Communicating embedded systems. Network applications Embedded systems become more and more comple... more Communicating embedded systems. Network applications Embedded systems become more and more complex and require having some knowledge in various disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications and networks. Without detailing all the ...
1850. The increasing rates of rent are explained in terms of increasing man-land ratios, land. La... more 1850. The increasing rates of rent are explained in terms of increasing man-land ratios, land. Lands and tenants in South India: a study of Nellore District, 1850-1990. of choices, conditioned by its historically given political, social and. The study area is the Nellore district, on the
Reading Subaltern Studies the Indian history contained in Subaltern Studies are inflected various... more Reading Subaltern Studies the Indian history contained in Subaltern Studies are inflected variously by national contexts in the world of globalisation. Peter Gran argues, for instance, that in India, Subaltern Studies is read against liberalism, Marxism, and 'religious fascism,' whereas in the US, its 'principal novelty' is its ability to represent India by being read into ideologies of difference and otherness. 13 Though globalisation circulates texts and ideas around the world, it nonetheless divides reading environments. In the US, readers are generally encouraged to think about cultures in essentialist terms, in the ethnographic present; to see colonialism and nationalism as cultural phenomena; to disdain Marxism; and to distance academic work from partisan politics, a separation that bolsters academic credibility. But in South Asia, cultural change preoccupies scholars and activists, colonialism includes capitalist imperialism (which is still at work in the world of globalisation), Marxism is alive, and most scholars embrace politics in one form or another as a professional responsibility of citizenship. Such contextual differences differentiate readings of subalternity. To map the whole world of contested meanings lies far beyond the scope of this book, which endeavours, more modestly, to locate Subaltern Studies in the context of relevant English language scholarship. Historical Origins: Insurgency, Nationalism, and Social Theory In the last forty years, scholars have produced countless studies of societies, histories, and cultures 'from below' which have dispersed terms, methods, and bits of theory used in Subaltern Studies among countless academic sites. Reflecting this trend, the 1993 edition of The new shorter Oxford English dictionary included 'history' for the first time as a context for defining 'subaltern.' The word has a long past. In late-medieval English, it applied to vassals and peasants. By 1700, it denoted lower ranks in the military, suggesting peasant origins. By 1800, authors writing 'from a subaltern perspective' published novels and histories about military campaigns in India arid America; and G.R. Gleig (1796-1888), who wrote biographies of Robert Clive, Warren Hastings, and Thomas Munro, mastered this genre. The Great War provoked popular accounts of subaltern life
Human identity everywhere is now attached to national sites, where some people are always native,... more Human identity everywhere is now attached to national sites, where some people are always native, and others, necessarily foreign. Geographically based national identities animate politics around the world. It is now impossible to imagine or describe any place, people, culture, or facet of social life without reference to national maps, which lock every place into immobile gridlines of national geography, static and immutable. National territory constitutes cultural politics
A map is a peculiar kind of visual text. It seems a mere instrument of utility, showing us where ... more A map is a peculiar kind of visual text. It seems a mere instrument of utility, showing us where to go and how to put things in place. Invisible ingredients, however, render every map a Pandora's box. Emotions are undoubtedly the most potent of all of the invisible elements in maps. The cartographic passions that make the headlines may be national ones, but in cities, towns, and villages, people have strong feelings about local maps. Street gangs, real estate developers, insurance companies, zoning boards, planners, and electorates invest maps with local politics. Landowners love their property lines. Universities map their campus identity. The Association for Asian Studies (AAS) signifies itself succinctly in its logo, a map of Asia. Such territorial attachments and many others have striking similarities: they infuse boundaries with iconic significance, tinged with feelings of security, belonging, possessiveness, enclosure, entitlement, and exclusion.
Until recently, regimes governing development occupied definite territories that delineated their... more Until recently, regimes governing development occupied definite territories that delineated their relevant populations and identified authoritative leadership with distinct cultura l boundaries. But development regimes today have at best ambiguous territorial moorings. Leading participants in the development process engage in rampant border crossi ng. Disparate institutions pursue di sparate goals. There is no one guiding vision or dominant logic. Confli cts and negotiations over control of development underlie contemporary concerns with
Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad
The reinvention of area studies is far from over. Many area studies programs in the U.S. are in t... more The reinvention of area studies is far from over. Many area studies programs in the U.S. are in the midst of or on the verge of institutional and intellectual crises. This essay provides some history for the intellectual work of rebuilding area studies.
The forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental ... more The forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental for processes of agricultural expansion and intensification. What is known today as ‘land grab’ was theorized by Marx as ‘primitive accumulation’ and by David Harvey as ‘accumulation by dispossession’. Today it is most prominent and controversial in Africa, where the governments of India and China are major perpetrators; and it also drives most contemporary urban expansion in India and China. This article deploys David Washbrook's idea of ‘country politics’ to explore the process of land grabbing in the early-modern expansion of agrarian Bengal, where local peasant society and worldwide imperial political economy came together to expand frontiers of farming in what is now the Sylhet District of Bangladesh.
Chandragupta, which were originally published in Bengali journal Chitrabhash, and are scarcely av... more Chandragupta, which were originally published in Bengali journal Chitrabhash, and are scarcely available in their originals. Other articles published for the first time for English-language readers by the Pather Panchali’s cast and crew are the ones by Uma Sen and Subir Banerjee, who played Durga and Apu in the film, and by Soumendu Roy, Ray’s cinematographer and Dulal Dutta, who was Ray’s editor on all his films. The sketchbook also carries advertisements and reproductions of Pather Panchali’smemorabilia. The latter include such gems as a letter from Jean Renoir to Ray, which he addressed to one Manick Roy (p.120), evidently not aware that it was the filmmaker’s pet name, by which he was commonly addressed by friends and colleagues (Manikbabu or Manik-da), such Bansi Chandragupta and Subrata Mitra, both known to Renoir since the making of his film The River in Calcutta. Also included is a hand-drawn trifold publicity booklet, which Ray had painstakingly designed (as with his posters and other publicity material), but which was never printed for want of funds. The book has a section curating the film’s reviews and previews which give a sense of Pather Panchali’s instantaneous appreciation among its viewing public in India, contrary to a longstanding popular belief (and an anti-Ray rhetoric) that the film gained appreciation only after its international success and that Ray’s principal box-office was overseas, that Ray as a filmmaker did not address the average filmgoer. As written by the reviewer for Hindustan Standard at the time of the film’s release in Calcutta, ‘let no one fall into the error of thinking that Pather Panchali is intended for long haired, unwashed, coffee-drinking intellectuals who form cinema societies... This is a people’s film, if there ever has been one. There are certainly scenes and suggestions which can be appreciated the more by those who have knowledge of film technique ... but there is nothing at all which cannot be enjoyed by those people whose life the film deals with ... The film is a piece of poetry, dedicated to the deathless spirit of Bengal ... This film, let us aver, marks the Indian film’s coming of age. We salute Satyajit Ray and all his comrades who have produced this superb film. Yes, superb.’ The film had a good run in Calcutta and received favourable reviews in the Bengali press. The Pather Panchali Sketchbook covers Ray’s creative trajectory from his days as art director at D.J. Keymer and Associates, when he had done the illustrations of a children’s edition of Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay’s novel Pather Panchali. The book has reproduced images from the children’s edition that Ray had worked on, and which was first published in 1944, a project which is known to have inspired him to start work on his first film. It also has rare photographs such as one of a young Ray at work in the office of D.J. Keymer & Associates, where he was art director, or one of the cast and crew of Pather Panchali at a felicitation with Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy. More recent photographs cover the film’s restoration and revival such as the occasion of the screening of Pather Panchali at the Museum of Modern Art on 4 May 2015.
Communicating embedded systems. Network applications Embedded systems become more and more comple... more Communicating embedded systems. Network applications Embedded systems become more and more complex and require having some knowledge in various disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications and networks. Without detailing all the ...
1850. The increasing rates of rent are explained in terms of increasing man-land ratios, land. La... more 1850. The increasing rates of rent are explained in terms of increasing man-land ratios, land. Lands and tenants in South India: a study of Nellore District, 1850-1990. of choices, conditioned by its historically given political, social and. The study area is the Nellore district, on the
Reading Subaltern Studies the Indian history contained in Subaltern Studies are inflected various... more Reading Subaltern Studies the Indian history contained in Subaltern Studies are inflected variously by national contexts in the world of globalisation. Peter Gran argues, for instance, that in India, Subaltern Studies is read against liberalism, Marxism, and 'religious fascism,' whereas in the US, its 'principal novelty' is its ability to represent India by being read into ideologies of difference and otherness. 13 Though globalisation circulates texts and ideas around the world, it nonetheless divides reading environments. In the US, readers are generally encouraged to think about cultures in essentialist terms, in the ethnographic present; to see colonialism and nationalism as cultural phenomena; to disdain Marxism; and to distance academic work from partisan politics, a separation that bolsters academic credibility. But in South Asia, cultural change preoccupies scholars and activists, colonialism includes capitalist imperialism (which is still at work in the world of globalisation), Marxism is alive, and most scholars embrace politics in one form or another as a professional responsibility of citizenship. Such contextual differences differentiate readings of subalternity. To map the whole world of contested meanings lies far beyond the scope of this book, which endeavours, more modestly, to locate Subaltern Studies in the context of relevant English language scholarship. Historical Origins: Insurgency, Nationalism, and Social Theory In the last forty years, scholars have produced countless studies of societies, histories, and cultures 'from below' which have dispersed terms, methods, and bits of theory used in Subaltern Studies among countless academic sites. Reflecting this trend, the 1993 edition of The new shorter Oxford English dictionary included 'history' for the first time as a context for defining 'subaltern.' The word has a long past. In late-medieval English, it applied to vassals and peasants. By 1700, it denoted lower ranks in the military, suggesting peasant origins. By 1800, authors writing 'from a subaltern perspective' published novels and histories about military campaigns in India arid America; and G.R. Gleig (1796-1888), who wrote biographies of Robert Clive, Warren Hastings, and Thomas Munro, mastered this genre. The Great War provoked popular accounts of subaltern life
Human identity everywhere is now attached to national sites, where some people are always native,... more Human identity everywhere is now attached to national sites, where some people are always native, and others, necessarily foreign. Geographically based national identities animate politics around the world. It is now impossible to imagine or describe any place, people, culture, or facet of social life without reference to national maps, which lock every place into immobile gridlines of national geography, static and immutable. National territory constitutes cultural politics
A map is a peculiar kind of visual text. It seems a mere instrument of utility, showing us where ... more A map is a peculiar kind of visual text. It seems a mere instrument of utility, showing us where to go and how to put things in place. Invisible ingredients, however, render every map a Pandora's box. Emotions are undoubtedly the most potent of all of the invisible elements in maps. The cartographic passions that make the headlines may be national ones, but in cities, towns, and villages, people have strong feelings about local maps. Street gangs, real estate developers, insurance companies, zoning boards, planners, and electorates invest maps with local politics. Landowners love their property lines. Universities map their campus identity. The Association for Asian Studies (AAS) signifies itself succinctly in its logo, a map of Asia. Such territorial attachments and many others have striking similarities: they infuse boundaries with iconic significance, tinged with feelings of security, belonging, possessiveness, enclosure, entitlement, and exclusion.
Until recently, regimes governing development occupied definite territories that delineated their... more Until recently, regimes governing development occupied definite territories that delineated their relevant populations and identified authoritative leadership with distinct cultura l boundaries. But development regimes today have at best ambiguous territorial moorings. Leading participants in the development process engage in rampant border crossi ng. Disparate institutions pursue di sparate goals. There is no one guiding vision or dominant logic. Confli cts and negotiations over control of development underlie contemporary concerns with
Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad
The reinvention of area studies is far from over. Many area studies programs in the U.S. are in t... more The reinvention of area studies is far from over. Many area studies programs in the U.S. are in the midst of or on the verge of institutional and intellectual crises. This essay provides some history for the intellectual work of rebuilding area studies.
The forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental ... more The forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental for processes of agricultural expansion and intensification. What is known today as ‘land grab’ was theorized by Marx as ‘primitive accumulation’ and by David Harvey as ‘accumulation by dispossession’. Today it is most prominent and controversial in Africa, where the governments of India and China are major perpetrators; and it also drives most contemporary urban expansion in India and China. This article deploys David Washbrook's idea of ‘country politics’ to explore the process of land grabbing in the early-modern expansion of agrarian Bengal, where local peasant society and worldwide imperial political economy came together to expand frontiers of farming in what is now the Sylhet District of Bangladesh.
Chandragupta, which were originally published in Bengali journal Chitrabhash, and are scarcely av... more Chandragupta, which were originally published in Bengali journal Chitrabhash, and are scarcely available in their originals. Other articles published for the first time for English-language readers by the Pather Panchali’s cast and crew are the ones by Uma Sen and Subir Banerjee, who played Durga and Apu in the film, and by Soumendu Roy, Ray’s cinematographer and Dulal Dutta, who was Ray’s editor on all his films. The sketchbook also carries advertisements and reproductions of Pather Panchali’smemorabilia. The latter include such gems as a letter from Jean Renoir to Ray, which he addressed to one Manick Roy (p.120), evidently not aware that it was the filmmaker’s pet name, by which he was commonly addressed by friends and colleagues (Manikbabu or Manik-da), such Bansi Chandragupta and Subrata Mitra, both known to Renoir since the making of his film The River in Calcutta. Also included is a hand-drawn trifold publicity booklet, which Ray had painstakingly designed (as with his posters and other publicity material), but which was never printed for want of funds. The book has a section curating the film’s reviews and previews which give a sense of Pather Panchali’s instantaneous appreciation among its viewing public in India, contrary to a longstanding popular belief (and an anti-Ray rhetoric) that the film gained appreciation only after its international success and that Ray’s principal box-office was overseas, that Ray as a filmmaker did not address the average filmgoer. As written by the reviewer for Hindustan Standard at the time of the film’s release in Calcutta, ‘let no one fall into the error of thinking that Pather Panchali is intended for long haired, unwashed, coffee-drinking intellectuals who form cinema societies... This is a people’s film, if there ever has been one. There are certainly scenes and suggestions which can be appreciated the more by those who have knowledge of film technique ... but there is nothing at all which cannot be enjoyed by those people whose life the film deals with ... The film is a piece of poetry, dedicated to the deathless spirit of Bengal ... This film, let us aver, marks the Indian film’s coming of age. We salute Satyajit Ray and all his comrades who have produced this superb film. Yes, superb.’ The film had a good run in Calcutta and received favourable reviews in the Bengali press. The Pather Panchali Sketchbook covers Ray’s creative trajectory from his days as art director at D.J. Keymer and Associates, when he had done the illustrations of a children’s edition of Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay’s novel Pather Panchali. The book has reproduced images from the children’s edition that Ray had worked on, and which was first published in 1944, a project which is known to have inspired him to start work on his first film. It also has rare photographs such as one of a young Ray at work in the office of D.J. Keymer & Associates, where he was art director, or one of the cast and crew of Pather Panchali at a felicitation with Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy. More recent photographs cover the film’s restoration and revival such as the occasion of the screening of Pather Panchali at the Museum of Modern Art on 4 May 2015.
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