HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jun 6, 2022
One way to contribute to carbon neutrality in 2050 is to reduce energy consumption but this will ... more One way to contribute to carbon neutrality in 2050 is to reduce energy consumption but this will not be enough. To this end, many energy policy instruments (regulations, taxes, incentives, etc.) have been used for many years and well before the goal of carbon neutrality and need to be reassessed to be in line with decarbonisation especially in the context of the EED review. In many European countries, energy efficiency obligation schemes (EEOs) are used in line with EED Article 7. These schemes are usually expressed in terms of primary energy savings as in Italy or final energy savings as in France and to our knowledge only one which has been expressed in terms of carbon as in the UK. Initially the UK EEO was expressed in energy and moved from energy to carbon. However, this movement has not been followed in Europe, even though European policy is increasingly focused on reducing carbon emissions. There are several ways of integrating carbon into an EEO scheme: from the simplest by considering the carbon content of energy when sharing the level of obligation among obligated parties to the most complex by valuing the certificates directly in carbon units. By considering both energy and carbon in the same EEO scheme, a double reward is possible to reduce consumption and promote low carbon energy. In this way, new energy savings and carbon reduction potentials could be incentivised, especially in industry and transport in case of fuel switching. Including carbon in the scheme also means putting a price on carbon in the market, beyond a shadow value for sectors not covered by the historical EU-ETS I without the need to extend the EU-ETS to the building and transport sectors (EU-ETS II). This paper aims to challenge this situation and to propose a shift from energy to carbon in an EEO scheme. To do so, we propose to take the case of the French EEO as an example and to assess how this existing scheme can evolve to better integrate the carbon dimension and contribute effectively to the national carbon mitigation strategy.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jul 1, 2017
The aim of this paper is to give an overview of waste heat potentials in France (from manufacturi... more The aim of this paper is to give an overview of waste heat potentials in France (from manufacturing industry, datacenters, refineries, water treatment plants and waste incineration plants), and to analyse opportunities as well as technical and economic constraints for waste heat recovery. The study confirms a high theoretical potential for waste heat recovery (118 TWh). 60 TWh are at a temperature under 100 °C, 45 TWh between 100 and 200 °C and the rest above. The main source of waste heat is related to driers, condensers of cooling production units, furnaces and boilers. We can define and locate waste heat sources in France and compare them to heat demand. Moreover, a strong politic will in terms of energy transition allows for the emergence of organisations and infrastructures to recover waste heat implementing territorial symbiosis. This free waste heat is not systematically recovered and reused because of technical (fouling and corrosion of heat exchangers, difficulties to store heat) and economic constraints (financial security for the quality, quantity and regularity of supply, cost of a backup solution in case of failure, long investment payback). We present three existing business models, allowing to secure heat supply and increase confidence between involved partners.
The “factory of the future” is a widely discussed concept which promises to underpin the next wav... more The “factory of the future” is a widely discussed concept which promises to underpin the next wave of productivity in industry by integrating new technologies ‐ especially information and communication technologies - into industrial production. Based on a comprehensive bibliography analysis, this article refines the concept of the factory of the future as a factory combining smart, green and human dimensions to achieve a higher level of productivity.The concept of the factory of the future stresses the central role of information networks for optimising and flexibilising production processes. In addition, energy supply and energy usage are decisive levers in enhancing the global productivity by using energy in the optimal way. The smart, green and human dimensions of the factory of the future are involved in each industry sector. However, each sector faces specific challenges. This is illustrated by two case studies on the role of energy in two different industry sectors. A sugar fa...
In France, within the frame of White Certificate scheme, a specified amount of energy savings has... more In France, within the frame of White Certificate scheme, a specified amount of energy savings has to be achieved over three-year periods. The main participants to this system are public authorities, who set the level of energy savings, energy companies, who must reach the target, manufacturers, who develop energy-efficient products and the end-users of the efficient solutions. The third period of this scheme has started in 2015, with a target of savings of around 700 TWhcumac. This paper is unusual, because it focuses on industry and services, which now count for more than 20% of the total savings. The aim of the study is to propose a new methodology to analyze and predict the White Certificates flows in industry and services and give an overview of the preliminary results obtained in this frame. First, the scheme participants were interviewed in depth to identify its main drivers. Then, a system dynamics method was used to split those significant factors in temporal functions such ...
In the French Industry, the energy lost through waste heat accounts for roughly 25% of its total ... more In the French Industry, the energy lost through waste heat accounts for roughly 25% of its total energy consumption. Though recognized as of significant potential for recovery, heat wastes are at 50% concentrated in low level temperature wastes, below 100°C, too cold to be directly used through a heat exchanger for most industrial processes. Hence, EDF contributed to the development of heat pumps that were segmented in this study in three levels of maximum condensing temperature: 70 °C (HP1), 100 °C (HP 2) and 150 °C (HP 3). This paper proposes a three steps method to evaluate the potential of heat recovery with HPs in France for each industry sector and under consideration of technological and economic constraints. In the first step we build an indicator to show the statistical potential of each HP by cross referencing a heat waste with a heat consumption database taking into account the relevance of the HP compared to a heat exchanger, and the HP coverable share of the needs. In t...
■ Un nouveau type de rechauffeur electrique, base sur le principe de chauffage par effet Joule, r... more ■ Un nouveau type de rechauffeur electrique, base sur le principe de chauffage par effet Joule, remporte un succes certain dans l'industrie. ■ Ce rechauffeur est un echangeur a plaques dans lequel le fluide caloporteur est remplace par une plaque electrique constituee d'une resistance classique noyee dans un bloc d'aluminium possedant la forme d'une ploque d'echangeur slandard. ■ La rationalisation en energie vient du fait que la puissance est directement adaplee ou service desire.
Ohmic drop and capacitive current, two major nuisances in electrochemical experiments, can be use... more Ohmic drop and capacitive current, two major nuisances in electrochemical experiments, can be used to great advantage for heating solutions homogeneously within their bulk without significant electrolysis or corrosion of electrodes. This is achieved by submitting a two-electrode cell to an alternating potential with a sufficiently large frequency, so that only minimal charging of the cell double layers is possible. The potential difference across each double layer is thus maintained between the threshold values corresponding to the onset of anodic and cathodic Faradaic reactions, although potentials with the large peak-to-peak amplitudes required for a large heating power are applied to the cell. A simple analysis based on an ideal RC cell is adequate for delineating the fundamental principle of ohmic heating and for identifying the gross parameters controlling the system. Within the framework of this first order approximation, classical voltammetry provides a facile and rapid examination of various electrode materials so as to select the best electrodes for a given application. A method is then proposed to ensure in situ that a cell is operated safely. This is exemplified in the case of a NaCl solution and DSA electrodes. The same method affords all parameters required to elaborate an equivalent electrical circuit which adequately describes the cell under the conditions of its operation, since this is required for the final optimization of the process, viz., selection of the nature and frequency of the alternative potential input, as well as of the applied current density.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2003
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Nov 30, 2004
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Etude des performances thermiques d'un chauffage ohmique pour la sterilisation UHT du lait - ... more Etude des performances thermiques d'un chauffage ohmique pour la sterilisation UHT du lait - Definition d'un critere d'encrassement. . 6. Colloque Prosetia. Procedes de separation et de transformation en industrie alimentaire
The passage from a batch to a continuous process in order to sterilize heterogeneous products (vi... more The passage from a batch to a continuous process in order to sterilize heterogeneous products (viscous fluids with high concentration of fragile particles) remains an empirical and hazardous operation. We characterize the fundamental data: physical (rheology, density, dimension), mechanical (elasticity modulus), thermal (heat capacity, thermal and electrical conductivity, thermal diffusivity) properties of each phase (carrier fluids, particles) at the inlet and the outlet of conventional process.
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the temperature differences evolution betwe... more The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the temperature differences evolution between electrode surfaces and bulk, in a continuous flat ohmic cell under whey protein fouling. The first part determines the temperature gradients in non-fouled cell using two newtonian fluids (water and an aqueous solution of sucrose at 55% (w/w)) and a pseudoplastic fluid (an aqueous solution of xanthan gum at 0.2% (w/w)). In the second part, the temperature gradients were determined under the same operating conditions except the β-lactoglobulin solutions were used to generate fouling which would be encounterned in dairy process. It has been shown that exists a temperature difference between electrode surfaces and the bulk when heating a non-fouling fluids. The value and the shape of these differences depend on the flow regime (Reynolds number) and the rheological behavior of the fluid. Under fouling conditions the temperature differences obtained at different flow regimes exhibit a different trend. Such a difference could be explained by the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluid in addition to the effect of differential electrical conductivities of the bulk and the deposit.
Les industriels de l'agroalimentaire concoivent des produits de plus en plus complexes pour u... more Les industriels de l'agroalimentaire concoivent des produits de plus en plus complexes pour un marche dont les exigences en termes de qualite des produits, de securite alimentaire et de couts ne cesse de s'accroitre. Le chauffage de ces produits constitue un des elements clefs de la chaine de traitement. EDF developpe des solutions specifiques, en appui a la commercialisation de l'electricite, en partenariat avec ses clients industriels et les equipementiers. Plusieurs projets de recherche sont construits sur des etudes a caractere fondamental ancrees volontairement sur des besoins identifies apportes par les industriels. La demarche se deroule de la facon suivante : - la problematique est analysee avec l'industriel, - les pre-essais de chauffage sont realises pour caracteriser le produit, - le procede de chauffage retenu est teste sur le produit au laboratoire, - le fonctionnement du prototype est observe dans son futur environnement industriel. Trois exemples de resultats d'etude mettent en evidence les problematiques rencontrees par les industriels, le type de solution apportee, ainsi que la demarche employee. Les moyens mis en oeuvre s'appuient sur des experts d'EDF R&D avec des laboratoires equipes de pilotes industriels pour le chauffage des fluides.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jun 6, 2022
One way to contribute to carbon neutrality in 2050 is to reduce energy consumption but this will ... more One way to contribute to carbon neutrality in 2050 is to reduce energy consumption but this will not be enough. To this end, many energy policy instruments (regulations, taxes, incentives, etc.) have been used for many years and well before the goal of carbon neutrality and need to be reassessed to be in line with decarbonisation especially in the context of the EED review. In many European countries, energy efficiency obligation schemes (EEOs) are used in line with EED Article 7. These schemes are usually expressed in terms of primary energy savings as in Italy or final energy savings as in France and to our knowledge only one which has been expressed in terms of carbon as in the UK. Initially the UK EEO was expressed in energy and moved from energy to carbon. However, this movement has not been followed in Europe, even though European policy is increasingly focused on reducing carbon emissions. There are several ways of integrating carbon into an EEO scheme: from the simplest by considering the carbon content of energy when sharing the level of obligation among obligated parties to the most complex by valuing the certificates directly in carbon units. By considering both energy and carbon in the same EEO scheme, a double reward is possible to reduce consumption and promote low carbon energy. In this way, new energy savings and carbon reduction potentials could be incentivised, especially in industry and transport in case of fuel switching. Including carbon in the scheme also means putting a price on carbon in the market, beyond a shadow value for sectors not covered by the historical EU-ETS I without the need to extend the EU-ETS to the building and transport sectors (EU-ETS II). This paper aims to challenge this situation and to propose a shift from energy to carbon in an EEO scheme. To do so, we propose to take the case of the French EEO as an example and to assess how this existing scheme can evolve to better integrate the carbon dimension and contribute effectively to the national carbon mitigation strategy.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jul 1, 2017
The aim of this paper is to give an overview of waste heat potentials in France (from manufacturi... more The aim of this paper is to give an overview of waste heat potentials in France (from manufacturing industry, datacenters, refineries, water treatment plants and waste incineration plants), and to analyse opportunities as well as technical and economic constraints for waste heat recovery. The study confirms a high theoretical potential for waste heat recovery (118 TWh). 60 TWh are at a temperature under 100 °C, 45 TWh between 100 and 200 °C and the rest above. The main source of waste heat is related to driers, condensers of cooling production units, furnaces and boilers. We can define and locate waste heat sources in France and compare them to heat demand. Moreover, a strong politic will in terms of energy transition allows for the emergence of organisations and infrastructures to recover waste heat implementing territorial symbiosis. This free waste heat is not systematically recovered and reused because of technical (fouling and corrosion of heat exchangers, difficulties to store heat) and economic constraints (financial security for the quality, quantity and regularity of supply, cost of a backup solution in case of failure, long investment payback). We present three existing business models, allowing to secure heat supply and increase confidence between involved partners.
The “factory of the future” is a widely discussed concept which promises to underpin the next wav... more The “factory of the future” is a widely discussed concept which promises to underpin the next wave of productivity in industry by integrating new technologies ‐ especially information and communication technologies - into industrial production. Based on a comprehensive bibliography analysis, this article refines the concept of the factory of the future as a factory combining smart, green and human dimensions to achieve a higher level of productivity.The concept of the factory of the future stresses the central role of information networks for optimising and flexibilising production processes. In addition, energy supply and energy usage are decisive levers in enhancing the global productivity by using energy in the optimal way. The smart, green and human dimensions of the factory of the future are involved in each industry sector. However, each sector faces specific challenges. This is illustrated by two case studies on the role of energy in two different industry sectors. A sugar fa...
In France, within the frame of White Certificate scheme, a specified amount of energy savings has... more In France, within the frame of White Certificate scheme, a specified amount of energy savings has to be achieved over three-year periods. The main participants to this system are public authorities, who set the level of energy savings, energy companies, who must reach the target, manufacturers, who develop energy-efficient products and the end-users of the efficient solutions. The third period of this scheme has started in 2015, with a target of savings of around 700 TWhcumac. This paper is unusual, because it focuses on industry and services, which now count for more than 20% of the total savings. The aim of the study is to propose a new methodology to analyze and predict the White Certificates flows in industry and services and give an overview of the preliminary results obtained in this frame. First, the scheme participants were interviewed in depth to identify its main drivers. Then, a system dynamics method was used to split those significant factors in temporal functions such ...
In the French Industry, the energy lost through waste heat accounts for roughly 25% of its total ... more In the French Industry, the energy lost through waste heat accounts for roughly 25% of its total energy consumption. Though recognized as of significant potential for recovery, heat wastes are at 50% concentrated in low level temperature wastes, below 100°C, too cold to be directly used through a heat exchanger for most industrial processes. Hence, EDF contributed to the development of heat pumps that were segmented in this study in three levels of maximum condensing temperature: 70 °C (HP1), 100 °C (HP 2) and 150 °C (HP 3). This paper proposes a three steps method to evaluate the potential of heat recovery with HPs in France for each industry sector and under consideration of technological and economic constraints. In the first step we build an indicator to show the statistical potential of each HP by cross referencing a heat waste with a heat consumption database taking into account the relevance of the HP compared to a heat exchanger, and the HP coverable share of the needs. In t...
■ Un nouveau type de rechauffeur electrique, base sur le principe de chauffage par effet Joule, r... more ■ Un nouveau type de rechauffeur electrique, base sur le principe de chauffage par effet Joule, remporte un succes certain dans l'industrie. ■ Ce rechauffeur est un echangeur a plaques dans lequel le fluide caloporteur est remplace par une plaque electrique constituee d'une resistance classique noyee dans un bloc d'aluminium possedant la forme d'une ploque d'echangeur slandard. ■ La rationalisation en energie vient du fait que la puissance est directement adaplee ou service desire.
Ohmic drop and capacitive current, two major nuisances in electrochemical experiments, can be use... more Ohmic drop and capacitive current, two major nuisances in electrochemical experiments, can be used to great advantage for heating solutions homogeneously within their bulk without significant electrolysis or corrosion of electrodes. This is achieved by submitting a two-electrode cell to an alternating potential with a sufficiently large frequency, so that only minimal charging of the cell double layers is possible. The potential difference across each double layer is thus maintained between the threshold values corresponding to the onset of anodic and cathodic Faradaic reactions, although potentials with the large peak-to-peak amplitudes required for a large heating power are applied to the cell. A simple analysis based on an ideal RC cell is adequate for delineating the fundamental principle of ohmic heating and for identifying the gross parameters controlling the system. Within the framework of this first order approximation, classical voltammetry provides a facile and rapid examination of various electrode materials so as to select the best electrodes for a given application. A method is then proposed to ensure in situ that a cell is operated safely. This is exemplified in the case of a NaCl solution and DSA electrodes. The same method affords all parameters required to elaborate an equivalent electrical circuit which adequately describes the cell under the conditions of its operation, since this is required for the final optimization of the process, viz., selection of the nature and frequency of the alternative potential input, as well as of the applied current density.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2003
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Nov 30, 2004
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Etude des performances thermiques d'un chauffage ohmique pour la sterilisation UHT du lait - ... more Etude des performances thermiques d'un chauffage ohmique pour la sterilisation UHT du lait - Definition d'un critere d'encrassement. . 6. Colloque Prosetia. Procedes de separation et de transformation en industrie alimentaire
The passage from a batch to a continuous process in order to sterilize heterogeneous products (vi... more The passage from a batch to a continuous process in order to sterilize heterogeneous products (viscous fluids with high concentration of fragile particles) remains an empirical and hazardous operation. We characterize the fundamental data: physical (rheology, density, dimension), mechanical (elasticity modulus), thermal (heat capacity, thermal and electrical conductivity, thermal diffusivity) properties of each phase (carrier fluids, particles) at the inlet and the outlet of conventional process.
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the temperature differences evolution betwe... more The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the temperature differences evolution between electrode surfaces and bulk, in a continuous flat ohmic cell under whey protein fouling. The first part determines the temperature gradients in non-fouled cell using two newtonian fluids (water and an aqueous solution of sucrose at 55% (w/w)) and a pseudoplastic fluid (an aqueous solution of xanthan gum at 0.2% (w/w)). In the second part, the temperature gradients were determined under the same operating conditions except the β-lactoglobulin solutions were used to generate fouling which would be encounterned in dairy process. It has been shown that exists a temperature difference between electrode surfaces and the bulk when heating a non-fouling fluids. The value and the shape of these differences depend on the flow regime (Reynolds number) and the rheological behavior of the fluid. Under fouling conditions the temperature differences obtained at different flow regimes exhibit a different trend. Such a difference could be explained by the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluid in addition to the effect of differential electrical conductivities of the bulk and the deposit.
Les industriels de l'agroalimentaire concoivent des produits de plus en plus complexes pour u... more Les industriels de l'agroalimentaire concoivent des produits de plus en plus complexes pour un marche dont les exigences en termes de qualite des produits, de securite alimentaire et de couts ne cesse de s'accroitre. Le chauffage de ces produits constitue un des elements clefs de la chaine de traitement. EDF developpe des solutions specifiques, en appui a la commercialisation de l'electricite, en partenariat avec ses clients industriels et les equipementiers. Plusieurs projets de recherche sont construits sur des etudes a caractere fondamental ancrees volontairement sur des besoins identifies apportes par les industriels. La demarche se deroule de la facon suivante : - la problematique est analysee avec l'industriel, - les pre-essais de chauffage sont realises pour caracteriser le produit, - le procede de chauffage retenu est teste sur le produit au laboratoire, - le fonctionnement du prototype est observe dans son futur environnement industriel. Trois exemples de resultats d'etude mettent en evidence les problematiques rencontrees par les industriels, le type de solution apportee, ainsi que la demarche employee. Les moyens mis en oeuvre s'appuient sur des experts d'EDF R&D avec des laboratoires equipes de pilotes industriels pour le chauffage des fluides.
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