this means that the Ipuwer Papyrus is effectively dated between the late period of the Twelfth Dynasty and its end. Ipuwer has often been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account of the Exodus, most notably because of its statement that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away. Now if the Ipuwer Papyrus is indeed connected to the Exodus, this means the Pharaoh of the Exodus must have ruled between the late period of the Twelfth Dynasty and its end.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
Two horizon solar eclipses occurred during Akhenaten's 5th and 8th year. He changed his name to A... more Two horizon solar eclipses occurred during Akhenaten's 5th and 8th year. He changed his name to Akhenaten in his regnal year five during which time he decreed that a new capital city be built, namely, Akhetaten (meaning "Horizon of the Aten"). By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten's year 5, was on May 9, 1012 BC at 16:12:47 UTC and it had an eclipse obscuration of 58% as it crossed the western horizon at sunset. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 8, was on September 1, 1009 BC at 3:24:38 UTC and it had an eclipse obscuration of 24.87% as it crossed the eastern horizon at sunrise. You can verify this using Stellarium and by setting the Algorithm of delta T to JPL Horizons, and the location at Thebes with coordinates: 25°43′14″N, 32°36′37″E. I used the location of Thebes as the observational site because this was the capital of the 18th Dynasty during which Akhenaten reigned and before he moved to Akhetaten in his 8th year.
After observing the solar eclipse on the western horizon in 1012 BC followed by the solar eclipse on the eastern horizon in 1009 BC, both the western and eastern boundaries of Aten’s capital Akhetaten were clearly demarcated by the solar deity Aten. This is why an inscription on a boundary stele, declares that the site was chosen by the Sun God himself, ‘in the place which the Aten enclosed on the eastern bank for His own self'.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
It is my belief that a series of eclipses during Akhenaten’s reign and during the reigns of two o... more It is my belief that a series of eclipses during Akhenaten’s reign and during the reigns of two of his immediate predecessors, namely, Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III, heavily influenced Akhenaten to abandon the traditional ancient Egyptian religion of polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten. These eclipses were specifically the ones seen crossing the horizon or Akhetaten (which means "Horizon of the Aten").
Two horizon solar eclipses occurred during Akhenaten’s 5th and 8th year. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten in his regnal year five during which time he decreed that a new capital city be built, namely, Akhetaten (meaning "Horizon of the Aten"). By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 5, was on May 9, 1012 BC. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 8, was on September 1, 1009 BC.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. In my previous paper about the Trojan war, I identified several historical personages and their associated character names in the Iliad which documented the Trojan war. Hakkani was a king of Hayasa who I believe to be the Trojan king Priam, while Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma were Hittite Kings who I believe were the Phrygian kings Dymas and Otreus respectively. Zida was a Hittite prince who I believe was the Phrygian prince Asius. The Hittites called their kingdom Hattusa which in my research was also the Phrygia of Homer’s Iliad. Malnigal, who I identified with Leda, was the Babylonian wife of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma, who I identified with Tyndareus (the regnal name of Otreus). Muwatti and Piyassili (who I identified with Clytemnestra and Castor respectively) were Suppiluliuma’s children with Malnigal. While Telipinu (who I identified with Pollux) was Suppiluliuma’s step-son with Malnigal. I identified Salmoneus as Uhha-Ziti, Menelaus as Targasnalli, and Agamemnon as Mashuiluwa. Uhha-Ziti, Targasnalli, and Mashuiluwa were kings of Arzawa, a loose confederation of states made of Greek migrants of western Anatolia. In this paper, I will now date Odysseus' return to Ithaca on April 26, 970 BC based on the heliacal rise of Venus in a new Moon, 10 years after the Trojan war which I dated on 979 BC.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. In my previous paper about the Trojan war, I identified several historical personages and their associated character names in the Iliad which documented the Trojan war. Hakkani was a king of Hayasa who I believe to be the Trojan king Priam, while Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma were Hittite Kings who I believe were the Phrygian kings Dymas and Otreus respectively. Zida was a Hittite prince who I believe was the Phrygian prince Asius. The Hittites called their kingdom Hattusa which in my research was also the Phrygia of Homer’s Iliad. Malnigal, who I identified with Leda, was the Babylonian wife of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma, who I identified with Tyndareus (the regnal name of Otreus). Muwatti and Piyassili (who I identified with Clytemnestra and Castor respectively) were Suppiluliuma’s children with Malnigal. While Telipinu (who I identified with Pollux) was Suppiluliuma’s step-son with Malnigal. In this paper I will now identify Salmoneus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Chryses son of Chryseis, and Aegisthus.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. In my previous paper about the Trojan war, I identified several historical personages and their associated character names in the Iliad which documented the Trojan war. Hakkani was a king of Hayasa who I believe to be the Trojan king Priam, while Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma were Hittite Kings who I believe were the Phrygian kings Dymas and Otreus respectively. Zida was a Hittite prince who I believe was the Phrygian prince Asius. The Hittites called their kingdom Hattusa which in my research was also the Phrygia of Homer’s Iliad. In this paper, I will now identify Clytemnestra, Pollux, Castor, and Leda.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
Details about Dido's character, life, and role in the founding of Carthage are best known from th... more Details about Dido's character, life, and role in the founding of Carthage are best known from the account given in Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid, written around 20 BC, which tells the legendary story of the Trojan hero Aeneas. Many names in the legend of Dido are of Punic origin, which suggests that the first Greek authors who mention this story have taken up Phoenician accounts. One suggestion is that Dido is an epithet from the same Semitic root as David, which means "Beloved". Because I dated the 10th year of the Trojan war circa 979 BC, I expect the events happening in the life of the Trojan hero Aeneas after the war to be dated shortly after 979 BC. The king of Israel during this time was Solomon, whose reign is dated by historians circa 970-931 BC. Thus in my opinion, Dido’s name having the same Semitic root as King David was not a coincidence.
In most accounts, Dido was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre who fled tyranny by her autocratic brother, Pygmalion who was her co-ruler. The king of Tyre during the time of Solomon was king Hiram I whose regnal years have been calculated by some as 980 to 947 BC, in succession to his father, Abibaal. This means in my research, Hiram I became king of Tyre in the 9th year of the Trojan war in 980 BC. I believe Hiram I was Pygmalion, and his sister was Dido. Although none of the traditions about Dido mentioned it, I believe she left behind her son when she fled Tyre in secret after her husband was murdered by Pygmalion. Pygmalion (or Hiram I) adopted her son and named her son after him, that is to say, Hiram Abiff.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. In this paper, I will now identify several historical personages and their associated character names in the Iliad which documented the Trojan war.
To summarize this paper, in my research of Greek mythology combined with Hittite history, Priam was Hakkani, Dymas was Tudhaliya, the father of Suppiluliuma I, Hecuba was the unnamed daughter of Tudhaliya and sister of Suppiluliuma, Otreus was Suppiluliuma, Asius was Zida, Mygdon of Phrygia was Arnuwanda I, son-in-law of Tudhaliya and brother-in-law of Suppiluliuma.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. The key to unlocking the historic Trojan war in my opinion, is to first identify who exactly the Trojans, the Amazons, and the Achaeans were in history because these were the major players in the Iliad. In my previous paper titled “Historical Troy was in Eupatoria near the Amazon city of Themyscira on the Black Sea southern coast”, I talked about the alliance between the Trojans and the Amazons during the war, and how close was Themyscira, the capital of the Amazons, to the city of Troy (which I identified as Eupatoria), just 65 kilometers away from each other. In this paper, I will be discussing the Hayasa-Azzi confederation which I believe to be the Trojan and Amazon alliance during the Trojan war.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2024
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the... more The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology between the Achaean Greeks against the city of Troy. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology, and it has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. I am one of those who believe the Trojan war was a historic event, and that not just the location, but even all its main characters were historical. And in this paper, I will identify the location of Troy using Homer’s description of it as my guide. I concluded that the city of Troy must be located near the conjunction of the two rivers Scamander and Simoeis. Eupatoria was a Hellenistic city in the Kingdom of Pontus just south of where the Lycus river flows into the Iris river. The Lycus river is currently known as the Kelkit river. It is the longest tributary of the Iris river which is currently known as the Yeşilırmak river. And based on Homer’s description, the Lycus river was the Homeric Simoeis river and the tributary to the much bigger Iris river which was the Homeric Scamander river.
The Opened Scroll Ministry, 2023
The Merneptah Stele, also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah, is an insc... more The Merneptah Stele, also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah, is an inscription by Merneptah, a Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt. The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the ancient Libyans and their allies, but the last three of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, then part of Egypt's imperial territory. It is sometimes referred to as the ‘Israel Stele’ because a majority of scholars translate a set of hieroglyphs in line 27 as ‘Israel’.
Now the hieroglyphs that refer to Israel in the stele employ the determinative for ‘people’ as opposed to the determinative for a ‘city’ used to refer to the other enemies of Merneptah which he defeated. The determinative for ‘people’ was typically used by the Egyptians to signify nomadic groups or peoples without a fixed city-state home, thus implying a semi nomadic or rural status for 'Israel' at that time.
Because of this, any attempts by revisionists of the current Egyptian chronology, like myself, to date Merneptah’s rule later than 1000 BC is being rejected on the basis of this description of Israel as nomads by the victory stele of Merneptah.
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Papers by The Opened Scroll Ministry
Genesis 16:11-12 The angel of the Lord also said to her: “You are now pregnant and you will give birth to a son. You shall name him Ishmael, for the Lord has heard of your misery. He will be a wild donkey of a man; his hand will be against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he will live in hostility toward all his brothers.”
Genesis 25:18 His [Ishmael’s] descendants settled in the area from Havilah to Shur, near the eastern border of Egypt, as you go toward Ashur. And they lived in hostility toward all the tribes related to them.
The Jerusalem Post, April 9, 2014, 3,300-year-old Egyptian coffin found in
Jezreel Valley: “During the excavation we discovered a unique and rare
find: a cylindrical clay coffin with an anthropoidal lid [fashioned in the
image of a person],” – was the skeleton of an adult believed to be of
Canaanite origin, who likely served the Egyptian government. An Egyptian signet encased in gold and affixed to a ring with the name of Pharaoh Seti I on its seal was discovered next to the remains. Near the coffin, the archeological team found the graves of two men and two women who may have been members of the Canaanite man’s family.
The coffin of an Egyptian official of Seti I, together with four members of his family found in Jezreel Valley, Northern Israel would only mean that this Egyptian official was a close and respected ally of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and probably Seti I’s ambassador.
SIX.DAY.NEW MOON.HIYYARU
ENTER.SUN.HER GATE.RESHEP
This astro-shorthand is believed to be written by an Egyptian and should be interpreted as hour six, day of the new moon (in the month of) Hiyyaru when the sun entered into her (Shapash’s) Gate in Reshep (Taurus). Ugarit was under Egyptian suzerainty at the time this tablet was written so it wouldn't have been unusual for an Egyptian magistrate to have written this text. Furthermore, the Egyptian concept of the sun is connected to gates that are feminine.
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwa near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located.
I identified the Elim oasis (or the land of 12 springs & 70 palms) as Yanbu Al Nakhal translated as the "spring of the palms". I identified the Desert of Sin (where God first rained down Manna) as the rain shadow east of Yanbu Al Nakhal and the Hejaz mountain range. I identified the Rephidim spring as Wadi Al-Khanaq which is bordered by two mountains which Moses named Massah and Meribah. I identified Midian where Jethro (father in law of Moses) was its priest, as Medina. In this paper, I will now continue identifying two more stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt, namely: Mount Sinai and the Desert of Paran (where the Israelites wandered for 40 years).
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwah near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located. In this paper, I will now continue identifying the several stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt.
After observing the solar eclipse on the western horizon in 1012 BC followed by the solar eclipse on the eastern horizon in 1009 BC, both the western and eastern boundaries of Aten’s capital Akhetaten were clearly demarcated by the solar deity Aten. This is why an inscription on a boundary stele, declares that the site was chosen by the Sun God himself, ‘in the place which the Aten enclosed on the eastern bank for His own self'.
Two horizon solar eclipses occurred during Akhenaten’s 5th and 8th year. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten in his regnal year five during which time he decreed that a new capital city be built, namely, Akhetaten (meaning "Horizon of the Aten"). By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 5, was on May 9, 1012 BC. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 8, was on September 1, 1009 BC.
In most accounts, Dido was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre who fled tyranny by her autocratic brother, Pygmalion who was her co-ruler. The king of Tyre during the time of Solomon was king Hiram I whose regnal years have been calculated by some as 980 to 947 BC, in succession to his father, Abibaal. This means in my research, Hiram I became king of Tyre in the 9th year of the Trojan war in 980 BC. I believe Hiram I was Pygmalion, and his sister was Dido. Although none of the traditions about Dido mentioned it, I believe she left behind her son when she fled Tyre in secret after her husband was murdered by Pygmalion. Pygmalion (or Hiram I) adopted her son and named her son after him, that is to say, Hiram Abiff.
To summarize this paper, in my research of Greek mythology combined with Hittite history, Priam was Hakkani, Dymas was Tudhaliya, the father of Suppiluliuma I, Hecuba was the unnamed daughter of Tudhaliya and sister of Suppiluliuma, Otreus was Suppiluliuma, Asius was Zida, Mygdon of Phrygia was Arnuwanda I, son-in-law of Tudhaliya and brother-in-law of Suppiluliuma.
Now the hieroglyphs that refer to Israel in the stele employ the determinative for ‘people’ as opposed to the determinative for a ‘city’ used to refer to the other enemies of Merneptah which he defeated. The determinative for ‘people’ was typically used by the Egyptians to signify nomadic groups or peoples without a fixed city-state home, thus implying a semi nomadic or rural status for 'Israel' at that time.
Because of this, any attempts by revisionists of the current Egyptian chronology, like myself, to date Merneptah’s rule later than 1000 BC is being rejected on the basis of this description of Israel as nomads by the victory stele of Merneptah.
Genesis 16:11-12 The angel of the Lord also said to her: “You are now pregnant and you will give birth to a son. You shall name him Ishmael, for the Lord has heard of your misery. He will be a wild donkey of a man; his hand will be against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he will live in hostility toward all his brothers.”
Genesis 25:18 His [Ishmael’s] descendants settled in the area from Havilah to Shur, near the eastern border of Egypt, as you go toward Ashur. And they lived in hostility toward all the tribes related to them.
The Jerusalem Post, April 9, 2014, 3,300-year-old Egyptian coffin found in
Jezreel Valley: “During the excavation we discovered a unique and rare
find: a cylindrical clay coffin with an anthropoidal lid [fashioned in the
image of a person],” – was the skeleton of an adult believed to be of
Canaanite origin, who likely served the Egyptian government. An Egyptian signet encased in gold and affixed to a ring with the name of Pharaoh Seti I on its seal was discovered next to the remains. Near the coffin, the archeological team found the graves of two men and two women who may have been members of the Canaanite man’s family.
The coffin of an Egyptian official of Seti I, together with four members of his family found in Jezreel Valley, Northern Israel would only mean that this Egyptian official was a close and respected ally of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and probably Seti I’s ambassador.
SIX.DAY.NEW MOON.HIYYARU
ENTER.SUN.HER GATE.RESHEP
This astro-shorthand is believed to be written by an Egyptian and should be interpreted as hour six, day of the new moon (in the month of) Hiyyaru when the sun entered into her (Shapash’s) Gate in Reshep (Taurus). Ugarit was under Egyptian suzerainty at the time this tablet was written so it wouldn't have been unusual for an Egyptian magistrate to have written this text. Furthermore, the Egyptian concept of the sun is connected to gates that are feminine.
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwa near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located.
I identified the Elim oasis (or the land of 12 springs & 70 palms) as Yanbu Al Nakhal translated as the "spring of the palms". I identified the Desert of Sin (where God first rained down Manna) as the rain shadow east of Yanbu Al Nakhal and the Hejaz mountain range. I identified the Rephidim spring as Wadi Al-Khanaq which is bordered by two mountains which Moses named Massah and Meribah. I identified Midian where Jethro (father in law of Moses) was its priest, as Medina. In this paper, I will now continue identifying two more stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt, namely: Mount Sinai and the Desert of Paran (where the Israelites wandered for 40 years).
I identified Baal Zephon, translated by Strong’s concordance as "lord of the north", as the idol of the storm and rain god Hubal inside the Kaaba in Mecca. I identified the desert of Shur as the southeast desert road from Jeddah towards Marwa in Mecca. I identified the Biblical Marah as Marwah near where the well named Zamzam in Mecca is located. In this paper, I will now continue identifying the several stations or stop overs the Israelites made during their voyage to the Promised Land after their Exodus from Egypt.
After observing the solar eclipse on the western horizon in 1012 BC followed by the solar eclipse on the eastern horizon in 1009 BC, both the western and eastern boundaries of Aten’s capital Akhetaten were clearly demarcated by the solar deity Aten. This is why an inscription on a boundary stele, declares that the site was chosen by the Sun God himself, ‘in the place which the Aten enclosed on the eastern bank for His own self'.
Two horizon solar eclipses occurred during Akhenaten’s 5th and 8th year. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten in his regnal year five during which time he decreed that a new capital city be built, namely, Akhetaten (meaning "Horizon of the Aten"). By regnal year eight, Akhetaten reached a state where it could be occupied by the royal family. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 5, was on May 9, 1012 BC. The solar eclipse which occurred during Akhenaten’s year 8, was on September 1, 1009 BC.
In most accounts, Dido was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre who fled tyranny by her autocratic brother, Pygmalion who was her co-ruler. The king of Tyre during the time of Solomon was king Hiram I whose regnal years have been calculated by some as 980 to 947 BC, in succession to his father, Abibaal. This means in my research, Hiram I became king of Tyre in the 9th year of the Trojan war in 980 BC. I believe Hiram I was Pygmalion, and his sister was Dido. Although none of the traditions about Dido mentioned it, I believe she left behind her son when she fled Tyre in secret after her husband was murdered by Pygmalion. Pygmalion (or Hiram I) adopted her son and named her son after him, that is to say, Hiram Abiff.
To summarize this paper, in my research of Greek mythology combined with Hittite history, Priam was Hakkani, Dymas was Tudhaliya, the father of Suppiluliuma I, Hecuba was the unnamed daughter of Tudhaliya and sister of Suppiluliuma, Otreus was Suppiluliuma, Asius was Zida, Mygdon of Phrygia was Arnuwanda I, son-in-law of Tudhaliya and brother-in-law of Suppiluliuma.
Now the hieroglyphs that refer to Israel in the stele employ the determinative for ‘people’ as opposed to the determinative for a ‘city’ used to refer to the other enemies of Merneptah which he defeated. The determinative for ‘people’ was typically used by the Egyptians to signify nomadic groups or peoples without a fixed city-state home, thus implying a semi nomadic or rural status for 'Israel' at that time.
Because of this, any attempts by revisionists of the current Egyptian chronology, like myself, to date Merneptah’s rule later than 1000 BC is being rejected on the basis of this description of Israel as nomads by the victory stele of Merneptah.