General Procedure for Polymerization. Since all the polymerizations were carried out under the sa... more General Procedure for Polymerization. Since all the polymerizations were carried out under the same conditions, only the polymerization of 8b is described here as an example. A polymerization tube containing 8b (2.0 g, 5.68 "01) and ethylene glycol ditosylate (0.2 mg, 5.4 X mol) was degassed under high vacuum (ca. lod mm) overnight and then sealed. The sealed tube was heated in a thermal bath a t 130 "C for 6 h, a t 140 "C for 3 h, and finally at 160 "C for 3 h. The mixture slowly thickened and solidified to a pure white mass in the first period of heating. The product was dissolved in dichloromethane, precipitated by adding to excess methanol, and vacuum dried at 100 "C overnight to give l l b in quantitative yield. Acknowledgment. This work was supported b y National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. References and Notes NAG3-234.
Blends of biodegradable copolymer based on starch, poly lactic acid (PLA), poly vinyl alcohol (PV... more Blends of biodegradable copolymer based on starch, poly lactic acid (PLA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and natural rubber (NR) have been prepared. Gamma radiation induced synthesis and modification of polymer hydrogel was studied. The polymer blends have been chemically surface modified by glycerol. The modified polymer blends have been investigated for swelling ratio, tensile strength and 9 scanning electron microscopy. The swelling ratio of polymer blends increased significantly after surface modification with glycerol. The swelling of polymer was decreased as a function of (NR) content in polymer blends. The gel fraction (PVA-starch-PLA) and (PVA-starch-NR) blends increased by increasing the radiation doses (kGy) to reach the maximum amount of (~99%) and (~88.2%), respectively. Addition of 2.5% (PLA) led to greater increase of the swelling ratio than 10% (NR) to blends and the maximum swelling was found at dose (5 kGy). At concentration of glycerol (5.0% w/w), tensile strength decreased and elongation at break % increased. The polymers degrading microorganisms were isolated from soil samples. The degradation ability of the microbial isolates for each polymeric material was tested on agar plates. Among these isolates, the most efficient degrader isolates for prepared blends in MSM shaking flasks were selected and the degradation was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
PLA and its nanocomposite containing 3% chitosan nanoparticles (PLA-3CsNP) were studied to see ho... more PLA and its nanocomposite containing 3% chitosan nanoparticles (PLA-3CsNP) were studied to see how γ-irradiation affected their characteristics. Different doses of γ-irradiation were applied to the investigated materials under inquiry (5-40 kGy) using 60 Co at ambient condition. The irradiation materials were characterized by FT-IR, GPC, mechanical tensile test, DSC, XRD, and TGA in solid and chloroform solutions. The molecular weight of the studied materials was lowered when the irradiation dose was increased, indicating that γ-irradiation had the dominating effect through oxidative degradation, and chain scission. The addition of chitosan to PLA reduces the impact of γ-irradiation, while the samples irradiated in solution showed more degradation after irradiation than irradiated solid lms. Irradiation caused a decrease in tensile strength and elongation at break values. Both the melting temperature (Tm) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased as the irradiation dose was increased. The cold crystallization peak temperatures were reduced when pure PLA was irradiated in solution. The thermal stability of PLA was diminished as the irradiation dose was raised, and this effect was more pronounced in samples irradiated in chloroform solution.
The International Conference on Electrical Engineering (Print), May 1, 2014
Highly porous and interconnected styrene/acrylic-based porous materials were prepared by radiatio... more Highly porous and interconnected styrene/acrylic-based porous materials were prepared by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene/acrylic acid monomers onto surface of silica prepared from rice husk ash. The influence of synthesis conditions; such as irradiation dose, monomer concentrations and different solvents; were studied. It was found that the nature of the solvent had profound influence on the copolymerization reaction and water /ethanol mixture was selected as a suitable solvent for copolymerization processes. Graft copolymers of styrene/ acrylic onto silica surface was verified through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Eenergy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to investigate the surface profile of representative copolymers by viewing the distribution of elemental nitrogen. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of the copolymers were investigated. From the characterization of the prepared copolymer it was found that: copolymers of (styrene/acrylic)/silica are considerably different from each other, (styrene/acrylic)/silica based copolymers exhibited relatively more homogenous surface compared to (styrene/acrylic) copolymers. Water uptake percent increases as silica ratio increases to reach 24174 (mol/gm) and this prepared copolymer has a considerable capacity for adsorption of organic compounds and metals.
Blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared wi... more Blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared with different weight compositions with a plasticorder at 2408C at a rotor speed of 64 rpm for 10 min. The physicomechanical properties of the prepared blends were investigated with special reference to the effects of the blend ratio. Graft copolymers, that is, LDPE-grafted acrylic acid and LDPE-grafted acrylonitrile, were prepared with cirradiation. The copolymers were melt-mixed in various contents (i.e., 3, 5, 7, and 9 phr) with a LDPE/PET blend with a weight ratio of 75/25 and used as compatibilizers. The effect of the compatibilizer contents on the physicomechanical properties and equilibrium swelling of the binary blend was investigated. With an increase in the compatibilizer content up to 7 phr, the blend showed an improvement in the physicomechanical properties and reduced equilibrium swelling in comparison with the uncompatibilized one. The addition of a compatibilizer beyond 7 phr did not improve the blend properties any further. The efficiency of the compatibilizers (7 phr) was also evaluated by studies of the phase morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). V V
B ROWN macro-algal species (Seaweeds) biomass was collected and treated mechanically to reduce it... more B ROWN macro-algal species (Seaweeds) biomass was collected and treated mechanically to reduce its size, increase its surface area and to polymerize easily with other polymer in a sheet. Polymerized algal cells in the polymer sheet have many advantages such as facilitate harvesting of the biomass in addition to enhanced heavy metals removal, recover from the industrial wastewater and the possibility to reuse application. Co-polymer-sheet of polyvinyl alcohol/ maleic acid/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ Macroalgal biomass (PVA/ MAA /HEMA/ MacAlg) was successfully polymerized using Gamma ray technique. The prepared copolymer sheets were characterized with FT-IR, SEM, XRD and successfully applied to remove hexavalent chromium (VI) from contaminated water. One Factor at a Time (OFAT) experiments were studied for the polymer algal sheets to get the high and the low level that can further used in the Full Factorial Design optimization method. Chromium removal efficiency of 98.4 % was achieved at a concentration of 100 ppm after 3 h contact time. Isotherm and kinetics have been studied.
Journal Of Macromolecular Science, Part A, Jun 26, 2009
This work illustrates the modification of polypropylene (PP) films through its grafting with glyc... more This work illustrates the modification of polypropylene (PP) films through its grafting with glycidylmethacrelate monomer (GMA). Further chemical treatment of PP-g-GMA to convert epoxy groups into amine groups is discussed. Different factors affecting the grafting percent such as solvents, ...
This study focuses on the surface modification of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite reverse osmo... more This study focuses on the surface modification of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes using irradiated chitosan/titanium dioxide (CS/TiO 2) via Co 60 gamma ray. This modification was achieved through coating of a thin layer of gamma preirradiated chitosan onto the surface of commercial PA thin film composite membrane. The chitosan concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 wt% with different contents of TiO 2 nanoparticles irradiated at different doses. The surface morphology, surface hydrophilicity and membrane chemical composition before and after the modification were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectroscopy of the synthesized membranes proved the incorporation of both CS and TiO 2 nanoparticles on the polyamide active layer. The performance of both neat and modified membranes for water desalination was evaluated. The results showed an improvement in the permeate flux of the membranes by increasing TiO 2 concentration up to 0.125 wt%, and then decreased at higher concentration of TiO 2. Moreover, the salt rejection (%) increased at lower concentrations of TiO 2 and then decreased with increasing the TiO 2 content. Contact angle measurements revealed that the surface hydrophilicity of the membranes, improved by increasing TiO 2 concentration in chitosan solution.
Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, Feb 23, 2005
Some hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized by γ radiation using N,N met... more Some hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized by γ radiation using N,N methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterization of the prepared hydrogels. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal stability. The water uptake, % of these hydrogels depends on acrylamide/maleic acid (AAm/MA)
High water sorption of 2-vinyl pyridine (2-VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by freer... more High water sorption of 2-vinyl pyridine (2-VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by freeradical polymerization in aqueous solution of 2-VP with AAc as comonomer. The amount of ionic monomer (AAc), the irradiation dose of prepared hydrogel, the pH, and the concentration of drug play an important factor on loading, adsorption, and releasing of water-soluble chloroamphenicol drug. As a result of dynamic swilling tests, the effect of relative content of AAc on the swelling showed that it allowed a non-Fickian type of water diffusion. The adsorption of the drug onto (2-VP/AAc) hydrogels was studied by Freundlish adsorption isotherm. The drug concentrations showed an influence on the adsorption of drug which increased with increasing AAc content. From Freundlish adsorption isotherm, the empirical constants, k and n, can be evaluated and showed the ability of hydrogel to be loaded by the drug and the affinity of the drug to be uptake onto the hydrogel respectively. FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques were used to study the characterization of hydrogel (2-VP/AAc). Additionally, the release of the drug loaded from hydrogel discs was studied microbiologically to show that hydrophilic structure of the hydrogel has an antimicrobial effect as a dehydration of cytoplasm and unbalance of the cell wall functions. V
Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, Jan 10, 2004
Co 60-g radiation was used in the synthesis of bipolymer hydrogel, using acrylamide (AAm), acryli... more Co 60-g radiation was used in the synthesis of bipolymer hydrogel, using acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), and sodium acrylate. The parameters affecting preparation of these hydrogels such as monomer ratio, crosslinking agent ratio, and irradiation dose have been studied. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was studied under different preparation conditions. The experimental results showed that the gel fraction of the produced hydrogel depends mainly on the irradiation dose, and the degree of swelling was intimately related to irradiation dose and blending ratio of the two monomers. Characterization of the obtained hydrogel was carried
General Procedure for Polymerization. Since all the polymerizations were carried out under the sa... more General Procedure for Polymerization. Since all the polymerizations were carried out under the same conditions, only the polymerization of 8b is described here as an example. A polymerization tube containing 8b (2.0 g, 5.68 "01) and ethylene glycol ditosylate (0.2 mg, 5.4 X mol) was degassed under high vacuum (ca. lod mm) overnight and then sealed. The sealed tube was heated in a thermal bath a t 130 "C for 6 h, a t 140 "C for 3 h, and finally at 160 "C for 3 h. The mixture slowly thickened and solidified to a pure white mass in the first period of heating. The product was dissolved in dichloromethane, precipitated by adding to excess methanol, and vacuum dried at 100 "C overnight to give l l b in quantitative yield. Acknowledgment. This work was supported b y National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. References and Notes NAG3-234.
Blends of biodegradable copolymer based on starch, poly lactic acid (PLA), poly vinyl alcohol (PV... more Blends of biodegradable copolymer based on starch, poly lactic acid (PLA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and natural rubber (NR) have been prepared. Gamma radiation induced synthesis and modification of polymer hydrogel was studied. The polymer blends have been chemically surface modified by glycerol. The modified polymer blends have been investigated for swelling ratio, tensile strength and 9 scanning electron microscopy. The swelling ratio of polymer blends increased significantly after surface modification with glycerol. The swelling of polymer was decreased as a function of (NR) content in polymer blends. The gel fraction (PVA-starch-PLA) and (PVA-starch-NR) blends increased by increasing the radiation doses (kGy) to reach the maximum amount of (~99%) and (~88.2%), respectively. Addition of 2.5% (PLA) led to greater increase of the swelling ratio than 10% (NR) to blends and the maximum swelling was found at dose (5 kGy). At concentration of glycerol (5.0% w/w), tensile strength decreased and elongation at break % increased. The polymers degrading microorganisms were isolated from soil samples. The degradation ability of the microbial isolates for each polymeric material was tested on agar plates. Among these isolates, the most efficient degrader isolates for prepared blends in MSM shaking flasks were selected and the degradation was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
PLA and its nanocomposite containing 3% chitosan nanoparticles (PLA-3CsNP) were studied to see ho... more PLA and its nanocomposite containing 3% chitosan nanoparticles (PLA-3CsNP) were studied to see how γ-irradiation affected their characteristics. Different doses of γ-irradiation were applied to the investigated materials under inquiry (5-40 kGy) using 60 Co at ambient condition. The irradiation materials were characterized by FT-IR, GPC, mechanical tensile test, DSC, XRD, and TGA in solid and chloroform solutions. The molecular weight of the studied materials was lowered when the irradiation dose was increased, indicating that γ-irradiation had the dominating effect through oxidative degradation, and chain scission. The addition of chitosan to PLA reduces the impact of γ-irradiation, while the samples irradiated in solution showed more degradation after irradiation than irradiated solid lms. Irradiation caused a decrease in tensile strength and elongation at break values. Both the melting temperature (Tm) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased as the irradiation dose was increased. The cold crystallization peak temperatures were reduced when pure PLA was irradiated in solution. The thermal stability of PLA was diminished as the irradiation dose was raised, and this effect was more pronounced in samples irradiated in chloroform solution.
The International Conference on Electrical Engineering (Print), May 1, 2014
Highly porous and interconnected styrene/acrylic-based porous materials were prepared by radiatio... more Highly porous and interconnected styrene/acrylic-based porous materials were prepared by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene/acrylic acid monomers onto surface of silica prepared from rice husk ash. The influence of synthesis conditions; such as irradiation dose, monomer concentrations and different solvents; were studied. It was found that the nature of the solvent had profound influence on the copolymerization reaction and water /ethanol mixture was selected as a suitable solvent for copolymerization processes. Graft copolymers of styrene/ acrylic onto silica surface was verified through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Eenergy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to investigate the surface profile of representative copolymers by viewing the distribution of elemental nitrogen. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of the copolymers were investigated. From the characterization of the prepared copolymer it was found that: copolymers of (styrene/acrylic)/silica are considerably different from each other, (styrene/acrylic)/silica based copolymers exhibited relatively more homogenous surface compared to (styrene/acrylic) copolymers. Water uptake percent increases as silica ratio increases to reach 24174 (mol/gm) and this prepared copolymer has a considerable capacity for adsorption of organic compounds and metals.
Blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared wi... more Blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared with different weight compositions with a plasticorder at 2408C at a rotor speed of 64 rpm for 10 min. The physicomechanical properties of the prepared blends were investigated with special reference to the effects of the blend ratio. Graft copolymers, that is, LDPE-grafted acrylic acid and LDPE-grafted acrylonitrile, were prepared with cirradiation. The copolymers were melt-mixed in various contents (i.e., 3, 5, 7, and 9 phr) with a LDPE/PET blend with a weight ratio of 75/25 and used as compatibilizers. The effect of the compatibilizer contents on the physicomechanical properties and equilibrium swelling of the binary blend was investigated. With an increase in the compatibilizer content up to 7 phr, the blend showed an improvement in the physicomechanical properties and reduced equilibrium swelling in comparison with the uncompatibilized one. The addition of a compatibilizer beyond 7 phr did not improve the blend properties any further. The efficiency of the compatibilizers (7 phr) was also evaluated by studies of the phase morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). V V
B ROWN macro-algal species (Seaweeds) biomass was collected and treated mechanically to reduce it... more B ROWN macro-algal species (Seaweeds) biomass was collected and treated mechanically to reduce its size, increase its surface area and to polymerize easily with other polymer in a sheet. Polymerized algal cells in the polymer sheet have many advantages such as facilitate harvesting of the biomass in addition to enhanced heavy metals removal, recover from the industrial wastewater and the possibility to reuse application. Co-polymer-sheet of polyvinyl alcohol/ maleic acid/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ Macroalgal biomass (PVA/ MAA /HEMA/ MacAlg) was successfully polymerized using Gamma ray technique. The prepared copolymer sheets were characterized with FT-IR, SEM, XRD and successfully applied to remove hexavalent chromium (VI) from contaminated water. One Factor at a Time (OFAT) experiments were studied for the polymer algal sheets to get the high and the low level that can further used in the Full Factorial Design optimization method. Chromium removal efficiency of 98.4 % was achieved at a concentration of 100 ppm after 3 h contact time. Isotherm and kinetics have been studied.
Journal Of Macromolecular Science, Part A, Jun 26, 2009
This work illustrates the modification of polypropylene (PP) films through its grafting with glyc... more This work illustrates the modification of polypropylene (PP) films through its grafting with glycidylmethacrelate monomer (GMA). Further chemical treatment of PP-g-GMA to convert epoxy groups into amine groups is discussed. Different factors affecting the grafting percent such as solvents, ...
This study focuses on the surface modification of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite reverse osmo... more This study focuses on the surface modification of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes using irradiated chitosan/titanium dioxide (CS/TiO 2) via Co 60 gamma ray. This modification was achieved through coating of a thin layer of gamma preirradiated chitosan onto the surface of commercial PA thin film composite membrane. The chitosan concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 wt% with different contents of TiO 2 nanoparticles irradiated at different doses. The surface morphology, surface hydrophilicity and membrane chemical composition before and after the modification were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectroscopy of the synthesized membranes proved the incorporation of both CS and TiO 2 nanoparticles on the polyamide active layer. The performance of both neat and modified membranes for water desalination was evaluated. The results showed an improvement in the permeate flux of the membranes by increasing TiO 2 concentration up to 0.125 wt%, and then decreased at higher concentration of TiO 2. Moreover, the salt rejection (%) increased at lower concentrations of TiO 2 and then decreased with increasing the TiO 2 content. Contact angle measurements revealed that the surface hydrophilicity of the membranes, improved by increasing TiO 2 concentration in chitosan solution.
Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, Feb 23, 2005
Some hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized by γ radiation using N,N met... more Some hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized by γ radiation using N,N methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterization of the prepared hydrogels. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal stability. The water uptake, % of these hydrogels depends on acrylamide/maleic acid (AAm/MA)
High water sorption of 2-vinyl pyridine (2-VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by freer... more High water sorption of 2-vinyl pyridine (2-VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by freeradical polymerization in aqueous solution of 2-VP with AAc as comonomer. The amount of ionic monomer (AAc), the irradiation dose of prepared hydrogel, the pH, and the concentration of drug play an important factor on loading, adsorption, and releasing of water-soluble chloroamphenicol drug. As a result of dynamic swilling tests, the effect of relative content of AAc on the swelling showed that it allowed a non-Fickian type of water diffusion. The adsorption of the drug onto (2-VP/AAc) hydrogels was studied by Freundlish adsorption isotherm. The drug concentrations showed an influence on the adsorption of drug which increased with increasing AAc content. From Freundlish adsorption isotherm, the empirical constants, k and n, can be evaluated and showed the ability of hydrogel to be loaded by the drug and the affinity of the drug to be uptake onto the hydrogel respectively. FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques were used to study the characterization of hydrogel (2-VP/AAc). Additionally, the release of the drug loaded from hydrogel discs was studied microbiologically to show that hydrophilic structure of the hydrogel has an antimicrobial effect as a dehydration of cytoplasm and unbalance of the cell wall functions. V
Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, Jan 10, 2004
Co 60-g radiation was used in the synthesis of bipolymer hydrogel, using acrylamide (AAm), acryli... more Co 60-g radiation was used in the synthesis of bipolymer hydrogel, using acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), and sodium acrylate. The parameters affecting preparation of these hydrogels such as monomer ratio, crosslinking agent ratio, and irradiation dose have been studied. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was studied under different preparation conditions. The experimental results showed that the gel fraction of the produced hydrogel depends mainly on the irradiation dose, and the degree of swelling was intimately related to irradiation dose and blending ratio of the two monomers. Characterization of the obtained hydrogel was carried
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