ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and cond... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and condylar bone density in the temporomandibular joint structures using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsIn this retrospective cross‐sectional study, two groups were evaluated. The case group included 35 patients (34.91 ± 12.40 mean age) with clinical signs and symptoms of TMD according to the Helkimo Index. The control group included 35 samples (37.89 ± 10.89 mean age) without signs and symptoms of TMD. Degenerative bone changes including flattening, erosion, osteophyte, sclerosis, and pseudocyst were evaluated in CBCT images. The severity of degenerative bone changes was categorized into four groups; G0 (no degenerative changes), G1 (one degenerative change—mild), G2 (two degenerative changes—moderate), and G3 (three or more degenerative changes—severe). Grey Value (GV) was measured in CBCT images to determine condylar bone density. The relationship between the severity of degenerative bone changes and bone density was assessed using the One‐Way ANOVA test.ResultsThe frequency of osteophyte and sclerosis was significantly higher in the TMD patient group than in the control group. Grade 1 and Grade 2 changes in the TMD patient group were significantly more than the control group (p < 0.001). The mean Grey Value in patients was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). The GV was significantly correlated with the severity of degenerative changes in both groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe degenerative changes were significantly associated with bone density (GV). Therefore, TMJ arthritis can cause changes in bone density.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and cond... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and condylar bone density in the temporomandibular joint structures using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsIn this retrospective cross‐sectional study, two groups were evaluated. The case group included 35 patients (34.91 ± 12.40 mean age) with clinical signs and symptoms of TMD according to the Helkimo Index. The control group included 35 samples (37.89 ± 10.89 mean age) without signs and symptoms of TMD. Degenerative bone changes including flattening, erosion, osteophyte, sclerosis, and pseudocyst were evaluated in CBCT images. The severity of degenerative bone changes was categorized into four groups; G0 (no degenerative changes), G1 (one degenerative change—mild), G2 (two degenerative changes—moderate), and G3 (three or more degenerative changes—severe). Grey Value (GV) was measured in CBCT images to determine condylar bone density. The relationship between the severity of degenerative bone changes and bone density was assessed using the One‐Way ANOVA test.ResultsThe frequency of osteophyte and sclerosis was significantly higher in the TMD patient group than in the control group. Grade 1 and Grade 2 changes in the TMD patient group were significantly more than the control group (p < 0.001). The mean Grey Value in patients was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). The GV was significantly correlated with the severity of degenerative changes in both groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe degenerative changes were significantly associated with bone density (GV). Therefore, TMJ arthritis can cause changes in bone density.
The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it p... more The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it plays in sustaining the environment and climate. Indeed, thermal comfort is the main constituent of vernacular architecture in all regions. Shelter as a man-made development, has taken climate into consideration in the form of passive cooling and heating throughout history. In spite of its significance, the issue of climate has been ignored in the past century. It can be argued that the purpose of construction is livelihood. In an urban context, thermal comfort comes alongside architectural development. In this paper, the indigenous architecture of different regions has been analyzed and the physical features of earth in arid and tropical climates have been compared with one another. By considering the climatic classification, and in order to achieve appropriate techniques for cooling by passive means by using the earth mass, several vernacular architectural structures have been examined.
The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it p... more The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it plays in sustaining the environment and climate. Indeed, thermal comfort is the main constituent of vernacular architecture in all regions. Shelter as a man-made development, has taken climate into consideration in the form of passive cooling and heating throughout history. In spite of its significance, the issue of climate has been ignored in the past century. It can be argued that the purpose of construction is livelihood. In an urban context, thermal comfort comes alongside architectural development. In this paper, the indigenous architecture of different regions has been analyzed and the physical features of earth in arid and tropical climates have been compared with one another. By considering the climatic classification, and in order to achieve appropriate techniques for cooling by passive means by using the earth mass, several vernacular architectural structures have been examined.
Due to the population growth and lack of appropriate amenities and facilities for children, it is... more Due to the population growth and lack of appropriate amenities and facilities for children, it is essential to design spaces in which children can discover their talents. The aim of this study was to design suitable spaces for 3-6 year olds with an emphasis on environmental features affecting children's mind and behavior, and to improve it in terms of creativity. Using Delphi method, the questionnaire, confirmed by architecture professors, was used to survey 125 parents to find appropriate ways to design spaces for children. Descriptive statistics and Friedman tests were used to analyze data in order to rank the different dimensions of architectural design for children. The results showed that the variables had not the same priority, and the highest priorities were the existence of garden spaces and creative thinking respectively.
Parksareone of the best urban spaces. A place where menget away from the urban stress and noise, ... more Parksareone of the best urban spaces. A place where menget away from the urban stress and noise, spenda few moments to relaxand comfort. However, sometimes some harshness enters the parks. This article examined the factors affecting the sense of security in the linear park of Chamran located in Shiraz, Iran. To do this research which enjoys a naturalistic approach, first library research and investigation were done; then, 100 questionnaires were issued among citizens to account the effective factors on their sense of security in this park. At the end it was concluded that the lack of proper relation between this park and north and south walking paths has caused the vitality to lose, and therefore, natural surveillance which is one of the crucial factors in person's sense of security became pale.
Abstract—The present paper investigates a promising avenue for the intensification of turbulent f... more Abstract—The present paper investigates a promising avenue for the intensification of turbulent free convection in square cavities using an adequate selection of binary gas mixtures. seven binary gas mixtures have considered helium (He) as the primary gas component and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, and carbon tetra fluoride the secondary gas components. In the thermodynamic context, the thermo physical properties viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, and isobaric heat capacity depend on three quantities: temperature, pressure, and molar gas composition. The numerical temperature fields T(x, y) for the seven binary gas mixtures He+CO2, He+CH4, He+N2, He+O2, He+Xe, He+CF4 and He+SF 6 are channeled through the allied mean convection coefficient h mix/B varying with the molar gas composition w in proper w-domain [0, 1]. For the seven binary gas mixtures utilized, the allied mean convection coefficient versus the molar gas composition w is gra...
Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a clos... more Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cappadocia, Turkey), and conversely as an offensive source in Amazon forests. In hot-arid climates, proximity to earth is useful to apply the heat in the buildings. Present study aims to investigate the mentioned factor in Dastkand village located at Kerman province. Mountainous moderate climate, cold and icy winters and moderate summers is of the considerable properties of the studied area. The maximum and minimum temperature was recorded, 42 and-18° C during summer and winter, respectively. Hence, in addition to cultural as well as economic factors, temperature fluctuation played a key role in breaking the buildings in to the ground. So, this study assists to investigate the studied area within natural bed, in plan and section. On this basis, technical methods of earth profiting throughout the studied area have been investigated, in order to profit earth in modern architecture. Results showed a harmony between dominant winds and buildings in winter and summer. Moreover, profiting from high sun shining with special architecture is of Meymand village characteristic. Using breaking in to the ground technique, 26.57 % decrease occurred in cooling need, annually. On the other hand, Day-Degree heating need has reduced to approximately 13.65 % annually solely by earth profiting technique. Overall, results demonstrate a harmony between applied technique and the studied region climate. Besides, there reported a proper isotropy between temperature fluctuation and air aridity throughout the region.
Wind catchers in arid climates are one of the most prominent masterpieces of Iranian traditional ... more Wind catchers in arid climates are one of the most prominent masterpieces of Iranian traditional architecture which can improve thermal comfort through natural ventilation. With the aim of recognizing the impact of this masterpiece on thermal comfort, this research examined the effect of wind on summer ambient temperature and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). To this end, wind catchers of Salehi's House in Shiraz case in arid climate and the ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured by data logger TA120 between 9:00 to 16:00 in summer for calculating PMV and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) through Fanger Formula. The results through open or close wind catcher and openings showed that the thermal comfort was directly related to the amount of wind coming from the wind catcher. It was also concluded that the average ambient temperature in ground was declined by 0.8 °C and in the first floor it was declined by 0.9°C.
The destruction of Iranian-Islamiccities’ identity and the authenticity is unavoidable in this mo... more The destruction of Iranian-Islamiccities’ identity and the authenticity is unavoidable in this modernera and need a lot of efforts. Using principles of Iranian-Islamic urbanization and a tourism approach, this descriptive and analytical research aimed at proposing some solutions to revitalize valuable historical tissues which are considered as the country’s identity and assets. The principles of Iranian-Islamic urbanization are known as an identity for cities in tourism approach and plays an important role in increasing the identity and Vitality of spaces; as the result, tourism also develop. The city of Yazd has a valuable historical texture to absorb tourists by reviving the valuable textures. Unfortunately, there is no care regarding maintenance of some textures in implementation plans and they has ruined and destroyed. Therefore, looking at the other countries’ valuable experience and by field observation and SWOT this problem was analyzed. Data analysis showed that in order to ...
Energy consumption in the residential sector is a complex socio-technical problem that can be exp... more Energy consumption in the residential sector is a complex socio-technical problem that can be explained using acombination of physical, demographic and behavioural characteristics of a house and its occupants. In this paper, byusing the energy consumption data for the residential sector of Shiraz in Iran, the effect of built area (BA) andoccupant number (Occ) on annual energy consumption (Ec) was investigated. Ten houses from the first modernperiod of the city were selected randomly from 1971 up to 1991. It was found that the built area and Occ did not havea direct impact on energy consumption in Shiraz’s residential buildings; however, the household behaviours andhouses’ building construction directly affected energy saving. Houses with maximum BA or maximum annual energyconsumption were not the same; the same held for Occ. The average annual energy consumption per capita of 1 m2built area of the case studies was 0.087, and for each occupant it was 2.487.
Accurate and comprehensive thermodynamic properties of pure and mixture of refrigerants are in de... more Accurate and comprehensive thermodynamic properties of pure and mixture of refrigerants are in demand by both producers and users of these materials. Information about thermodynamic properties is important initially to qualify potential candidates for working fluids in refrigeration machinery. From practical point of view, Refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures are widely used as working fluids in many industrial applications, such as refrigerators, heat pumps, and power plants The present work is devoted to evaluating seven cubic equations of state (EOS) in predicting gas and liquid phase volumetric properties of nine ozone-safe refrigerants both in super and sub-critical regions. The evaluations, in sub-critical region, show that TWU and PR EOS are capable of predicting PVT properties of refrigerants R32 within 2%, R22, R134a, R152a and R143a within 1% and R123, R124, R125, TWU and PR EOS's, from literature data are 0.5% for R22, R32, R152a, R143a, and R125, 1% for R123, R134a,...
Abstract—This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures alo... more Abstract—This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures along a heated flat plate. To form the binary gas mixtures, light helium (He) is the primary gas and the heavier secondary gases are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), xenon (Xe), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The central objective in the work is to investigate the potential of this group of binary gas mixtures for heat transfer intensification. From fluid physics, two thermophysical properties: viscosity η and density ρ influence the fluid flow, whereas four thermophysical properties: viscosity η, thermal conductivity λ, density ρ, and heat capacity at constant pressure Cp affect the forced convective heat transfer. The heat transfer augmentation from the flat plate is pursued by stimulating the forced convection mode as a whole. In this regard, it became necessary to construct a specific correlation equation to handle binary gas mixt...
In large cities with a population growth, the construction of high-rise buildings has become an i... more In large cities with a population growth, the construction of high-rise buildings has become an in dispensable solution due to the need for housing widely, and preventing the horizontal development of the city. This can caused is array in urban landscape, overlooking, needing more parking spaces, climatic disorders, etc. it is worth mentioning that an organized and proper high-rise buildings can increase the quality of the neighborhood effectively. This statistical, analytical research aimed at assessing the impact of buildings’ height on the quality of the neighborhood from viewpoints of physical, ecological, social and accessibility parameters by applying Revit 2014 Software and Likert scale using in questionnaire in Chogia, Shiraz, Iran. According to the results obtained from the questionnaire and the analysis of correlation test (Pearson) (0.049) it can be concluded that the physical, climatic and accessibility features had a significant impact on the quality of the neighborhood...
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2013
Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a clos... more Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cappadocia, Turkey), and conversely as an offensive source in Amazon forests. In hot-arid climates, proximity to earth is useful to apply the heat in the buildings. Present study aims to investigate the mentioned factor in Dastkand village located at Kerman province. Mountainous moderate climate, cold and icy winters and moderate summers is of the considerable properties of the studied area. The maximum and minimum temperature was recorded, 42 and -18° C during summer and winter, respectively. Hence, in addition to cultural as well as economic factors, temperature fluctuation played a key role in...
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and cond... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and condylar bone density in the temporomandibular joint structures using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsIn this retrospective cross‐sectional study, two groups were evaluated. The case group included 35 patients (34.91 ± 12.40 mean age) with clinical signs and symptoms of TMD according to the Helkimo Index. The control group included 35 samples (37.89 ± 10.89 mean age) without signs and symptoms of TMD. Degenerative bone changes including flattening, erosion, osteophyte, sclerosis, and pseudocyst were evaluated in CBCT images. The severity of degenerative bone changes was categorized into four groups; G0 (no degenerative changes), G1 (one degenerative change—mild), G2 (two degenerative changes—moderate), and G3 (three or more degenerative changes—severe). Grey Value (GV) was measured in CBCT images to determine condylar bone density. The relationship between the severity of degenerative bone changes and bone density was assessed using the One‐Way ANOVA test.ResultsThe frequency of osteophyte and sclerosis was significantly higher in the TMD patient group than in the control group. Grade 1 and Grade 2 changes in the TMD patient group were significantly more than the control group (p < 0.001). The mean Grey Value in patients was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). The GV was significantly correlated with the severity of degenerative changes in both groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe degenerative changes were significantly associated with bone density (GV). Therefore, TMJ arthritis can cause changes in bone density.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and cond... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between degenerative bony changes and condylar bone density in the temporomandibular joint structures using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsIn this retrospective cross‐sectional study, two groups were evaluated. The case group included 35 patients (34.91 ± 12.40 mean age) with clinical signs and symptoms of TMD according to the Helkimo Index. The control group included 35 samples (37.89 ± 10.89 mean age) without signs and symptoms of TMD. Degenerative bone changes including flattening, erosion, osteophyte, sclerosis, and pseudocyst were evaluated in CBCT images. The severity of degenerative bone changes was categorized into four groups; G0 (no degenerative changes), G1 (one degenerative change—mild), G2 (two degenerative changes—moderate), and G3 (three or more degenerative changes—severe). Grey Value (GV) was measured in CBCT images to determine condylar bone density. The relationship between the severity of degenerative bone changes and bone density was assessed using the One‐Way ANOVA test.ResultsThe frequency of osteophyte and sclerosis was significantly higher in the TMD patient group than in the control group. Grade 1 and Grade 2 changes in the TMD patient group were significantly more than the control group (p < 0.001). The mean Grey Value in patients was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). The GV was significantly correlated with the severity of degenerative changes in both groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe degenerative changes were significantly associated with bone density (GV). Therefore, TMJ arthritis can cause changes in bone density.
The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it p... more The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it plays in sustaining the environment and climate. Indeed, thermal comfort is the main constituent of vernacular architecture in all regions. Shelter as a man-made development, has taken climate into consideration in the form of passive cooling and heating throughout history. In spite of its significance, the issue of climate has been ignored in the past century. It can be argued that the purpose of construction is livelihood. In an urban context, thermal comfort comes alongside architectural development. In this paper, the indigenous architecture of different regions has been analyzed and the physical features of earth in arid and tropical climates have been compared with one another. By considering the climatic classification, and in order to achieve appropriate techniques for cooling by passive means by using the earth mass, several vernacular architectural structures have been examined.
The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it p... more The issue of thermal comfort, especially cooling, is highly significant due to the role that it plays in sustaining the environment and climate. Indeed, thermal comfort is the main constituent of vernacular architecture in all regions. Shelter as a man-made development, has taken climate into consideration in the form of passive cooling and heating throughout history. In spite of its significance, the issue of climate has been ignored in the past century. It can be argued that the purpose of construction is livelihood. In an urban context, thermal comfort comes alongside architectural development. In this paper, the indigenous architecture of different regions has been analyzed and the physical features of earth in arid and tropical climates have been compared with one another. By considering the climatic classification, and in order to achieve appropriate techniques for cooling by passive means by using the earth mass, several vernacular architectural structures have been examined.
Due to the population growth and lack of appropriate amenities and facilities for children, it is... more Due to the population growth and lack of appropriate amenities and facilities for children, it is essential to design spaces in which children can discover their talents. The aim of this study was to design suitable spaces for 3-6 year olds with an emphasis on environmental features affecting children's mind and behavior, and to improve it in terms of creativity. Using Delphi method, the questionnaire, confirmed by architecture professors, was used to survey 125 parents to find appropriate ways to design spaces for children. Descriptive statistics and Friedman tests were used to analyze data in order to rank the different dimensions of architectural design for children. The results showed that the variables had not the same priority, and the highest priorities were the existence of garden spaces and creative thinking respectively.
Parksareone of the best urban spaces. A place where menget away from the urban stress and noise, ... more Parksareone of the best urban spaces. A place where menget away from the urban stress and noise, spenda few moments to relaxand comfort. However, sometimes some harshness enters the parks. This article examined the factors affecting the sense of security in the linear park of Chamran located in Shiraz, Iran. To do this research which enjoys a naturalistic approach, first library research and investigation were done; then, 100 questionnaires were issued among citizens to account the effective factors on their sense of security in this park. At the end it was concluded that the lack of proper relation between this park and north and south walking paths has caused the vitality to lose, and therefore, natural surveillance which is one of the crucial factors in person's sense of security became pale.
Abstract—The present paper investigates a promising avenue for the intensification of turbulent f... more Abstract—The present paper investigates a promising avenue for the intensification of turbulent free convection in square cavities using an adequate selection of binary gas mixtures. seven binary gas mixtures have considered helium (He) as the primary gas component and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, and carbon tetra fluoride the secondary gas components. In the thermodynamic context, the thermo physical properties viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, and isobaric heat capacity depend on three quantities: temperature, pressure, and molar gas composition. The numerical temperature fields T(x, y) for the seven binary gas mixtures He+CO2, He+CH4, He+N2, He+O2, He+Xe, He+CF4 and He+SF 6 are channeled through the allied mean convection coefficient h mix/B varying with the molar gas composition w in proper w-domain [0, 1]. For the seven binary gas mixtures utilized, the allied mean convection coefficient versus the molar gas composition w is gra...
Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a clos... more Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cappadocia, Turkey), and conversely as an offensive source in Amazon forests. In hot-arid climates, proximity to earth is useful to apply the heat in the buildings. Present study aims to investigate the mentioned factor in Dastkand village located at Kerman province. Mountainous moderate climate, cold and icy winters and moderate summers is of the considerable properties of the studied area. The maximum and minimum temperature was recorded, 42 and-18° C during summer and winter, respectively. Hence, in addition to cultural as well as economic factors, temperature fluctuation played a key role in breaking the buildings in to the ground. So, this study assists to investigate the studied area within natural bed, in plan and section. On this basis, technical methods of earth profiting throughout the studied area have been investigated, in order to profit earth in modern architecture. Results showed a harmony between dominant winds and buildings in winter and summer. Moreover, profiting from high sun shining with special architecture is of Meymand village characteristic. Using breaking in to the ground technique, 26.57 % decrease occurred in cooling need, annually. On the other hand, Day-Degree heating need has reduced to approximately 13.65 % annually solely by earth profiting technique. Overall, results demonstrate a harmony between applied technique and the studied region climate. Besides, there reported a proper isotropy between temperature fluctuation and air aridity throughout the region.
Wind catchers in arid climates are one of the most prominent masterpieces of Iranian traditional ... more Wind catchers in arid climates are one of the most prominent masterpieces of Iranian traditional architecture which can improve thermal comfort through natural ventilation. With the aim of recognizing the impact of this masterpiece on thermal comfort, this research examined the effect of wind on summer ambient temperature and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). To this end, wind catchers of Salehi's House in Shiraz case in arid climate and the ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured by data logger TA120 between 9:00 to 16:00 in summer for calculating PMV and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) through Fanger Formula. The results through open or close wind catcher and openings showed that the thermal comfort was directly related to the amount of wind coming from the wind catcher. It was also concluded that the average ambient temperature in ground was declined by 0.8 °C and in the first floor it was declined by 0.9°C.
The destruction of Iranian-Islamiccities’ identity and the authenticity is unavoidable in this mo... more The destruction of Iranian-Islamiccities’ identity and the authenticity is unavoidable in this modernera and need a lot of efforts. Using principles of Iranian-Islamic urbanization and a tourism approach, this descriptive and analytical research aimed at proposing some solutions to revitalize valuable historical tissues which are considered as the country’s identity and assets. The principles of Iranian-Islamic urbanization are known as an identity for cities in tourism approach and plays an important role in increasing the identity and Vitality of spaces; as the result, tourism also develop. The city of Yazd has a valuable historical texture to absorb tourists by reviving the valuable textures. Unfortunately, there is no care regarding maintenance of some textures in implementation plans and they has ruined and destroyed. Therefore, looking at the other countries’ valuable experience and by field observation and SWOT this problem was analyzed. Data analysis showed that in order to ...
Energy consumption in the residential sector is a complex socio-technical problem that can be exp... more Energy consumption in the residential sector is a complex socio-technical problem that can be explained using acombination of physical, demographic and behavioural characteristics of a house and its occupants. In this paper, byusing the energy consumption data for the residential sector of Shiraz in Iran, the effect of built area (BA) andoccupant number (Occ) on annual energy consumption (Ec) was investigated. Ten houses from the first modernperiod of the city were selected randomly from 1971 up to 1991. It was found that the built area and Occ did not havea direct impact on energy consumption in Shiraz’s residential buildings; however, the household behaviours andhouses’ building construction directly affected energy saving. Houses with maximum BA or maximum annual energyconsumption were not the same; the same held for Occ. The average annual energy consumption per capita of 1 m2built area of the case studies was 0.087, and for each occupant it was 2.487.
Accurate and comprehensive thermodynamic properties of pure and mixture of refrigerants are in de... more Accurate and comprehensive thermodynamic properties of pure and mixture of refrigerants are in demand by both producers and users of these materials. Information about thermodynamic properties is important initially to qualify potential candidates for working fluids in refrigeration machinery. From practical point of view, Refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures are widely used as working fluids in many industrial applications, such as refrigerators, heat pumps, and power plants The present work is devoted to evaluating seven cubic equations of state (EOS) in predicting gas and liquid phase volumetric properties of nine ozone-safe refrigerants both in super and sub-critical regions. The evaluations, in sub-critical region, show that TWU and PR EOS are capable of predicting PVT properties of refrigerants R32 within 2%, R22, R134a, R152a and R143a within 1% and R123, R124, R125, TWU and PR EOS's, from literature data are 0.5% for R22, R32, R152a, R143a, and R125, 1% for R123, R134a,...
Abstract—This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures alo... more Abstract—This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of selected binary gas mixtures along a heated flat plate. To form the binary gas mixtures, light helium (He) is the primary gas and the heavier secondary gases are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), xenon (Xe), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The central objective in the work is to investigate the potential of this group of binary gas mixtures for heat transfer intensification. From fluid physics, two thermophysical properties: viscosity η and density ρ influence the fluid flow, whereas four thermophysical properties: viscosity η, thermal conductivity λ, density ρ, and heat capacity at constant pressure Cp affect the forced convective heat transfer. The heat transfer augmentation from the flat plate is pursued by stimulating the forced convection mode as a whole. In this regard, it became necessary to construct a specific correlation equation to handle binary gas mixt...
In large cities with a population growth, the construction of high-rise buildings has become an i... more In large cities with a population growth, the construction of high-rise buildings has become an in dispensable solution due to the need for housing widely, and preventing the horizontal development of the city. This can caused is array in urban landscape, overlooking, needing more parking spaces, climatic disorders, etc. it is worth mentioning that an organized and proper high-rise buildings can increase the quality of the neighborhood effectively. This statistical, analytical research aimed at assessing the impact of buildings’ height on the quality of the neighborhood from viewpoints of physical, ecological, social and accessibility parameters by applying Revit 2014 Software and Likert scale using in questionnaire in Chogia, Shiraz, Iran. According to the results obtained from the questionnaire and the analysis of correlation test (Pearson) (0.049) it can be concluded that the physical, climatic and accessibility features had a significant impact on the quality of the neighborhood...
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 2013
Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a clos... more Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cappadocia, Turkey), and conversely as an offensive source in Amazon forests. In hot-arid climates, proximity to earth is useful to apply the heat in the buildings. Present study aims to investigate the mentioned factor in Dastkand village located at Kerman province. Mountainous moderate climate, cold and icy winters and moderate summers is of the considerable properties of the studied area. The maximum and minimum temperature was recorded, 42 and -18° C during summer and winter, respectively. Hence, in addition to cultural as well as economic factors, temperature fluctuation played a key role in...
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Papers by Zahra Barzegar