Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural ... more Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural contexts of the oilseed industry, including sesame. Environmental threats (biotic and abiotic stresses) affect sesame production and thus yield (especially oil content). However, few studies have investigated the genetic enhancement, quality improvement, or the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance in sesame. This study reveals the challenges faced by farmers/researchers growing sesame crops and the potential genetic and genomic resources for addressing the threats, including: (1) developing sesame varieties that tolerate phyllody, root rot disease, and waterlogging; (2) investigating beneficial agro-morphological traits, such as determinate growth, prostrate habit, and delayed response to seed shattering; (3) using wild relatives of sesame for wide hybridization; and (4) advancing existing strategies to maintain sesame production under changing climatic conditions. Future research p...
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, Dec 31, 2022
The aim of the study was to find out the variation in oil yield and chemical composition of Alliu... more The aim of the study was to find out the variation in oil yield and chemical composition of Allium sativum (garlic) oil in various clonal selections during 2022. The garlic oil was obtained from fourteen clonal selections of A. sativum by hydrodistillation method and their chemical composition was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. Analysis of the bulbs of different clonal selections collected from IARI, New Delhi showed the presence of 0.12 to 0.24% oil, based on a fresh weight basis. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis showed that the oils were rich in the allyl polysulfide group of compounds and contained diallyl trisulfide (50.77-74.87%), diallyl disulfide (6.66.18-84%), ally methyl trisulfide (0.52-13.33%), diallyl tetrasulfide (4.27-39.07%) as major compounds. Methyl-2-propenyldisulfide (0.04-1.16%), and allylsulfide (0.83-1.14%)
were identified as minor compounds in the oils. The analysis showed tremendous variation in the oil content and the major compounds of the garlic clonal selections. These results suggest that high garlic oil-bearing clonal selections can be used
to produce garlic oil with abundant sulfide compounds which can be used as the source of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl
tetrasulfide compounds.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Chemical analysis of hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions obtained from the rhizobacteria P... more Chemical analysis of hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions obtained from the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas jessenii strain R62 and Pseudomonas synxantha strain R81 was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their nematicidal activity was 2 evaluated against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles (J2). Results showed that the hexane extract of both strains, together with mixed ethyl acetate extract, were found to have better nematicidal activity than their individual ethyl acetate fractions above 100 ppm. Some of the chemical compounds of these bioactive fractions were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. A total of sixteen and six similar compounds were detected in hexane and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively from both bacteria. The major compounds, namely hexadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid may be responsible for the nematicidal activity.
Bio-availability is a major concern in delivery of dietary phytochemicals for better bio-efficacy... more Bio-availability is a major concern in delivery of dietary phytochemicals for better bio-efficacy. The reduced bio-availability of food bioactive compounds is evident due to degradation during human digestion process which involves liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The bio-efficacy of any nutrient can be increased by increasing bio-availability. Different technologies are available for engineered efficient delivery systems; still many challenges remain with advancement of delivery systems. The ease of preparedness and adaptability of liposomes has resulted in wide-range of applicability and acceptability in scientific field, especially as delivery vehicles. In view, of properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability, liposomes have been modified with different usable methodologies for delivery of phytochemicals. The aim of this review is to abridge liposomes, methods of preparation, their application as delivery cargo in dietary phytochemicals, result of using different preparation techniques on properties.
Abstract Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) is an important plant used in Ayurveda, Homeo... more Abstract Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) is an important plant used in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, local healthcare and modern medicine industries. The drug produces essential oil (Spikenard oil) on extraction which is the source of variety of medicinal and aromatic products. Drug was collected from natural populations during the month of October. Essential oil was extracted from fresh, room and oven dried samples by using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed with GC-MS. Comparison revealed variations in the composition of the essential oil. Concentration of most of the active constituents of the essential oil varied with methods of drying applied. Patchouli alcohol showed variation between 40-52% with methods of drying applied. Therefore, N. jatamansi should be dried at low temperature (22-34°C) to minimize deterioration in the composition of the essential oil; that is directly related to medicinal properties.
Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2016
ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of five elite Cymbopogon varieties (OD-19, Pragati, RRL-16... more ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of five elite Cymbopogon varieties (OD-19, Pragati, RRL-16, NLG-84) and a hybrid (CPK-25) and four new selections (LS-1 to LS-4) were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil yield ranged from 0.31% to 1.0% with CPK-25 (1.0%) and LS-2 (0.95%) containing the highest. A total of 66 compounds, constituting 84.6–94.3% of the oils, were identified. The main compounds were geranial (29.9–41.6%), neral (25.8–32.5%), citronellol (0.3–12.8%), geranyl acetate (1.2–8.4%), and geraniol (1.8–8.2%). Of the cultivars, OD-19 (74.1%) had the highest and LS-3 (55.7%) contained the lowest amount of total citral. CKP-25 and LS-2 contained the highest amounts of oil (1.0% and 0.95%) with similar (67.9% and 68.3%) total citral concentrations. Essential oil yield in the CPK-25 cultivar was similar. LS-2, a new cultivar, had higher essential oil yield (0.95%) in the region, compared to the commercial cultivars Caveri (0.8%), OD-19 (0.7%), Pragati (0.7%), and Parman (0.8%) of Cymbopogon flexuosus.
Abstract Chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species namely Ocimum tenuiflo... more Abstract Chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species namely Ocimum tenuiflorum syn Ocimum sanctum L. (green and purple), Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, Ocimum viride Willd, Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L., obtained by a hydrodistillation was determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of one hundred three compounds were identified in the oils of five Ocimum species, of which fifteen compounds were found to be major (5.0–81.8 %) compounds. Analysis of Ocimum viride oil showed the highest amount of eugenol (81.8 %) among species besides germacrene D (7.0 %) and cis-ocimene (4.1 %). Ocimum tenuiflorum green and Ocimum tenuiflorum purple were found contain eugenol (75.5 and 33.8 %), β-elemene (9.9 and 15.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (9.6 and 21.3 %) as main compounds. Methyl eugenol (17.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (21.3 %) were also found to be an additional major compounds in Ocimum tenuiflorum purple oil. Camphor (28.8 %), β-selinene (11.4 %), α-selinene (9.6 %), maaliol (7.6 %), β-caryophyllene (6.4 %), β-gurgunene (5.2 %) were main compounds in Ocimum kalimanduscharicum oil. Similarly, Ocimum basilicum was found to contain methyl chavicol (46.0 %), trans-methyl cinnamaldehyde (20.0 %), linalool (16.7 %) while that of Ocimum gratissimum oil contain trans-methyl isoeugenol (51.9 %), cis-ocimene (18.7 %), germacrene-D (5.9 %), and β-caryophyllene (5.5 %) as major compounds. Results showed that Ocimum viride and Ocimum tenuiflorum green growing in the region rich source of oil (1.0 and 1.8 %) and eugenol (81.8 and 75.5 %) as compared to Ocimum tenuiflorum purple (33.8 %).
Abstract Mentha species are cultivated as industerial crops mainly in Uttar Pradesh and parts of ... more Abstract Mentha species are cultivated as industerial crops mainly in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Punjab for production of essential oil but not commerially cultivated in Gujarat. To promote cultivation of some Mentha species in the region, promising cultivars of Mentha arvensis L. (cv. Himalaya and cv. Kosi) and M. spicata L. (cv. MSS-5) were planted in experimental fields to study their performance in ground conditions. During the initial growth period, some cultivars showed symptoms of virus infection for the first time from the region. The characteristic symptoms of the leaves were foliar rugosty, light yellow mosaic, upward curling and retarded growth. The composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of three viral infected cultivars of Mentha by hydro-distillation were determined by GC-MS. The amounts of oil in healthy and infected M. arvensis cv. Himalaya (0.46 % and 0.31 %), M. arvensis cv. Kosi (0.69 % and 0.21 %) and M. spicata cv. MSS-5 (0.59 % and 0.46 %) were recorded. Twenty two compounds, constituting 90.1 % to 98.6 % of the oil were identified. Menthol (60.8-68.2 %), d-menthone (13.2-17.3 %), menthone (6.5-7.1 %), limonene (6.1-7.1 %) and p-menth-2-ene (3.0-3.4 %) were main compounds in M. arvensis cultivars. Similarly, healthy and infected Mentha spicata cv. MSS-5 had carvone (53.3 % and 46.7 %) and limonene (26.5 % and 29.7 %) as main compounds. Results showed that the viral disease together with presence of whitefly have caused considerable loss of biomass yield and essential oil in the cultivars of Mentha species but had less affect on major compounds, mainly menthol, limonene, menthone and carvone.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2021
Capsicum L. (Family: Solanaceae) is a genus of about thirty-eight species, distributed in tropica... more Capsicum L. (Family: Solanaceae) is a genus of about thirty-eight species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Capsaicinoids and carotenoids are the main bioactive compounds, responsible for pungency (hotness) and colour of the fruits of Capsicum species. Traditionally, whole fruits of hot chili are used as a spice and that of sweet Capsicum as a fresh vegetable and salad. The fruits of hot peppers are the only known natural source of capsaicinoids, the unique alkaloids,
responsible for pungency. The pungency of capsaicinoids has been reported due to presence of amide group but becomes non-pungent after the bioconversion of amide group to ester group leading to the formation of another group known as
capsinoids. Both extracts and phytochemicals of the fruits are reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nutraceutical and pest-control activities. Although a number of reports have been published on various groups of chemical constituents and activities of Capsicum species, but no review has comprehensively summarised its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological properties of both hot and sweet Capsicum species, so that these species can be utilized to develop value added products for humanhealth and crop protection. Also, biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin, structures of different groups of compounds identified in the fruits of pungent and non-pungent Capsicum species, and their chemical structure-activity relationship associated to the pungency are also discussed.
Three native rhizobacteria, IRh9, IRh10 and IRh15, were isolated from nematode-infected tomato (S... more Three native rhizobacteria, IRh9, IRh10 and IRh15, were isolated from nematode-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) rhizosphere were characterized and evaluated for their efficacy against root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato crop under pot conditions in the protected structure environment during 2020–21 at Centre for Protected Cultivation technology (CPCT), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, IRh9, IRh10, and IRh15 showed > 98% homology with Bacillus licheniformis, Priestia megaterium and Pseudomonas putida, respectively. Compared to the control, the penetration of root-knot nematode in tomato roots was reduced by >50% under pot conditions through inoculation of these bacteria. Characterization through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed 30 different volatile organic compounds from these rhizobacteria. Among them, 19 compounds were identified from P. megaterium IRh10, followed ...
Aim To understand the mechanism of necrosis incited by a host-selective phytotoxin designated as ... more Aim To understand the mechanism of necrosis incited by a host-selective phytotoxin designated as Rhizoctonia solani toxin (RST) identified to be a potential pathogenic factor of R. solani AG1 IA, causing sheath blight (ShB) of rice. Methods and Results The metabolomic changes induced by the phytotoxic metabolite in a ShB susceptible rice cultivar were elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and compared with that of the pathogen to identify rice metabolites targeted by the phytotoxin. The profiles of about 29 metabolites with various physiological roles in rice plants have been identified worldwide. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate chemometrics (principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis) and cluster (Heat maps) analyses were used to compare the metabolites obtained from chemical profiles of the treatments with sterile distilled water (SDW) control. The results indicated that the rice plant expressed more metabolites in r...
A simple, improved, rapid and precise, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-photo... more A simple, improved, rapid and precise, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method has been developed and validated for the separation, identification and quantification of swertiamarin in aerial parts of Enicostemma axillare. The highest (38.12±1.74%) amount of swertiamarin was found in cold water and the lowest amount (20.13±0.84%) in hot water extracts obtained by using two different solvents. The separation of swertiamarin was achieved on a C18 column using the solvent system consisting of a mixture of methanol-water (1:1) as a mobile phase in a gradient flow elution mode followed by UV detection at 238 nm. The highest amount of swertiamarin was detected at 238 nm instead of detection at 227 nm and 254 nm. The developed method was validated using International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Calibration curves offered good linear regression (r 2 >0.998) within the test ranges. In intraday assay, the maximum relative s...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, Feb 22, 2022
The present study reports, bioefficacy evaluation of effective compounds against Meloidogyne inco... more The present study reports, bioefficacy evaluation of effective compounds against Meloidogyne incognita and Sclerotium rolfsii in pot cultured tomato. The identified five most effective compounds, i.e. (2E)-1-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6g), (2E)-1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6h), (2E)-1-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6j), (2E)-1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6k) and (2E)-1-(3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6p) along with Carbofuran 3G as positive control were tested at 20, 40 and 80 ppm by soil drenching and root dipping methods. The study revealed that all plant growth parameters were positively influenced by these compounds. The presence of an electron releasing group positively influenced the efficacy, and the activity was highest in compounds 6g and 6h at 80 ppm. Based on in vitro results against S. rolfsii, (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3b), (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3o) and (2E)-1-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6o) along with Tebuconazole 25.9% EC and Hexaconazole 5% SC as positive control were evaluated. The shoot length was found to be highest (24.50 cm) in plants treated with 3b followed by 3o and 6o at 1000 ppm. The percent disease incidence was significantly decreased as compared to control. The percent disease incidence was found to be minimum in plants treated with 3b at 1000 ppm. However, root dipping was not as effective as soil drenching. Therefore, ferrocenyl chalcone derivatives proved to be of great fungicidal and nematicidal potential opening new opportunities for expanding their effectiveness as new pest control agents.
Piper longum L. (Piperaceae family), commonly known as long pepper, is used in traditional medici... more Piper longum L. (Piperaceae family), commonly known as long pepper, is used in traditional medicine and in recognized system of medicine in India for the treatment of inflammation, pain, epilepsy, arthritis, cancer, ulcer, and asthma in addition to pest control activity. Its fruits are rich in essential oil and possess different biological activities, but oil is not much explored against the root-knot nematodes. Thus, the essential oil from the fruits of P. longum was isolated by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by Gas chromatography-Flame ionisation detector and Mass spectrometry. Analysis showed that the oil is a complex mixture of volatile compounds. (Z)-β-Farnesene (25.08%), β-Caryophyllene (13.57%), α-Humulene (13.37%), 8-Heptadecene (9.28%), Heptadecane (7.07%), α-Patchoulene (5.44%), 3-Heptadecene (5.09%), γ-Elemene (4.37%), β-Humulene (3.69%) and Terpinen-4-ol (1.74%) were identified as main compounds in its oil. The essential oil was evaluated for its nematicidal activ...
International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture
Plants have been used to overcome pathologic conditions and body ailments since the prehistoric p... more Plants have been used to overcome pathologic conditions and body ailments since the prehistoric period. A few plants e.g. Borago officinalis, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, etc. are frequently used for treating inflammatory disorders, globally. Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to different harmful stimuli and results in discomfort to the body. There is not a single medicine to treat all the inflammation at the time. In recent years plant-based medicines are evaluated for efficacy through phytopharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical trials. The therapeutic ingredients of polyherbal formulations generally contain different chemical classes, and their efficacy is based on synergism. Achyranthes aspera is an abundantly available herb, globally, has been in use in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani system of medicine to cure many ailments like arthritis, asthma, cardiac disease, dermatological diseases, gynecological disorder, kidney stone, leprosy, wound, snakebite, malaria, pneumonia, dysentery, rabies, toothache, etc. The applications of A. aspera in pathological investigations have scientifically justified the traditional utilization. Further, phytopharmacological studies have highlighted its synergistic mechanism of action and revealed its vital role in modulating inflammatory reactions for fast recovery with the least side effects, though there are a few investigations.
Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural ... more Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural contexts of the oilseed industry, including sesame. Environmental threats (biotic and abiotic stresses) affect sesame production and thus yield (especially oil content). However, few studies have investigated the genetic enhancement, quality improvement, or the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance in sesame. This study reveals the challenges faced by farmers/researchers growing sesame crops and the potential genetic and genomic resources for addressing the threats, including: (1) developing sesame varieties that tolerate phyllody, root rot disease, and waterlogging; (2) investigating beneficial agro-morphological traits, such as determinate growth, prostrate habit, and delayed response to seed shattering; (3) using wild relatives of sesame for wide hybridization; and (4) advancing existing strategies to maintain sesame production under changing climatic conditions. Future research p...
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, Dec 31, 2022
The aim of the study was to find out the variation in oil yield and chemical composition of Alliu... more The aim of the study was to find out the variation in oil yield and chemical composition of Allium sativum (garlic) oil in various clonal selections during 2022. The garlic oil was obtained from fourteen clonal selections of A. sativum by hydrodistillation method and their chemical composition was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. Analysis of the bulbs of different clonal selections collected from IARI, New Delhi showed the presence of 0.12 to 0.24% oil, based on a fresh weight basis. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis showed that the oils were rich in the allyl polysulfide group of compounds and contained diallyl trisulfide (50.77-74.87%), diallyl disulfide (6.66.18-84%), ally methyl trisulfide (0.52-13.33%), diallyl tetrasulfide (4.27-39.07%) as major compounds. Methyl-2-propenyldisulfide (0.04-1.16%), and allylsulfide (0.83-1.14%)
were identified as minor compounds in the oils. The analysis showed tremendous variation in the oil content and the major compounds of the garlic clonal selections. These results suggest that high garlic oil-bearing clonal selections can be used
to produce garlic oil with abundant sulfide compounds which can be used as the source of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl
tetrasulfide compounds.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Chemical analysis of hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions obtained from the rhizobacteria P... more Chemical analysis of hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions obtained from the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas jessenii strain R62 and Pseudomonas synxantha strain R81 was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their nematicidal activity was 2 evaluated against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles (J2). Results showed that the hexane extract of both strains, together with mixed ethyl acetate extract, were found to have better nematicidal activity than their individual ethyl acetate fractions above 100 ppm. Some of the chemical compounds of these bioactive fractions were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. A total of sixteen and six similar compounds were detected in hexane and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively from both bacteria. The major compounds, namely hexadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid may be responsible for the nematicidal activity.
Bio-availability is a major concern in delivery of dietary phytochemicals for better bio-efficacy... more Bio-availability is a major concern in delivery of dietary phytochemicals for better bio-efficacy. The reduced bio-availability of food bioactive compounds is evident due to degradation during human digestion process which involves liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The bio-efficacy of any nutrient can be increased by increasing bio-availability. Different technologies are available for engineered efficient delivery systems; still many challenges remain with advancement of delivery systems. The ease of preparedness and adaptability of liposomes has resulted in wide-range of applicability and acceptability in scientific field, especially as delivery vehicles. In view, of properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability, liposomes have been modified with different usable methodologies for delivery of phytochemicals. The aim of this review is to abridge liposomes, methods of preparation, their application as delivery cargo in dietary phytochemicals, result of using different preparation techniques on properties.
Abstract Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) is an important plant used in Ayurveda, Homeo... more Abstract Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) is an important plant used in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, local healthcare and modern medicine industries. The drug produces essential oil (Spikenard oil) on extraction which is the source of variety of medicinal and aromatic products. Drug was collected from natural populations during the month of October. Essential oil was extracted from fresh, room and oven dried samples by using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed with GC-MS. Comparison revealed variations in the composition of the essential oil. Concentration of most of the active constituents of the essential oil varied with methods of drying applied. Patchouli alcohol showed variation between 40-52% with methods of drying applied. Therefore, N. jatamansi should be dried at low temperature (22-34°C) to minimize deterioration in the composition of the essential oil; that is directly related to medicinal properties.
Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2016
ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of five elite Cymbopogon varieties (OD-19, Pragati, RRL-16... more ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of five elite Cymbopogon varieties (OD-19, Pragati, RRL-16, NLG-84) and a hybrid (CPK-25) and four new selections (LS-1 to LS-4) were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil yield ranged from 0.31% to 1.0% with CPK-25 (1.0%) and LS-2 (0.95%) containing the highest. A total of 66 compounds, constituting 84.6–94.3% of the oils, were identified. The main compounds were geranial (29.9–41.6%), neral (25.8–32.5%), citronellol (0.3–12.8%), geranyl acetate (1.2–8.4%), and geraniol (1.8–8.2%). Of the cultivars, OD-19 (74.1%) had the highest and LS-3 (55.7%) contained the lowest amount of total citral. CKP-25 and LS-2 contained the highest amounts of oil (1.0% and 0.95%) with similar (67.9% and 68.3%) total citral concentrations. Essential oil yield in the CPK-25 cultivar was similar. LS-2, a new cultivar, had higher essential oil yield (0.95%) in the region, compared to the commercial cultivars Caveri (0.8%), OD-19 (0.7%), Pragati (0.7%), and Parman (0.8%) of Cymbopogon flexuosus.
Abstract Chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species namely Ocimum tenuiflo... more Abstract Chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species namely Ocimum tenuiflorum syn Ocimum sanctum L. (green and purple), Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, Ocimum viride Willd, Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L., obtained by a hydrodistillation was determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of one hundred three compounds were identified in the oils of five Ocimum species, of which fifteen compounds were found to be major (5.0–81.8 %) compounds. Analysis of Ocimum viride oil showed the highest amount of eugenol (81.8 %) among species besides germacrene D (7.0 %) and cis-ocimene (4.1 %). Ocimum tenuiflorum green and Ocimum tenuiflorum purple were found contain eugenol (75.5 and 33.8 %), β-elemene (9.9 and 15.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (9.6 and 21.3 %) as main compounds. Methyl eugenol (17.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (21.3 %) were also found to be an additional major compounds in Ocimum tenuiflorum purple oil. Camphor (28.8 %), β-selinene (11.4 %), α-selinene (9.6 %), maaliol (7.6 %), β-caryophyllene (6.4 %), β-gurgunene (5.2 %) were main compounds in Ocimum kalimanduscharicum oil. Similarly, Ocimum basilicum was found to contain methyl chavicol (46.0 %), trans-methyl cinnamaldehyde (20.0 %), linalool (16.7 %) while that of Ocimum gratissimum oil contain trans-methyl isoeugenol (51.9 %), cis-ocimene (18.7 %), germacrene-D (5.9 %), and β-caryophyllene (5.5 %) as major compounds. Results showed that Ocimum viride and Ocimum tenuiflorum green growing in the region rich source of oil (1.0 and 1.8 %) and eugenol (81.8 and 75.5 %) as compared to Ocimum tenuiflorum purple (33.8 %).
Abstract Mentha species are cultivated as industerial crops mainly in Uttar Pradesh and parts of ... more Abstract Mentha species are cultivated as industerial crops mainly in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Punjab for production of essential oil but not commerially cultivated in Gujarat. To promote cultivation of some Mentha species in the region, promising cultivars of Mentha arvensis L. (cv. Himalaya and cv. Kosi) and M. spicata L. (cv. MSS-5) were planted in experimental fields to study their performance in ground conditions. During the initial growth period, some cultivars showed symptoms of virus infection for the first time from the region. The characteristic symptoms of the leaves were foliar rugosty, light yellow mosaic, upward curling and retarded growth. The composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of three viral infected cultivars of Mentha by hydro-distillation were determined by GC-MS. The amounts of oil in healthy and infected M. arvensis cv. Himalaya (0.46 % and 0.31 %), M. arvensis cv. Kosi (0.69 % and 0.21 %) and M. spicata cv. MSS-5 (0.59 % and 0.46 %) were recorded. Twenty two compounds, constituting 90.1 % to 98.6 % of the oil were identified. Menthol (60.8-68.2 %), d-menthone (13.2-17.3 %), menthone (6.5-7.1 %), limonene (6.1-7.1 %) and p-menth-2-ene (3.0-3.4 %) were main compounds in M. arvensis cultivars. Similarly, healthy and infected Mentha spicata cv. MSS-5 had carvone (53.3 % and 46.7 %) and limonene (26.5 % and 29.7 %) as main compounds. Results showed that the viral disease together with presence of whitefly have caused considerable loss of biomass yield and essential oil in the cultivars of Mentha species but had less affect on major compounds, mainly menthol, limonene, menthone and carvone.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2021
Capsicum L. (Family: Solanaceae) is a genus of about thirty-eight species, distributed in tropica... more Capsicum L. (Family: Solanaceae) is a genus of about thirty-eight species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Capsaicinoids and carotenoids are the main bioactive compounds, responsible for pungency (hotness) and colour of the fruits of Capsicum species. Traditionally, whole fruits of hot chili are used as a spice and that of sweet Capsicum as a fresh vegetable and salad. The fruits of hot peppers are the only known natural source of capsaicinoids, the unique alkaloids,
responsible for pungency. The pungency of capsaicinoids has been reported due to presence of amide group but becomes non-pungent after the bioconversion of amide group to ester group leading to the formation of another group known as
capsinoids. Both extracts and phytochemicals of the fruits are reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nutraceutical and pest-control activities. Although a number of reports have been published on various groups of chemical constituents and activities of Capsicum species, but no review has comprehensively summarised its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological properties of both hot and sweet Capsicum species, so that these species can be utilized to develop value added products for humanhealth and crop protection. Also, biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin, structures of different groups of compounds identified in the fruits of pungent and non-pungent Capsicum species, and their chemical structure-activity relationship associated to the pungency are also discussed.
Three native rhizobacteria, IRh9, IRh10 and IRh15, were isolated from nematode-infected tomato (S... more Three native rhizobacteria, IRh9, IRh10 and IRh15, were isolated from nematode-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) rhizosphere were characterized and evaluated for their efficacy against root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato crop under pot conditions in the protected structure environment during 2020–21 at Centre for Protected Cultivation technology (CPCT), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, IRh9, IRh10, and IRh15 showed > 98% homology with Bacillus licheniformis, Priestia megaterium and Pseudomonas putida, respectively. Compared to the control, the penetration of root-knot nematode in tomato roots was reduced by >50% under pot conditions through inoculation of these bacteria. Characterization through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed 30 different volatile organic compounds from these rhizobacteria. Among them, 19 compounds were identified from P. megaterium IRh10, followed ...
Aim To understand the mechanism of necrosis incited by a host-selective phytotoxin designated as ... more Aim To understand the mechanism of necrosis incited by a host-selective phytotoxin designated as Rhizoctonia solani toxin (RST) identified to be a potential pathogenic factor of R. solani AG1 IA, causing sheath blight (ShB) of rice. Methods and Results The metabolomic changes induced by the phytotoxic metabolite in a ShB susceptible rice cultivar were elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and compared with that of the pathogen to identify rice metabolites targeted by the phytotoxin. The profiles of about 29 metabolites with various physiological roles in rice plants have been identified worldwide. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate chemometrics (principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis) and cluster (Heat maps) analyses were used to compare the metabolites obtained from chemical profiles of the treatments with sterile distilled water (SDW) control. The results indicated that the rice plant expressed more metabolites in r...
A simple, improved, rapid and precise, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-photo... more A simple, improved, rapid and precise, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method has been developed and validated for the separation, identification and quantification of swertiamarin in aerial parts of Enicostemma axillare. The highest (38.12±1.74%) amount of swertiamarin was found in cold water and the lowest amount (20.13±0.84%) in hot water extracts obtained by using two different solvents. The separation of swertiamarin was achieved on a C18 column using the solvent system consisting of a mixture of methanol-water (1:1) as a mobile phase in a gradient flow elution mode followed by UV detection at 238 nm. The highest amount of swertiamarin was detected at 238 nm instead of detection at 227 nm and 254 nm. The developed method was validated using International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Calibration curves offered good linear regression (r 2 >0.998) within the test ranges. In intraday assay, the maximum relative s...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, Feb 22, 2022
The present study reports, bioefficacy evaluation of effective compounds against Meloidogyne inco... more The present study reports, bioefficacy evaluation of effective compounds against Meloidogyne incognita and Sclerotium rolfsii in pot cultured tomato. The identified five most effective compounds, i.e. (2E)-1-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6g), (2E)-1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6h), (2E)-1-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6j), (2E)-1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6k) and (2E)-1-(3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6p) along with Carbofuran 3G as positive control were tested at 20, 40 and 80 ppm by soil drenching and root dipping methods. The study revealed that all plant growth parameters were positively influenced by these compounds. The presence of an electron releasing group positively influenced the efficacy, and the activity was highest in compounds 6g and 6h at 80 ppm. Based on in vitro results against S. rolfsii, (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3b), (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3o) and (2E)-1-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6o) along with Tebuconazole 25.9% EC and Hexaconazole 5% SC as positive control were evaluated. The shoot length was found to be highest (24.50 cm) in plants treated with 3b followed by 3o and 6o at 1000 ppm. The percent disease incidence was significantly decreased as compared to control. The percent disease incidence was found to be minimum in plants treated with 3b at 1000 ppm. However, root dipping was not as effective as soil drenching. Therefore, ferrocenyl chalcone derivatives proved to be of great fungicidal and nematicidal potential opening new opportunities for expanding their effectiveness as new pest control agents.
Piper longum L. (Piperaceae family), commonly known as long pepper, is used in traditional medici... more Piper longum L. (Piperaceae family), commonly known as long pepper, is used in traditional medicine and in recognized system of medicine in India for the treatment of inflammation, pain, epilepsy, arthritis, cancer, ulcer, and asthma in addition to pest control activity. Its fruits are rich in essential oil and possess different biological activities, but oil is not much explored against the root-knot nematodes. Thus, the essential oil from the fruits of P. longum was isolated by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by Gas chromatography-Flame ionisation detector and Mass spectrometry. Analysis showed that the oil is a complex mixture of volatile compounds. (Z)-β-Farnesene (25.08%), β-Caryophyllene (13.57%), α-Humulene (13.37%), 8-Heptadecene (9.28%), Heptadecane (7.07%), α-Patchoulene (5.44%), 3-Heptadecene (5.09%), γ-Elemene (4.37%), β-Humulene (3.69%) and Terpinen-4-ol (1.74%) were identified as main compounds in its oil. The essential oil was evaluated for its nematicidal activ...
International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture
Plants have been used to overcome pathologic conditions and body ailments since the prehistoric p... more Plants have been used to overcome pathologic conditions and body ailments since the prehistoric period. A few plants e.g. Borago officinalis, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, etc. are frequently used for treating inflammatory disorders, globally. Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to different harmful stimuli and results in discomfort to the body. There is not a single medicine to treat all the inflammation at the time. In recent years plant-based medicines are evaluated for efficacy through phytopharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical trials. The therapeutic ingredients of polyherbal formulations generally contain different chemical classes, and their efficacy is based on synergism. Achyranthes aspera is an abundantly available herb, globally, has been in use in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani system of medicine to cure many ailments like arthritis, asthma, cardiac disease, dermatological diseases, gynecological disorder, kidney stone, leprosy, wound, snakebite, malaria, pneumonia, dysentery, rabies, toothache, etc. The applications of A. aspera in pathological investigations have scientifically justified the traditional utilization. Further, phytopharmacological studies have highlighted its synergistic mechanism of action and revealed its vital role in modulating inflammatory reactions for fast recovery with the least side effects, though there are a few investigations.
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Papers by Virendra Rana
were identified as minor compounds in the oils. The analysis showed tremendous variation in the oil content and the major compounds of the garlic clonal selections. These results suggest that high garlic oil-bearing clonal selections can be used
to produce garlic oil with abundant sulfide compounds which can be used as the source of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl
tetrasulfide compounds.
responsible for pungency. The pungency of capsaicinoids has been reported due to presence of amide group but becomes non-pungent after the bioconversion of amide group to ester group leading to the formation of another group known as
capsinoids. Both extracts and phytochemicals of the fruits are reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nutraceutical and pest-control activities. Although a number of reports have been published on various groups of chemical constituents and activities of Capsicum species, but no review has comprehensively summarised its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological properties of both hot and sweet Capsicum species, so that these species can be utilized to develop value added products for humanhealth and crop protection. Also, biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin, structures of different groups of compounds identified in the fruits of pungent and non-pungent Capsicum species, and their chemical structure-activity relationship associated to the pungency are also discussed.
were identified as minor compounds in the oils. The analysis showed tremendous variation in the oil content and the major compounds of the garlic clonal selections. These results suggest that high garlic oil-bearing clonal selections can be used
to produce garlic oil with abundant sulfide compounds which can be used as the source of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl
tetrasulfide compounds.
responsible for pungency. The pungency of capsaicinoids has been reported due to presence of amide group but becomes non-pungent after the bioconversion of amide group to ester group leading to the formation of another group known as
capsinoids. Both extracts and phytochemicals of the fruits are reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, nutraceutical and pest-control activities. Although a number of reports have been published on various groups of chemical constituents and activities of Capsicum species, but no review has comprehensively summarised its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological properties of both hot and sweet Capsicum species, so that these species can be utilized to develop value added products for humanhealth and crop protection. Also, biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin, structures of different groups of compounds identified in the fruits of pungent and non-pungent Capsicum species, and their chemical structure-activity relationship associated to the pungency are also discussed.