Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one deca... more Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one decade later we have the first accredited Organic farming study programme on B.Sc. professional level at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor. It is also possible to continue the study programme on master and PhD level, too. At the moment there is no special programme for organic farming on the secondary education level, but there are some courses on organic farming on this level. Almost all agricultural schools have nowadays part of their estates converted to organic farming and one of them converted the whole estate (Kranj). Getting also a very some practical knowledge is important part of new study programmes in Slovenia. On the other hand there is lack of new knowledge on organic farming among farmers and especially among agricultural advisors. Based on this, the Leonardo da Vinci pilot project the central data bank has been established on European level for the education of...
Fertilizers, pesticides, soil disinfectants and other agrochemicals enormously have increased the... more Fertilizers, pesticides, soil disinfectants and other agrochemicals enormously have increased the agricultural productivity recently. Beside the well-accepted positive yield-effects, however, the structural soil-degradation, acidification, decrease of soil life and soil health is also known. Alternative technologies are urgently needed to develop for the sustainable agri-, horti-, vitiand silvicultural productions. The beneficial microorganisms, used as biofertilizers, biopesticides and/or soil-vitality products can reduce those disorders; therefore their use is increasing simultaneously. Bioeffector (BE) products, containing vital strains of the beneficial microorganisms might improve the qualitative and quantitative properties of the plants. The effects of BE1 Trichoderma harzianum T-22; BE2 Pseudomonas sp.; BE3 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Rhizovital 42 F1 were tested in large-pot experiment of using tomato (var. Mobil) in 4 replicates. The BE-s were applied according to the instru...
The experiment was conducted on the Nyírlugos experimental field of Institute for Soil Science an... more The experiment was conducted on the Nyírlugos experimental field of Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. The long-term experiment was set up in 1962 to study the effect of variorus agronomic interventions on acid sandy brown forest soil typical of the region. In this area the effects of different levels of nutrient supply have been examined in triticale monoculture since 1991. The upper layer of sandy soil quickly loses its water content due to its physical properties, and this may possibly result in special weed composition. We studied the effect of different fertilizer treatments on the weed flora composition, and density of each species. Examination of the weed cover was performed in four treatments (
The goal of our experiment is to compose a species-rich seed mixture suitable for soil covering i... more The goal of our experiment is to compose a species-rich seed mixture suitable for soil covering in orchard floor management in organic fruit production systems. Besides selection of traditionally used grass and Fabaceae species we are focusing on the involvement of local fora elements, of the experiment site, approaching a natural meadow-like association. Species of the following plant families are involved: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Linaceae, Polygonaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae. Seeds of selected species were tested to determine germination % before seeding, according to MSZ 6354-3:2008 standard in climate cabinet. Seed treatments (vernalisation, scarification) were carried out according to relevant standard. There were differences in the germination% of commercial and wild collected seed items of Agrimonia eupatoria L, Ajuga genevensis L, Lotus corniculatus L, and Achillea millefolium L. The applied seed treatments resulted significant difference between the treated...
International Journal of Horticultural Science, 2008
In organic farming systems the focus is on prevention with regards to plant protection. To follow... more In organic farming systems the focus is on prevention with regards to plant protection. To follow the rules of Good Agricultural Practice one is able to avoid serious yield losses; if it is not possible the use of allowed materials are permitted. Organic farmers have less material to protect their plants so it is necessary to find effective potential materials. Bacterial and fungal diseases of tomato and pepper can cause serious losses in yield. Different materials were tested against some plant pathogen bacterial (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and fungal (Phytoptora infestans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotium) strains in order to find potential materials in the field of organic seed treatment. In vitro trials have shown that vinegar, cider vinegar, red wine vinegar, white wine vinegar, cinnamon and thyme oil have inhibiting effect against the causative agent of bacteria and fungi. Ge...
Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one deca... more Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one decade later we have the first accredited Organic farming study programme on B.Sc. professional level at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor. It is also possible to continue the study programme on master and PhD level, too. At the moment there is no special programme for organic farming on the secondary education level, but there are some courses on organic farming on this level. Almost all agricultural schools have nowadays part of their estates converted to organic farming and one of them converted the whole estate (Kranj). Getting also a very some practical knowledge is important part of new study programmes in Slovenia.
Ecologica is a new approach for getting knowledge by e-learning method. During Leonardo da Vinci ... more Ecologica is a new approach for getting knowledge by e-learning method. During Leonardo da Vinci pilot project Development of central data bank on European level for the education of ecological farming adviser's e-learning platform was prepared. Knowledge and education centres at eight partner institutions were developed. Collection of a basis of ecological farming knowledge is on a joint server called Ecolibrary. The Knowledge centres perform the dissemination of collected database to advisers and other interested groups in the frame of elearning training courses based on the mutually developed education material that would be adapted to the given ecological, technological, social, national and economical circumstances of the partners. 14 modules were developed: (i) ecological farming, (ii) EU and national cultural knowledge, (iii) marketing, quality control, communication abilities, (iv) advising knowledge, (v) plant growing, (vi) animal husbandry, (vii) plant protection, (viii) post harvest, storage and processing, (ix) horticulture, (x) agricultural regulations and programs, (xi) conversion to ecological farming, (xii) management and planning of organic farm, (xiii) inspection and certification of ecological farms, (xiv) soil fertility, fertilizing and composting. Training of advisers takes 14 weeks till 6 months depending on the level of preliminary education. The participating advisers get access to the on-line system and they can get the education material weekly, they are examined by test, tasks controlled regularly by tutor. They can perform and finish the training in 14 weeks the shortest and the longest period for learning is 6 months. The graduated advisers will get a certificate about the training program.
Limited data are available about the functions and expressions of leptin and adiponectin receptor... more Limited data are available about the functions and expressions of leptin and adiponectin receptors (LEPR, AdipoRs) in the uterus. Our aim was to investigate the effects of leptin and adiponectin on the contractions of intact and denuded nonpregnant and pregnant uteri, as well as the changes in mRNA and protein expressions of LEPR and AdipoRs during the gestational period. Main methods: Contractions of nonpregnant and 5-, 15-, 18-, 20-or 22-day pregnant uterine rings were measured in an isolated organ bath system. The tissue contractions were stimulated with KCl and modified by cumulative concentrations of leptin or adiponectin. The mRNAs, protein expressions and localizations of LEPR and AdipoRs were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Key findings: Both adipokines relaxed the nonpregnant intact uterus more effectively than the denuded myometrium. Leptin inhibited the contractions of endometrium-denuded uteri throughout pregnancy, while its action was weakened on intact uteri towards term. The changes in LEPR receptor densities were independent of the relaxing effect. Adiponectin inhibited contractions, but this effect ceased on pregnancy day 22, while a gradual decrease was detected towards term on denuded myometria. These modifications were in harmony with changes in the expressions of AdipoRs. Significance: Both leptin and adiponectin play a role in the relaxation of the pregnant uterus, but their efficacy significantly decreases towards the end of gestation. Their endometrial receptors may have a fine-tuning role in uterine contractions, predicting the importance of these adipokines in uterine contractions under altered adipokine level conditions.
Our aim was to map the gut region-specific differences of the mucosa-associated microbiome distrib... more Our aim was to map the gut region-specific differences of the mucosa-associated microbiome distribution in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Tissue samples from the duodenum, ileum and colon were collected 10 weeks after the onset of hyperglycaemia to analyse the mucosa-associated microbiota using next-generation DNA sequencing. Striking differences were observed in the mucosa-associated microbiota of the duodenum between diabetic and control rats. A significant invasion of the aerobic genus Mycoplasma was apparent in diabetes, and the abundance of the anaerobic phylum Firmicutes decreased massively. It is noteworthy that insulin treatment eliminated the Mycoplasma invasion in the duodenum and apparently restored the anaerobic environment in the mucosa. In the ileum the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes increased in the diabetic samples. Although the proportion of the phylum Proteobacteria decreased moderately, its composition changed significantly, and insulin treatment i...
To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin treatment on the proportion of serotonin-imm... more To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin treatment on the proportion of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) myenteric neurons, samples were taken from the duodenum, ileum, and colon of diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, and control rats 10 weeks after the onset of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Myenteric whole-mount preparations were immunostained with anti-5-HT and pan-neuronal anti-HuCD markers. In controls, the 5-HT-IR myenteric neurons represent a small proportion (~2.5%) of the total neuronal number in the investigated gut segments. The proportion of 5-HT-IR myenteric neurons was significantly higher in the duodenum (p < 0.01) and colon (p < 0.0001) of diabetic rats compared to the controls but exhibited a slight increase in the ileum. Immediate insulin treatment resulted in a significantly lower proportion of myenteric 5-HT-IR neurons in each segment (duodenum p < 0.0001; ileum p < 0.01; and colon p < 0.0001) compared to the untreated diabetic...
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the ... more Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to reveal the effects of chronic hyperglycaemia and insulin treatment on TNFα expression in different gut segments and intestinal wall layers. TNFα expression was mapped by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy in myenteric ganglia of duodenum, ileum and colon. Tissue TNFα levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in muscle/myenteric plexus-containing (MUSCLE-MP) and mucosa/submucosa/submucous plexus-containing (MUC-SUBMUC-SP) homogenates. Increasing density of TNFα-labelling gold particles is observed in myenteric ganglia from proximal to distal segments and TNFα tissue levels are much more elevated in MUSCLE-MP homogenates than in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples in healthy controls. In the diabetics, the number of TNFα gold labels is significantly increased in the duodenum, decreased in the colon and remained uncha...
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peris... more Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. This review aims to summarize the gastrointestinal region and/or plexus-dependent pathological changes in the number of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons, the NO release and the cellular and subcellular expression of different NOS isoforms. Additionally, some of the underlying mechanisms associated wit...
Bódi N designed the research and performed the majority of experiments; Szalai Z and Chandra kuma... more Bódi N designed the research and performed the majority of experiments; Szalai Z and Chandra kumar L participated in experiments; Bódi N and Bagyánszki M coordinated the research and analyzed the data; Bódi N, Szalai Z and Bagyánszki M wrote the paper.
Increase in hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and decreased effectiveness of endogenous def... more Increase in hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and decreased effectiveness of endogenous defense mechanisms plays an essential role in the initiation of diabetes-related neuropathy. We demonstrated that nitrergic myenteric neurons display different susceptibilities to diabetic damage in different gut segments. Therefore, we aim to reveal the gut segment-specific differences in the expression of heme oxygenase (HO) isoforms and the colocalization of these antioxidants with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in myenteric neurons. After ten weeks, samples from the duodenum, ileum, and colon of control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were processed for double-labelling fluorescent immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The number of both HO-immunoreactive and nNOS/HO-immunoreactive myenteric neurons was the lowest in the ileal and the highest in the colonic ganglia of controls; it increased the most extensively in the ileum and was also elevated in the colon of diabetics. Alth...
Application Of Blended Learning In The Quality Certified Training For Farmers In Organic Agriculture
A new project had been launched last year called CerOrganic is a Multilateral Project financed by... more A new project had been launched last year called CerOrganic is a Multilateral Project financed by the European Commission that aims to develop and test a quality assurance procedure for the vocational education/training of agricultural advisors/trainers in Organic Agriculture, based on the European Quality Assurance Reference Framework (EQARF). It is a pilot project of 24-month duration, which started in January 2010. The most important objectives of the project: Determine required qualifications for teaching organic agriculture, and study EQARF requirements to incorporate them into CerOrganic Training of Trainers Program (CerOrganic ToT) Design CerOrganic ToT as an exemplary program providing quality-certified training, then pilot, evaluate and revise CerOrganic ToT using a blended learning approach combining theory and farm practice with online training resources (web portal: http://www.cerorganic.eu)) Evaluate and valorise the CerOrganic quality certification procedure (through t...
Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one deca... more Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one decade later we have the first accredited Organic farming study programme on B.Sc. professional level at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor. It is also possible to continue the study programme on master and PhD level, too. At the moment there is no special programme for organic farming on the secondary education level, but there are some courses on organic farming on this level. Almost all agricultural schools have nowadays part of their estates converted to organic farming and one of them converted the whole estate (Kranj). Getting also a very some practical knowledge is important part of new study programmes in Slovenia. On the other hand there is lack of new knowledge on organic farming among farmers and especially among agricultural advisors. Based on this, the Leonardo da Vinci pilot project the central data bank has been established on European level for the education of...
Fertilizers, pesticides, soil disinfectants and other agrochemicals enormously have increased the... more Fertilizers, pesticides, soil disinfectants and other agrochemicals enormously have increased the agricultural productivity recently. Beside the well-accepted positive yield-effects, however, the structural soil-degradation, acidification, decrease of soil life and soil health is also known. Alternative technologies are urgently needed to develop for the sustainable agri-, horti-, vitiand silvicultural productions. The beneficial microorganisms, used as biofertilizers, biopesticides and/or soil-vitality products can reduce those disorders; therefore their use is increasing simultaneously. Bioeffector (BE) products, containing vital strains of the beneficial microorganisms might improve the qualitative and quantitative properties of the plants. The effects of BE1 Trichoderma harzianum T-22; BE2 Pseudomonas sp.; BE3 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Rhizovital 42 F1 were tested in large-pot experiment of using tomato (var. Mobil) in 4 replicates. The BE-s were applied according to the instru...
The experiment was conducted on the Nyírlugos experimental field of Institute for Soil Science an... more The experiment was conducted on the Nyírlugos experimental field of Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry. The long-term experiment was set up in 1962 to study the effect of variorus agronomic interventions on acid sandy brown forest soil typical of the region. In this area the effects of different levels of nutrient supply have been examined in triticale monoculture since 1991. The upper layer of sandy soil quickly loses its water content due to its physical properties, and this may possibly result in special weed composition. We studied the effect of different fertilizer treatments on the weed flora composition, and density of each species. Examination of the weed cover was performed in four treatments (
The goal of our experiment is to compose a species-rich seed mixture suitable for soil covering i... more The goal of our experiment is to compose a species-rich seed mixture suitable for soil covering in orchard floor management in organic fruit production systems. Besides selection of traditionally used grass and Fabaceae species we are focusing on the involvement of local fora elements, of the experiment site, approaching a natural meadow-like association. Species of the following plant families are involved: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Linaceae, Polygonaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae. Seeds of selected species were tested to determine germination % before seeding, according to MSZ 6354-3:2008 standard in climate cabinet. Seed treatments (vernalisation, scarification) were carried out according to relevant standard. There were differences in the germination% of commercial and wild collected seed items of Agrimonia eupatoria L, Ajuga genevensis L, Lotus corniculatus L, and Achillea millefolium L. The applied seed treatments resulted significant difference between the treated...
International Journal of Horticultural Science, 2008
In organic farming systems the focus is on prevention with regards to plant protection. To follow... more In organic farming systems the focus is on prevention with regards to plant protection. To follow the rules of Good Agricultural Practice one is able to avoid serious yield losses; if it is not possible the use of allowed materials are permitted. Organic farmers have less material to protect their plants so it is necessary to find effective potential materials. Bacterial and fungal diseases of tomato and pepper can cause serious losses in yield. Different materials were tested against some plant pathogen bacterial (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and fungal (Phytoptora infestans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotium) strains in order to find potential materials in the field of organic seed treatment. In vitro trials have shown that vinegar, cider vinegar, red wine vinegar, white wine vinegar, cinnamon and thyme oil have inhibiting effect against the causative agent of bacteria and fungi. Ge...
Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one deca... more Official, inspected and certified organic farming started in Slovenia in 1998 and almost one decade later we have the first accredited Organic farming study programme on B.Sc. professional level at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor. It is also possible to continue the study programme on master and PhD level, too. At the moment there is no special programme for organic farming on the secondary education level, but there are some courses on organic farming on this level. Almost all agricultural schools have nowadays part of their estates converted to organic farming and one of them converted the whole estate (Kranj). Getting also a very some practical knowledge is important part of new study programmes in Slovenia.
Ecologica is a new approach for getting knowledge by e-learning method. During Leonardo da Vinci ... more Ecologica is a new approach for getting knowledge by e-learning method. During Leonardo da Vinci pilot project Development of central data bank on European level for the education of ecological farming adviser's e-learning platform was prepared. Knowledge and education centres at eight partner institutions were developed. Collection of a basis of ecological farming knowledge is on a joint server called Ecolibrary. The Knowledge centres perform the dissemination of collected database to advisers and other interested groups in the frame of elearning training courses based on the mutually developed education material that would be adapted to the given ecological, technological, social, national and economical circumstances of the partners. 14 modules were developed: (i) ecological farming, (ii) EU and national cultural knowledge, (iii) marketing, quality control, communication abilities, (iv) advising knowledge, (v) plant growing, (vi) animal husbandry, (vii) plant protection, (viii) post harvest, storage and processing, (ix) horticulture, (x) agricultural regulations and programs, (xi) conversion to ecological farming, (xii) management and planning of organic farm, (xiii) inspection and certification of ecological farms, (xiv) soil fertility, fertilizing and composting. Training of advisers takes 14 weeks till 6 months depending on the level of preliminary education. The participating advisers get access to the on-line system and they can get the education material weekly, they are examined by test, tasks controlled regularly by tutor. They can perform and finish the training in 14 weeks the shortest and the longest period for learning is 6 months. The graduated advisers will get a certificate about the training program.
Limited data are available about the functions and expressions of leptin and adiponectin receptor... more Limited data are available about the functions and expressions of leptin and adiponectin receptors (LEPR, AdipoRs) in the uterus. Our aim was to investigate the effects of leptin and adiponectin on the contractions of intact and denuded nonpregnant and pregnant uteri, as well as the changes in mRNA and protein expressions of LEPR and AdipoRs during the gestational period. Main methods: Contractions of nonpregnant and 5-, 15-, 18-, 20-or 22-day pregnant uterine rings were measured in an isolated organ bath system. The tissue contractions were stimulated with KCl and modified by cumulative concentrations of leptin or adiponectin. The mRNAs, protein expressions and localizations of LEPR and AdipoRs were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Key findings: Both adipokines relaxed the nonpregnant intact uterus more effectively than the denuded myometrium. Leptin inhibited the contractions of endometrium-denuded uteri throughout pregnancy, while its action was weakened on intact uteri towards term. The changes in LEPR receptor densities were independent of the relaxing effect. Adiponectin inhibited contractions, but this effect ceased on pregnancy day 22, while a gradual decrease was detected towards term on denuded myometria. These modifications were in harmony with changes in the expressions of AdipoRs. Significance: Both leptin and adiponectin play a role in the relaxation of the pregnant uterus, but their efficacy significantly decreases towards the end of gestation. Their endometrial receptors may have a fine-tuning role in uterine contractions, predicting the importance of these adipokines in uterine contractions under altered adipokine level conditions.
Our aim was to map the gut region-specific differences of the mucosa-associated microbiome distrib... more Our aim was to map the gut region-specific differences of the mucosa-associated microbiome distribution in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Tissue samples from the duodenum, ileum and colon were collected 10 weeks after the onset of hyperglycaemia to analyse the mucosa-associated microbiota using next-generation DNA sequencing. Striking differences were observed in the mucosa-associated microbiota of the duodenum between diabetic and control rats. A significant invasion of the aerobic genus Mycoplasma was apparent in diabetes, and the abundance of the anaerobic phylum Firmicutes decreased massively. It is noteworthy that insulin treatment eliminated the Mycoplasma invasion in the duodenum and apparently restored the anaerobic environment in the mucosa. In the ileum the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes increased in the diabetic samples. Although the proportion of the phylum Proteobacteria decreased moderately, its composition changed significantly, and insulin treatment i...
To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin treatment on the proportion of serotonin-imm... more To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin treatment on the proportion of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) myenteric neurons, samples were taken from the duodenum, ileum, and colon of diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, and control rats 10 weeks after the onset of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Myenteric whole-mount preparations were immunostained with anti-5-HT and pan-neuronal anti-HuCD markers. In controls, the 5-HT-IR myenteric neurons represent a small proportion (~2.5%) of the total neuronal number in the investigated gut segments. The proportion of 5-HT-IR myenteric neurons was significantly higher in the duodenum (p < 0.01) and colon (p < 0.0001) of diabetic rats compared to the controls but exhibited a slight increase in the ileum. Immediate insulin treatment resulted in a significantly lower proportion of myenteric 5-HT-IR neurons in each segment (duodenum p < 0.0001; ileum p < 0.01; and colon p < 0.0001) compared to the untreated diabetic...
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the ... more Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is essential in neuroinflammatory modulation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to reveal the effects of chronic hyperglycaemia and insulin treatment on TNFα expression in different gut segments and intestinal wall layers. TNFα expression was mapped by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy in myenteric ganglia of duodenum, ileum and colon. Tissue TNFα levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in muscle/myenteric plexus-containing (MUSCLE-MP) and mucosa/submucosa/submucous plexus-containing (MUC-SUBMUC-SP) homogenates. Increasing density of TNFα-labelling gold particles is observed in myenteric ganglia from proximal to distal segments and TNFα tissue levels are much more elevated in MUSCLE-MP homogenates than in MUC-SUBMUC-SP samples in healthy controls. In the diabetics, the number of TNFα gold labels is significantly increased in the duodenum, decreased in the colon and remained uncha...
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peris... more Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. This review aims to summarize the gastrointestinal region and/or plexus-dependent pathological changes in the number of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons, the NO release and the cellular and subcellular expression of different NOS isoforms. Additionally, some of the underlying mechanisms associated wit...
Bódi N designed the research and performed the majority of experiments; Szalai Z and Chandra kuma... more Bódi N designed the research and performed the majority of experiments; Szalai Z and Chandra kumar L participated in experiments; Bódi N and Bagyánszki M coordinated the research and analyzed the data; Bódi N, Szalai Z and Bagyánszki M wrote the paper.
Increase in hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and decreased effectiveness of endogenous def... more Increase in hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and decreased effectiveness of endogenous defense mechanisms plays an essential role in the initiation of diabetes-related neuropathy. We demonstrated that nitrergic myenteric neurons display different susceptibilities to diabetic damage in different gut segments. Therefore, we aim to reveal the gut segment-specific differences in the expression of heme oxygenase (HO) isoforms and the colocalization of these antioxidants with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in myenteric neurons. After ten weeks, samples from the duodenum, ileum, and colon of control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were processed for double-labelling fluorescent immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The number of both HO-immunoreactive and nNOS/HO-immunoreactive myenteric neurons was the lowest in the ileal and the highest in the colonic ganglia of controls; it increased the most extensively in the ileum and was also elevated in the colon of diabetics. Alth...
Application Of Blended Learning In The Quality Certified Training For Farmers In Organic Agriculture
A new project had been launched last year called CerOrganic is a Multilateral Project financed by... more A new project had been launched last year called CerOrganic is a Multilateral Project financed by the European Commission that aims to develop and test a quality assurance procedure for the vocational education/training of agricultural advisors/trainers in Organic Agriculture, based on the European Quality Assurance Reference Framework (EQARF). It is a pilot project of 24-month duration, which started in January 2010. The most important objectives of the project: Determine required qualifications for teaching organic agriculture, and study EQARF requirements to incorporate them into CerOrganic Training of Trainers Program (CerOrganic ToT) Design CerOrganic ToT as an exemplary program providing quality-certified training, then pilot, evaluate and revise CerOrganic ToT using a blended learning approach combining theory and farm practice with online training resources (web portal: http://www.cerorganic.eu)) Evaluate and valorise the CerOrganic quality certification procedure (through t...
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