In the current context of the problems created by the use of pesticides, cold plasma treatment fo... more In the current context of the problems created by the use of pesticides, cold plasma treatment found to be the best alternative in the protection of chickpea from pulse beetle invasion during storage up to few years. Cold plasma is proven method of food preservation which control food spoilage at very lower temperatures. The prospective potential of cold plasma treatment to control the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. infestation of chickpea for the storage period of about five years after plasma treatment was studied. Chickpea cultivars Vijay and Digvijay were used. Pulse beetle un-infested plasma untreated, pulse beetle un-infested plasma-treated, pulse beetle infested plasma untreated and pulse beetle infested plasma-treated samples studied for comparative pest status after every quarter. Cold plasma treatment at 40, 50, and 60 W power each for 10, 15, 20 min. was applied. The samples were stored in an airtight zip lock pouch under laboratory conditions. Cold plasma was f...
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued for two years or more protects the... more Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued for two years or more protects the infant from infectious and chronic degenerative diseases in the future. The knowledge, attitude, and practice of breastfeeding and infant feeding practices among mothers are important to prevent these comorbidities. Research aim(s)/question(s): The present study aimed -to assess the knowledge and practice of breastfeeding and infant feeding practices among mothers of different socio-economic status in a region of Delhi. Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted among postpartum mothers having children below 1.5 years. Results: Around 52% of the mothers were exclusively breastfeeding, 62% experienced skin-to-skin & breastfeeding within an hour after delivery. The majority of the mothers knew the importance of colostrum for their babies and were aware that no prelacteal feed was needed for the initial 6 months. There was an association between exclusive breastfeeding and mo...
The present study aimed to determine their nutritional, elemental, bioactive compounds, textural,... more The present study aimed to determine their nutritional, elemental, bioactive compounds, textural, and sensory evaluation of herbal cookies by incorporating the basil, basil along with ajwain or orange peel that encompasses adequate nutrients. The cookies prepared with four different composition i.e., Sample1 (control), Sample 2 (basil), Sample 3 (basil + ajwain), Sample 4 (basil + orange peel). Results interpret that incorporating basil, ajwain, and orange peel have an encouraging effect on the nutritional and elemental value of cookies compared to sample 1. Sample 1 contains a fair amount of carotenoid content, and the phenolic content was higher in sample 4, whereas chlorophyll content was higher in sample 3. In contrast, sample 2 contains the highest level of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The samples containing basil were harder (398.49 ± 17.09), and fracture-ability was more in the control sample (657.98 ± 75.62), whereas gumminess was more in cookies prepared from basil + orange (180.64 ± 8.40). After control basil incorporated cookies showed better in color (7 ± 0.58), hardness (7.46 ± 0.78), taste (7.23 ± 0.44), mouth feel (7 ± 0.82), and overall acceptability (7.07 ± 0.73) compared to other cookies. Considering all the parameters in this study, cookies prepared with herb basil incorporation help improve the quality of cookies.
Cold plasma processing has been marched toward becoming one of the proven techno alternatives to ... more Cold plasma processing has been marched toward becoming one of the proven techno alternatives to thermal food preservation. It was found effective to cause positive alterations in the surface properties of food by etching. The effect of low-pressure cold plasma on the percent moisture absorption of six chickpea cultivars, namely, Kripa, Virat, Vishal, Vijay, Digvijay, and Rajas, was studied. For plasma treatment, low-pressure glow discharge plasma with bell-jar symmetry was employed. The samples were treated with plasma at 40, 50, and 60 W each for 10, 15, and 20 min. These were soaked in distilled water and 1% sodium bicarbonate solution at room temperature for 8 h. The percent moisture absorption changed significantly (p < 0.05) with an increase in plasma power and treatment time. Kripa had the highest percent moisture absorption (102.07 ± 0.28) and (103.31 ± 0.68) at 60 W 20-min treatment while Rajas had the lowest percent moisture absorption (78.57 ± 0.81) and (79.44 ± 0.26) at 40 W and 10-min treatment in distilled water and 1% sodium bicarbonate solution soaking, respectively. The samples treated for 20 min with power 60 W showed higher moisture absorption for all the chickpea cultivars. The percent moisture absorption in control samples soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution was higher than in distilled water. The same pattern did not repeat in the plasma-treated samples. The findings in this research will be useful for designing the soaking process for different cultivars of plasma-treated legumes.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2020
Acacia nilotica is one of the major gum-yielding acacia species found in the Indian subcontinent ... more Acacia nilotica is one of the major gum-yielding acacia species found in the Indian subcontinent but has not studied extensively as compared to the commercial gum acacia (Acacia senegal). The present study aimed to analyses the physical, functional, morphological, and thermal properties of Acacia nilotica gum. Physical analyses show that Acacia nilotica gum is a free-flowing powder with 33% porosity. According to an X-ray diffraction analyzer, Acacia nilotica gum consists of both amorphous and crystalline nature powder (96.2%, 3.8%, respectively). The mineral analysis showed that Ca, K, P, Mg, and Na were the major minerals present in Acacia nilotica gum. The mean molecular weight of a major fraction of Acacia nilotica gum is 0.99 × 10 5 Da. The surface tension reduction was more considerable for commercial gum acacia than Acacia nilotica gum at all concentrations. Acacia nilotica gum shows weak emulsion capacity (24.7% ESI of 3% gum solution after 7 days) than the commercial gum acacia (47% ESI of 3% gum solution after 7 days). The film made using Acacia nilotica gum shows less elongation (30%) than the film made using commercial gum acacia (36%). The obtained results help in understanding the behaviour of Acacia nilotica gum and to know its role in different food and pharmaceutical applications.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2016
Fasting is an integral part of the Indian culture and tradition. Traditionally, during fasting pe... more Fasting is an integral part of the Indian culture and tradition. Traditionally, during fasting people would like to eat vari rice, sago, tubers and fruits. Vari rice (Echinochloa colonum) is the seed of a grass which frequently grows along with the paddy in the field. It provides the nourishment and energy equal to rice. It is rich source of minerals, vitamins, digestible fiber and starch as a major component and its products are slowly digestible. The present study was aimed to develop extrudate snacks for fasting purpose using vari rice, sweet potato and unripe banana powder and evaluate for their physicochemical and sensory properties by using response surface methodology. The die temperature has been varied from 160 to 180°C with screw speed of 170-190 rpm at constant feed rate 16 rpm (70 g/min) and the feed moisture of the raw material was in the range of 16-21 %. The blend of vari rice, sweet potato and unripe banana powder in the ratio of (40:40:20) extruded at 180°C die temperature, screw speed of 170 rpm with 16 % moisture content was most acceptable.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2016
Extruded products like expanded puff product are prepared from lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) at d... more Extruded products like expanded puff product are prepared from lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) at different conditioning moisture (14, 18, 22 %) for constant temperatures, range from 100 to 210°C, which was used during extrusion processing. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of conditioning moisture at different temperature on the rheological behavior of lentil. It was determined that viscosity and yield stress of the lentil dough decreased with increase in conditioning moisture of flour used during extrusion process. Yield stress decreased by 68 and 80 % for conditioning moisture at 18 and 22 %, respectively as compared to those conditioning moisture at 14 %. This was attributed to the changes in the carbohydrates occur due to high extrusion temperature. Increasing the conditioning moisture during extrusion process decreased the fluid consistency index and increased the flow behavior index of the dough, demonstrating a lower viscosity and increased fluidity. All the samples revealed shear thinning behavior. The dough prepared using lentil shows depletion in gelatinization temperature with decreased in conditioning moisture as demonstrated by viscoelastic analysis (loss modulus, storage modulus, Tan d) of the samples.
The present study deals with the application of low temperature plasma on basmati rice flour and ... more The present study deals with the application of low temperature plasma on basmati rice flour and its effect on functional properties such as gel hydrations properties, flour hydration properties, gelatinization temperatures and antioxidant properties. The water holding capacity and water binding capacity were observed to be increased with increase in plasma power and time of treatment as the air plasma is known to make the surface more hydrophilic. XRD analysis revealed there is no significance difference in the crystalline structure after the plasma treatment. DSC shows a decrease in peak temperatures (T p) after the treatment. Hot paste viscosities were observed to be decease from 692 to 591 BU was corresponded to decrease in peak temperature. The total polyphenolic content and reducing power was observed to be increased. The effects of plasma treatment on functional groups of polyphenols were observed by changes in absorption intensities using FTIR. This study demonstrates that the low temperature plasma treatmentis capable of improving the functional properties of basmati rice.
diseases, obesity, cancer, and increased health issues which are mostly seen in the developed cou... more diseases, obesity, cancer, and increased health issues which are mostly seen in the developed countries (Liu et al. 2020). Consumer across the globe needs a better alternative that will be healthier and beyond that, a 'Nutraceutical' MCT emerged as a 'Nutraceutical fat' having many health benefits (St-Onge and Jones 2002). MCT contains all three positions on the glycerol backbone occupied by medium chain-fatty acids. MCFA includes caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) (Table 1). There are limited natural sources that contain medium-chain triglycerides which include coconut oil, palm kernel oil,and bovine milk (Jensen 2002). Synthetically MCT are synthesized by an esterification reaction between MCFA and glycerol (Jadhav and Annapure 2021a; Jadhav et al. 2021a). In comparison with long-chain saturated triglycerides, the MCT give less calorie i.e., 8.4 kcal/g are liquid at ambient temperature, and has a shorter chain length (Fig. 1) (Ingle et al. 1999). These unique properties of MCT make it an ideal choice for health-conscious consumer and because of such unique physicochemical properties, MCT are metabolized in different ways unlike long-chain triglycerides (Babayan 1968; Rial et al. 2020). MCTs were launched as an exceptional
Intensification in synthesis of triglycerides of octanoic acid using a heterogeneous amberlyst-15... more Intensification in synthesis of triglycerides of octanoic acid using a heterogeneous amberlyst-15 catalyst has been investigated with the application of ultrasound under solvent-free conditions. Further, the frying characteristics of medium-chain triglycerides (tricaprin) are evaluated by deep frying of French fries in various combinations of palm oil and tricaprin. Understanding into the effect of parameters such as the temperature of the reaction (over the range of 40 °C–80 °C), loading of amberlyst-15 (1%–5%) and molar ratio of fatty acid to glycerol (3:1–3:5) along with the ultrasound conditions as duty cycle (40%–90%) and time on the conversion (%) has also been developed. Based on the outcomes of the study, optimum reaction conditions seen are 3:4 as the molar ratio of fatty acid (C8): glycerol, amberlyst-15 loading of 3% and a reaction temperature of 50 °C. It was further observed that the optimum ultrasound conditions required for maximum conversion of 99.8% were 240 W power, 80% duty cycle and 15 min as the ultrasound irradiation time. Under similar conditions, the conventional synthesis resulted in only 20% conversion in 15 min. Reusability studies also established that the acid–resin catalyst was effectively reused for 8 times. The PV, p-AV and TPC of frying oil combination containing higher tricaprin (50:50–palm oil: MCT) was 8.4 ± 0.8, 23.1 ± 0.01 and 29.8 ± 0.01 respectively, which were lowest as compared with other blends indicating the beneficial effects of MCT in frying applications. The work clearly shows that the ultrasound application for the synthesis of triglyceride of octanoic acid gives higher conversion (%) in a less time and also demonstrates that MCT could be a good alternative for deep frying of foods in combination with palm oil to enhance the shelf-life of food.
Abstract In this study synthesis of triglyceride of hexanoic acid is investigated with the applic... more Abstract In this study synthesis of triglyceride of hexanoic acid is investigated with the application of amberlyst-15 as a catalyst in a solvent free reaction mixture with pre-treatment of ultrasonic cavitation. In present research outcome of various reaction parameters like reaction temperature, loading of catalyst and molar ratio of reactant on rate of conversion of reactant is studied. Further ultrasonic pre-treatment parameters like pre-treatment time and duty cycle are studied. During study it is established that the ideal reaction conditions for the maximum conversion of reactant were molar ratio of reactant i.e., glycerol: fatty acid as 5:3, reaction temperature of 140 °C, amberlyst-15 loading of 5%. It is also established that the pre-treatment time of 25 min and 80% duty cycle gave good results. Recyclability of amberlyst-15 is established for 15 cycles of esterification reaction. The study showed that the use of ultrasonic pre-treatment and amberlyst-15 as a catalyst have beneficial effect on rate of conversion of reactant and also have an effect on reduction in reaction time to 07 h as compared to conventional synthesis of triglycerides of hexanoic acid. Maximum conversion of 96% was obtained in 07 h with ultrasonic pre-treatment and amberlyst-15.
Abstract The present research focuses on intensified synthesis of tricaprin by esterification rea... more Abstract The present research focuses on intensified synthesis of tricaprin by esterification reaction between capric acid and glycerol catalysed by dry amberlyst-15 using ultrasonication approach. Effect of several reaction conditions like molar ratio, reaction temperature, and amberlyst-15 loading on the rate of conversion has been studied. Effect of ultrasonic conditions like duty cycle and irradiation time on the intensified synthesis is investigated. Recyclability of amberlyst-15 is studied to make process more economical. It is investigated that the optimum reaction conditions which gave maximum conversion of 95% were molar ratio of capric acid: glycerol as 3:5, reaction temperature 90oC, 4% amberlyst -15 loading. It was further investigated that ultrasonic conditions which gave intensified synthesis were 70% duty cycle and irradiation time of 120 minutes. The ultrasonic assisted process was compared with conventional synthesis. Conventional synthesis gave 30% yield in 120 minutes and 82% in 18 hours. Amberlyst-15 was successfully reused for 13 cycle without any change in the conversion (%) of reaction.
In the current context of the problems created by the use of pesticides, cold plasma treatment fo... more In the current context of the problems created by the use of pesticides, cold plasma treatment found to be the best alternative in the protection of chickpea from pulse beetle invasion during storage up to few years. Cold plasma is proven method of food preservation which control food spoilage at very lower temperatures. The prospective potential of cold plasma treatment to control the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. infestation of chickpea for the storage period of about five years after plasma treatment was studied. Chickpea cultivars Vijay and Digvijay were used. Pulse beetle un-infested plasma untreated, pulse beetle un-infested plasma-treated, pulse beetle infested plasma untreated and pulse beetle infested plasma-treated samples studied for comparative pest status after every quarter. Cold plasma treatment at 40, 50, and 60 W power each for 10, 15, 20 min. was applied. The samples were stored in an airtight zip lock pouch under laboratory conditions. Cold plasma was f...
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued for two years or more protects the... more Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued for two years or more protects the infant from infectious and chronic degenerative diseases in the future. The knowledge, attitude, and practice of breastfeeding and infant feeding practices among mothers are important to prevent these comorbidities. Research aim(s)/question(s): The present study aimed -to assess the knowledge and practice of breastfeeding and infant feeding practices among mothers of different socio-economic status in a region of Delhi. Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted among postpartum mothers having children below 1.5 years. Results: Around 52% of the mothers were exclusively breastfeeding, 62% experienced skin-to-skin & breastfeeding within an hour after delivery. The majority of the mothers knew the importance of colostrum for their babies and were aware that no prelacteal feed was needed for the initial 6 months. There was an association between exclusive breastfeeding and mo...
The present study aimed to determine their nutritional, elemental, bioactive compounds, textural,... more The present study aimed to determine their nutritional, elemental, bioactive compounds, textural, and sensory evaluation of herbal cookies by incorporating the basil, basil along with ajwain or orange peel that encompasses adequate nutrients. The cookies prepared with four different composition i.e., Sample1 (control), Sample 2 (basil), Sample 3 (basil + ajwain), Sample 4 (basil + orange peel). Results interpret that incorporating basil, ajwain, and orange peel have an encouraging effect on the nutritional and elemental value of cookies compared to sample 1. Sample 1 contains a fair amount of carotenoid content, and the phenolic content was higher in sample 4, whereas chlorophyll content was higher in sample 3. In contrast, sample 2 contains the highest level of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The samples containing basil were harder (398.49 ± 17.09), and fracture-ability was more in the control sample (657.98 ± 75.62), whereas gumminess was more in cookies prepared from basil + orange (180.64 ± 8.40). After control basil incorporated cookies showed better in color (7 ± 0.58), hardness (7.46 ± 0.78), taste (7.23 ± 0.44), mouth feel (7 ± 0.82), and overall acceptability (7.07 ± 0.73) compared to other cookies. Considering all the parameters in this study, cookies prepared with herb basil incorporation help improve the quality of cookies.
Cold plasma processing has been marched toward becoming one of the proven techno alternatives to ... more Cold plasma processing has been marched toward becoming one of the proven techno alternatives to thermal food preservation. It was found effective to cause positive alterations in the surface properties of food by etching. The effect of low-pressure cold plasma on the percent moisture absorption of six chickpea cultivars, namely, Kripa, Virat, Vishal, Vijay, Digvijay, and Rajas, was studied. For plasma treatment, low-pressure glow discharge plasma with bell-jar symmetry was employed. The samples were treated with plasma at 40, 50, and 60 W each for 10, 15, and 20 min. These were soaked in distilled water and 1% sodium bicarbonate solution at room temperature for 8 h. The percent moisture absorption changed significantly (p < 0.05) with an increase in plasma power and treatment time. Kripa had the highest percent moisture absorption (102.07 ± 0.28) and (103.31 ± 0.68) at 60 W 20-min treatment while Rajas had the lowest percent moisture absorption (78.57 ± 0.81) and (79.44 ± 0.26) at 40 W and 10-min treatment in distilled water and 1% sodium bicarbonate solution soaking, respectively. The samples treated for 20 min with power 60 W showed higher moisture absorption for all the chickpea cultivars. The percent moisture absorption in control samples soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution was higher than in distilled water. The same pattern did not repeat in the plasma-treated samples. The findings in this research will be useful for designing the soaking process for different cultivars of plasma-treated legumes.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2020
Acacia nilotica is one of the major gum-yielding acacia species found in the Indian subcontinent ... more Acacia nilotica is one of the major gum-yielding acacia species found in the Indian subcontinent but has not studied extensively as compared to the commercial gum acacia (Acacia senegal). The present study aimed to analyses the physical, functional, morphological, and thermal properties of Acacia nilotica gum. Physical analyses show that Acacia nilotica gum is a free-flowing powder with 33% porosity. According to an X-ray diffraction analyzer, Acacia nilotica gum consists of both amorphous and crystalline nature powder (96.2%, 3.8%, respectively). The mineral analysis showed that Ca, K, P, Mg, and Na were the major minerals present in Acacia nilotica gum. The mean molecular weight of a major fraction of Acacia nilotica gum is 0.99 × 10 5 Da. The surface tension reduction was more considerable for commercial gum acacia than Acacia nilotica gum at all concentrations. Acacia nilotica gum shows weak emulsion capacity (24.7% ESI of 3% gum solution after 7 days) than the commercial gum acacia (47% ESI of 3% gum solution after 7 days). The film made using Acacia nilotica gum shows less elongation (30%) than the film made using commercial gum acacia (36%). The obtained results help in understanding the behaviour of Acacia nilotica gum and to know its role in different food and pharmaceutical applications.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2016
Fasting is an integral part of the Indian culture and tradition. Traditionally, during fasting pe... more Fasting is an integral part of the Indian culture and tradition. Traditionally, during fasting people would like to eat vari rice, sago, tubers and fruits. Vari rice (Echinochloa colonum) is the seed of a grass which frequently grows along with the paddy in the field. It provides the nourishment and energy equal to rice. It is rich source of minerals, vitamins, digestible fiber and starch as a major component and its products are slowly digestible. The present study was aimed to develop extrudate snacks for fasting purpose using vari rice, sweet potato and unripe banana powder and evaluate for their physicochemical and sensory properties by using response surface methodology. The die temperature has been varied from 160 to 180°C with screw speed of 170-190 rpm at constant feed rate 16 rpm (70 g/min) and the feed moisture of the raw material was in the range of 16-21 %. The blend of vari rice, sweet potato and unripe banana powder in the ratio of (40:40:20) extruded at 180°C die temperature, screw speed of 170 rpm with 16 % moisture content was most acceptable.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2016
Extruded products like expanded puff product are prepared from lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) at d... more Extruded products like expanded puff product are prepared from lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) at different conditioning moisture (14, 18, 22 %) for constant temperatures, range from 100 to 210°C, which was used during extrusion processing. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of conditioning moisture at different temperature on the rheological behavior of lentil. It was determined that viscosity and yield stress of the lentil dough decreased with increase in conditioning moisture of flour used during extrusion process. Yield stress decreased by 68 and 80 % for conditioning moisture at 18 and 22 %, respectively as compared to those conditioning moisture at 14 %. This was attributed to the changes in the carbohydrates occur due to high extrusion temperature. Increasing the conditioning moisture during extrusion process decreased the fluid consistency index and increased the flow behavior index of the dough, demonstrating a lower viscosity and increased fluidity. All the samples revealed shear thinning behavior. The dough prepared using lentil shows depletion in gelatinization temperature with decreased in conditioning moisture as demonstrated by viscoelastic analysis (loss modulus, storage modulus, Tan d) of the samples.
The present study deals with the application of low temperature plasma on basmati rice flour and ... more The present study deals with the application of low temperature plasma on basmati rice flour and its effect on functional properties such as gel hydrations properties, flour hydration properties, gelatinization temperatures and antioxidant properties. The water holding capacity and water binding capacity were observed to be increased with increase in plasma power and time of treatment as the air plasma is known to make the surface more hydrophilic. XRD analysis revealed there is no significance difference in the crystalline structure after the plasma treatment. DSC shows a decrease in peak temperatures (T p) after the treatment. Hot paste viscosities were observed to be decease from 692 to 591 BU was corresponded to decrease in peak temperature. The total polyphenolic content and reducing power was observed to be increased. The effects of plasma treatment on functional groups of polyphenols were observed by changes in absorption intensities using FTIR. This study demonstrates that the low temperature plasma treatmentis capable of improving the functional properties of basmati rice.
diseases, obesity, cancer, and increased health issues which are mostly seen in the developed cou... more diseases, obesity, cancer, and increased health issues which are mostly seen in the developed countries (Liu et al. 2020). Consumer across the globe needs a better alternative that will be healthier and beyond that, a 'Nutraceutical' MCT emerged as a 'Nutraceutical fat' having many health benefits (St-Onge and Jones 2002). MCT contains all three positions on the glycerol backbone occupied by medium chain-fatty acids. MCFA includes caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) (Table 1). There are limited natural sources that contain medium-chain triglycerides which include coconut oil, palm kernel oil,and bovine milk (Jensen 2002). Synthetically MCT are synthesized by an esterification reaction between MCFA and glycerol (Jadhav and Annapure 2021a; Jadhav et al. 2021a). In comparison with long-chain saturated triglycerides, the MCT give less calorie i.e., 8.4 kcal/g are liquid at ambient temperature, and has a shorter chain length (Fig. 1) (Ingle et al. 1999). These unique properties of MCT make it an ideal choice for health-conscious consumer and because of such unique physicochemical properties, MCT are metabolized in different ways unlike long-chain triglycerides (Babayan 1968; Rial et al. 2020). MCTs were launched as an exceptional
Intensification in synthesis of triglycerides of octanoic acid using a heterogeneous amberlyst-15... more Intensification in synthesis of triglycerides of octanoic acid using a heterogeneous amberlyst-15 catalyst has been investigated with the application of ultrasound under solvent-free conditions. Further, the frying characteristics of medium-chain triglycerides (tricaprin) are evaluated by deep frying of French fries in various combinations of palm oil and tricaprin. Understanding into the effect of parameters such as the temperature of the reaction (over the range of 40 °C–80 °C), loading of amberlyst-15 (1%–5%) and molar ratio of fatty acid to glycerol (3:1–3:5) along with the ultrasound conditions as duty cycle (40%–90%) and time on the conversion (%) has also been developed. Based on the outcomes of the study, optimum reaction conditions seen are 3:4 as the molar ratio of fatty acid (C8): glycerol, amberlyst-15 loading of 3% and a reaction temperature of 50 °C. It was further observed that the optimum ultrasound conditions required for maximum conversion of 99.8% were 240 W power, 80% duty cycle and 15 min as the ultrasound irradiation time. Under similar conditions, the conventional synthesis resulted in only 20% conversion in 15 min. Reusability studies also established that the acid–resin catalyst was effectively reused for 8 times. The PV, p-AV and TPC of frying oil combination containing higher tricaprin (50:50–palm oil: MCT) was 8.4 ± 0.8, 23.1 ± 0.01 and 29.8 ± 0.01 respectively, which were lowest as compared with other blends indicating the beneficial effects of MCT in frying applications. The work clearly shows that the ultrasound application for the synthesis of triglyceride of octanoic acid gives higher conversion (%) in a less time and also demonstrates that MCT could be a good alternative for deep frying of foods in combination with palm oil to enhance the shelf-life of food.
Abstract In this study synthesis of triglyceride of hexanoic acid is investigated with the applic... more Abstract In this study synthesis of triglyceride of hexanoic acid is investigated with the application of amberlyst-15 as a catalyst in a solvent free reaction mixture with pre-treatment of ultrasonic cavitation. In present research outcome of various reaction parameters like reaction temperature, loading of catalyst and molar ratio of reactant on rate of conversion of reactant is studied. Further ultrasonic pre-treatment parameters like pre-treatment time and duty cycle are studied. During study it is established that the ideal reaction conditions for the maximum conversion of reactant were molar ratio of reactant i.e., glycerol: fatty acid as 5:3, reaction temperature of 140 °C, amberlyst-15 loading of 5%. It is also established that the pre-treatment time of 25 min and 80% duty cycle gave good results. Recyclability of amberlyst-15 is established for 15 cycles of esterification reaction. The study showed that the use of ultrasonic pre-treatment and amberlyst-15 as a catalyst have beneficial effect on rate of conversion of reactant and also have an effect on reduction in reaction time to 07 h as compared to conventional synthesis of triglycerides of hexanoic acid. Maximum conversion of 96% was obtained in 07 h with ultrasonic pre-treatment and amberlyst-15.
Abstract The present research focuses on intensified synthesis of tricaprin by esterification rea... more Abstract The present research focuses on intensified synthesis of tricaprin by esterification reaction between capric acid and glycerol catalysed by dry amberlyst-15 using ultrasonication approach. Effect of several reaction conditions like molar ratio, reaction temperature, and amberlyst-15 loading on the rate of conversion has been studied. Effect of ultrasonic conditions like duty cycle and irradiation time on the intensified synthesis is investigated. Recyclability of amberlyst-15 is studied to make process more economical. It is investigated that the optimum reaction conditions which gave maximum conversion of 95% were molar ratio of capric acid: glycerol as 3:5, reaction temperature 90oC, 4% amberlyst -15 loading. It was further investigated that ultrasonic conditions which gave intensified synthesis were 70% duty cycle and irradiation time of 120 minutes. The ultrasonic assisted process was compared with conventional synthesis. Conventional synthesis gave 30% yield in 120 minutes and 82% in 18 hours. Amberlyst-15 was successfully reused for 13 cycle without any change in the conversion (%) of reaction.
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