International journal of engineering science technologies, Apr 27, 2024
The present research investigated the possibility of replacing probiotic bacteria instead of chem... more The present research investigated the possibility of replacing probiotic bacteria instead of chemical preservatives in the seafood processing industry. The data were used from articles published in the databases including Science Direct, Pub Med, Scopus Springer Link, and Scopus. The search was carried out using the keywords fish fillet, beneficial non-dairy foods, increasing shelf life, biological protection, probiotic food, microbial treatment, and Lactobacillus bacteria. A biological preservation technique was used to maintain the quality of hake, spanish mackerel, mackerel, sea bass, tilapia, swordfish, rainbow trout, and ribbon fillets. Swordfish coated with L. paracasei IMPC 2.1 was acceptable for 3 months. Followed by spanish mackerel and rainbow trout fillets coated with L. casei and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum ranked second and third for 30 and 21 days, respectively. The minimum shelf life of fillets was 48 hours (Tilapia coated with L. plantarum 1.19). In freezing, L. brevis could maintain the quality of rainbow trout fillet for 6 months. The present study suggests Lactobacillus strains, especially L. paracasei IMPC 2.1, as a preservative to preserve the quality of fish fillets. However, the use of this species in the seafood processing industry requires wider research to investigate its effect on other aquatic species.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Nov 1, 2021
Shrimp is a highly perishable product with limited shelf life due to melanosis and biological com... more Shrimp is a highly perishable product with limited shelf life due to melanosis and biological composition. Controlling the destructive effects of melanosis is one of the major challenges for the industry. Melanosis in crustaceans is usually controlled by inhibitors such as sodium metabisulfite. However, the use of synthetic inhibitors for melanosis and antioxidants in food processing is usually limited by considerations related to safety and impact on food quality. Thus, over the last decade, the trend towards studies on the use of natural extracts to control shrimp melanosis has increased. Data from some articles published by ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Scopus databases on the occurrence of melanin black pigment in shrimp skin were used. The shrimps were dipped in extracts and stored in ice or refrigerator. In Iran, only the effects of grape seed extract to prevent melanosis have been studied. Some studies have reported higher effects of plant extracts such as Garcinia cowa Roxb, Persicaria Odorata, rosemary, green tea, avocado, Arabic coffee grounds, and chamomile than sodium bisulfite. Some researchers have described the effects of extracts such as olive, rosemary, and thyme along with metabisulfite in preventing melanosis more than metabisulfite alone. Plant extracts were effective in reducing black spots in shrimp for 2-28 days. Studies have shown that plant extracts can act as antioxidants and be an effective natural alternative to inhibit melanosis after shrimp death.
The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical, microbial, sensory, and physical cha... more The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical, microbial, sensory, and physical characteristics and to determine the storage time of two-year-old farmed A. persicus in ice. In the present study, 20 numbers with an average weight and length of 3.50 kg and 70 cm, were kept in CSW (Chiled sea water) tanks, and their microbial, chemical, physical and sensory properties were investigated for 12 days. Microbial agents including the total bacteria counts and Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriacea bacteria, physical such as pH and chemical such as peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids, and total volatile nitrogen bases increased significantly during storage (p<0.05). Contamination to coliform, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas bacteria was not observed during storage. But sensory characteristics including skin general appearance, texture, odor, the appearance of gills, eyes, and general acceptance decreased significantly during storage (p<0.05). Accor...
The present research was aimed for determining the quality of natural β-Carotene, comparing it wi... more The present research was aimed for determining the quality of natural β-Carotene, comparing it with synthetic β-Carotene and the effect of season on it. Azolla was sampled in summer and winter seasons. The treatments included β-carotene derived from Azolla through the organic solutions. Synthetic β-Carotene was used as the control. The treatments were kept at 5°C for one year. The results showed purity, concentration, colorimetric and vitamin A in the experimental and control treatments, revealed significant difference (p<0.05). β-Carotene amount was higher in summer treatment group as compared to those sampled in winter (p<0.05). The solubility of β-Carotene was greatest in tetrahydrofuran, while methanol and acetonitrile exhibited the least solubility. Degradation was greatest in cyclohexanone. The experimental treatments had a desirable chemical quality the end of storage period. As the natural β-Carotene takes precedence over the synthetic one in terms of the food hygiene,...
Cellular and Molecular Research#R##N#(Iranian Journal of Biology), Jun 22, 2021
Introduction: The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been wi... more Introduction: The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been widely studied and confirmed in various cases. To obtain probiotic bacteria, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, dates were considered as one of the important nutrients that could be the source of isolation of these bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to isolate probiotic bacteria of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus from aqueous extract of Mazafati, Pourm and Zahedi. Methods: For isolation of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, the extract was grown on MRS agar and agar nutrient. After 5 days of incubation at 37 ° C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, colonies isolated with morphological characteristics and microscopic form associated including positive gram bacteria. positive and negative catalase bacteria isolated from MRS agar and nutrient agar, respectively. These bacteria were evaluated using biochemical and polymerase chain reactions. Results: According to chemical and molecular tests, Lecunostoc mesenteroeides subsp mesenteroeides, Bacillus subtilis strain UD1022 and Pediococcus parvalus strainSC8B isolated from Mazafati, Piarom and Zahedi date extract . All three bacteria were probiotic. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the experiments, dates are in the probiotic collection. Aqueous extract of dates can be used to enrichment and preparing of probiotic foods. Also, according to the characteristics of probiotic bacteria, aqueous extract of dates or dates may be recommended to prevent of pathogenic bacteria replacement and disease for consumers.
This study was conducted to measure the accumulation of heavy metals (Co and Ni) in the edible ti... more This study was conducted to measure the accumulation of heavy metals (Co and Ni) in the edible tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and comparison with international standards of FAO and FDA. Samples were caught from the West, Centre and East part of Anzali Wetland in autumn of 2012. Accumulations of heavy metals were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The level of nickel in the West, Centre and East part of Anzali wetland was in permissible range. Cobalt was not observed in carp fish of western wetland. But, concentration of cobalt was not showed any significant differences compared with standard levels of FDA and FAO in East and Centre parts of wetland (p>0.05). The results showed that there were not significant differences of the cobalt and nickel in the tissues of carp among stations (p>0.05). According to the results, carp which caught from Western, Central and Eastern part of Anzali Wetland are suitable for human consumption.
The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extra... more The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland, comparing it with synthetic β-carotene, and measuring its economic value. One treatment had β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland through the alkaline hydrolysis method in the summer of 2014. Treatments were kept at 4°C for one year. Synthetic β-carotene was used as the control. The quality of the treatments was assessed by applying some chemical tests, including the measurement of the content and quality of β-carotene, colorimetry using the Hunter-LAB method, determination of the purity and vitamin A employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), estimation of the dwell-time duration at 5°C, and measurement of the solubility of β-carotene in water. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to alkaline hydrolysis was11853 mg/kg, in summer was 9935mg/kg, in autumn was 11256 mg/kg and in winter...
This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality,... more This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality, shelf-life as well as residual of metabisulfite sodium in edible tissue of processed cultured shrimp during freezing storage. The samples were treated with 3% metabisulfite sodium for 10 minutes and were stored at -18 °C for 6 months. Then, the microbial quality of the samples was assayed. Results revealded a significant reduction (P
Heavy metals such as copper and zinc are essential for fish and human metabolism. But excessive c... more Heavy metals such as copper and zinc are essential for fish and human metabolism. But excessive concentrations of heavy metals impair ecosystems as some of those cause potential bioaccumulation in live beings. Fish are the major inhabitants in water bodies and can be highly affected by these toxic pollutants. The presence of these contminations in fish is known to cause various diseases in humans. White fish are popular among people; therefore it is important to study the amounts of heavy metals in them in respect of health and the health of the community food. The purpose of this review was to check the accumulation and concentration of chromium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in white fish muscles, to study the relationships between fish size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues and to compare their amounts with FAO standard. White fish (60 numbers) were caught of northern (Anzali) and southern (Someh Sara) Anzali wetlands in winter of 2017. The concentratio...
The gastrointestinal tract of fishes is a complex ecosystem occupied by a large number of microor... more The gastrointestinal tract of fishes is a complex ecosystem occupied by a large number of microorganisms, some of them could have potentially-valuable features. This research was conducted to study Bacillus species in the intestine of farmed rainbow trout to examine their probiotic properties, and to provide a new source of probiotics. A total of 23 farmed rainbow trout were sampled and their intestine samples were cultured. Following the morphological assay and biochemical analysis, isolated Bacilli were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and universal primers 27f and 1492r. Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens were isolated from 5 and 3 samples, respectively. Bacillus tequilensis , B. cereus and B. licheniformis were isolated from 1 sample. Probiotic properties of B. subtilis strain MSM 24, B. amyloliquefaciens strain TMM 25 and B. licheniformis strain MR 78 were confirmed. Since probiotic bacteria cause no foodborne diseases, their existence in farmed trout intestines, ...
This project was carried out in order to Study of possibity of uses from 4 hexyresorcinol for pre... more This project was carried out in order to Study of possibity of uses from 4 hexyresorcinol for prevention of melanosis in cultured shrimp.Treatments including of samples processed with 0.15% concentration of 4 hexylresorcinol and control samples. The samples were kept at -18oC. Bacterial, chemical and sensory examinations were carried out for a period of six months. Statistically significant difference was observed in peroxide value, free faty acids, thiobarbotouric acid and trimethylamin in test samples compared with the control samples during storage period (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in and pH, TVN, protease and total bacterial counts in test and control samples during storage period(P<0.05). In sensory parameters including melanosis (colour), meat, eyes, cephalotrax, odour, logs, skins and antennae were observed meaningful different in test samples compared with control group (p<0.05). Test samples had better quality compared with the c...
The present research aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of date extracts (Mozafati,... more The present research aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of date extracts (Mozafati, Zahedi and Piaroum) on the stationary and exponential growth phases of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in vitro. The methods used in this study included flow cytometry and culture. Carboxyl fluorescein diacetate was utilized to determine the effects of extracts and estimate bacterial survivability. Under the impacts of Mozafati, Zahedi and Piaroum extracts, the bacterial elimination percentages recorded in the log phase of S. aureus were 30.90, 86.35 and 97.18% respectively. However, the effect of exposure of E. coli to date extracts in log phase resulted in the destruction of 8.76, 24.69 and 38.97% of these bacteria respectively. The effect of the extracts on the log phase of S. aureus showed a significant increase compared to that of E.coli (p<0.05). The extracts had the maximum impacts on the stationary phase of both S. aureus and E. coli within 3h exposure tim...
Introduction: Leptin, an anti-obesity hormone, is also a regulator of the immune response which s... more Introduction: Leptin, an anti-obesity hormone, is also a regulator of the immune response which sends important signals regarding the metabolic status and immune system function. This hormone/cytokine can affect the secretion of acute phase proteins such as Interleukin-1 and TNF-α and facilitate communication between nutrition and Th1 immune response so that when the food intake reduces, plasma leptin levels decreases, leading to reduced function of the immune system. Increase in blood leptin levels in obesity makes the obese people more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Previous researches demonstrate the important effects of leptin in metabolism, whereas more recent studies show that this molecule has an important role in many other key functions of body such as haematopoiesis, thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, homeostasis and immune system. This paper aims to review the most recent findings regarding the role of leptin in the patholo...
International journal of engineering science technologies, Apr 27, 2024
The present research investigated the possibility of replacing probiotic bacteria instead of chem... more The present research investigated the possibility of replacing probiotic bacteria instead of chemical preservatives in the seafood processing industry. The data were used from articles published in the databases including Science Direct, Pub Med, Scopus Springer Link, and Scopus. The search was carried out using the keywords fish fillet, beneficial non-dairy foods, increasing shelf life, biological protection, probiotic food, microbial treatment, and Lactobacillus bacteria. A biological preservation technique was used to maintain the quality of hake, spanish mackerel, mackerel, sea bass, tilapia, swordfish, rainbow trout, and ribbon fillets. Swordfish coated with L. paracasei IMPC 2.1 was acceptable for 3 months. Followed by spanish mackerel and rainbow trout fillets coated with L. casei and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum ranked second and third for 30 and 21 days, respectively. The minimum shelf life of fillets was 48 hours (Tilapia coated with L. plantarum 1.19). In freezing, L. brevis could maintain the quality of rainbow trout fillet for 6 months. The present study suggests Lactobacillus strains, especially L. paracasei IMPC 2.1, as a preservative to preserve the quality of fish fillets. However, the use of this species in the seafood processing industry requires wider research to investigate its effect on other aquatic species.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Nov 1, 2021
Shrimp is a highly perishable product with limited shelf life due to melanosis and biological com... more Shrimp is a highly perishable product with limited shelf life due to melanosis and biological composition. Controlling the destructive effects of melanosis is one of the major challenges for the industry. Melanosis in crustaceans is usually controlled by inhibitors such as sodium metabisulfite. However, the use of synthetic inhibitors for melanosis and antioxidants in food processing is usually limited by considerations related to safety and impact on food quality. Thus, over the last decade, the trend towards studies on the use of natural extracts to control shrimp melanosis has increased. Data from some articles published by ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Scopus databases on the occurrence of melanin black pigment in shrimp skin were used. The shrimps were dipped in extracts and stored in ice or refrigerator. In Iran, only the effects of grape seed extract to prevent melanosis have been studied. Some studies have reported higher effects of plant extracts such as Garcinia cowa Roxb, Persicaria Odorata, rosemary, green tea, avocado, Arabic coffee grounds, and chamomile than sodium bisulfite. Some researchers have described the effects of extracts such as olive, rosemary, and thyme along with metabisulfite in preventing melanosis more than metabisulfite alone. Plant extracts were effective in reducing black spots in shrimp for 2-28 days. Studies have shown that plant extracts can act as antioxidants and be an effective natural alternative to inhibit melanosis after shrimp death.
The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical, microbial, sensory, and physical cha... more The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical, microbial, sensory, and physical characteristics and to determine the storage time of two-year-old farmed A. persicus in ice. In the present study, 20 numbers with an average weight and length of 3.50 kg and 70 cm, were kept in CSW (Chiled sea water) tanks, and their microbial, chemical, physical and sensory properties were investigated for 12 days. Microbial agents including the total bacteria counts and Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriacea bacteria, physical such as pH and chemical such as peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids, and total volatile nitrogen bases increased significantly during storage (p<0.05). Contamination to coliform, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas bacteria was not observed during storage. But sensory characteristics including skin general appearance, texture, odor, the appearance of gills, eyes, and general acceptance decreased significantly during storage (p<0.05). Accor...
The present research was aimed for determining the quality of natural β-Carotene, comparing it wi... more The present research was aimed for determining the quality of natural β-Carotene, comparing it with synthetic β-Carotene and the effect of season on it. Azolla was sampled in summer and winter seasons. The treatments included β-carotene derived from Azolla through the organic solutions. Synthetic β-Carotene was used as the control. The treatments were kept at 5°C for one year. The results showed purity, concentration, colorimetric and vitamin A in the experimental and control treatments, revealed significant difference (p<0.05). β-Carotene amount was higher in summer treatment group as compared to those sampled in winter (p<0.05). The solubility of β-Carotene was greatest in tetrahydrofuran, while methanol and acetonitrile exhibited the least solubility. Degradation was greatest in cyclohexanone. The experimental treatments had a desirable chemical quality the end of storage period. As the natural β-Carotene takes precedence over the synthetic one in terms of the food hygiene,...
Cellular and Molecular Research#R##N#(Iranian Journal of Biology), Jun 22, 2021
Introduction: The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been wi... more Introduction: The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been widely studied and confirmed in various cases. To obtain probiotic bacteria, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, dates were considered as one of the important nutrients that could be the source of isolation of these bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to isolate probiotic bacteria of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus from aqueous extract of Mazafati, Pourm and Zahedi. Methods: For isolation of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, the extract was grown on MRS agar and agar nutrient. After 5 days of incubation at 37 ° C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, colonies isolated with morphological characteristics and microscopic form associated including positive gram bacteria. positive and negative catalase bacteria isolated from MRS agar and nutrient agar, respectively. These bacteria were evaluated using biochemical and polymerase chain reactions. Results: According to chemical and molecular tests, Lecunostoc mesenteroeides subsp mesenteroeides, Bacillus subtilis strain UD1022 and Pediococcus parvalus strainSC8B isolated from Mazafati, Piarom and Zahedi date extract . All three bacteria were probiotic. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the experiments, dates are in the probiotic collection. Aqueous extract of dates can be used to enrichment and preparing of probiotic foods. Also, according to the characteristics of probiotic bacteria, aqueous extract of dates or dates may be recommended to prevent of pathogenic bacteria replacement and disease for consumers.
This study was conducted to measure the accumulation of heavy metals (Co and Ni) in the edible ti... more This study was conducted to measure the accumulation of heavy metals (Co and Ni) in the edible tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and comparison with international standards of FAO and FDA. Samples were caught from the West, Centre and East part of Anzali Wetland in autumn of 2012. Accumulations of heavy metals were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The level of nickel in the West, Centre and East part of Anzali wetland was in permissible range. Cobalt was not observed in carp fish of western wetland. But, concentration of cobalt was not showed any significant differences compared with standard levels of FDA and FAO in East and Centre parts of wetland (p>0.05). The results showed that there were not significant differences of the cobalt and nickel in the tissues of carp among stations (p>0.05). According to the results, carp which caught from Western, Central and Eastern part of Anzali Wetland are suitable for human consumption.
The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extra... more The present project was aimed at determining the content, quality, and purity of β-carotene extracted from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland, comparing it with synthetic β-carotene, and measuring its economic value. One treatment had β-carotene derived from Azolla filiculoides in the Anzali Wetland through the alkaline hydrolysis method in the summer of 2014. Treatments were kept at 4°C for one year. Synthetic β-carotene was used as the control. The quality of the treatments was assessed by applying some chemical tests, including the measurement of the content and quality of β-carotene, colorimetry using the Hunter-LAB method, determination of the purity and vitamin A employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), estimation of the dwell-time duration at 5°C, and measurement of the solubility of β-carotene in water. Beta carotene of Azolla in the spring extracted to alkaline hydrolysis was11853 mg/kg, in summer was 9935mg/kg, in autumn was 11256 mg/kg and in winter...
This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality,... more This project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality, shelf-life as well as residual of metabisulfite sodium in edible tissue of processed cultured shrimp during freezing storage. The samples were treated with 3% metabisulfite sodium for 10 minutes and were stored at -18 °C for 6 months. Then, the microbial quality of the samples was assayed. Results revealded a significant reduction (P
Heavy metals such as copper and zinc are essential for fish and human metabolism. But excessive c... more Heavy metals such as copper and zinc are essential for fish and human metabolism. But excessive concentrations of heavy metals impair ecosystems as some of those cause potential bioaccumulation in live beings. Fish are the major inhabitants in water bodies and can be highly affected by these toxic pollutants. The presence of these contminations in fish is known to cause various diseases in humans. White fish are popular among people; therefore it is important to study the amounts of heavy metals in them in respect of health and the health of the community food. The purpose of this review was to check the accumulation and concentration of chromium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in white fish muscles, to study the relationships between fish size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues and to compare their amounts with FAO standard. White fish (60 numbers) were caught of northern (Anzali) and southern (Someh Sara) Anzali wetlands in winter of 2017. The concentratio...
The gastrointestinal tract of fishes is a complex ecosystem occupied by a large number of microor... more The gastrointestinal tract of fishes is a complex ecosystem occupied by a large number of microorganisms, some of them could have potentially-valuable features. This research was conducted to study Bacillus species in the intestine of farmed rainbow trout to examine their probiotic properties, and to provide a new source of probiotics. A total of 23 farmed rainbow trout were sampled and their intestine samples were cultured. Following the morphological assay and biochemical analysis, isolated Bacilli were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and universal primers 27f and 1492r. Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens were isolated from 5 and 3 samples, respectively. Bacillus tequilensis , B. cereus and B. licheniformis were isolated from 1 sample. Probiotic properties of B. subtilis strain MSM 24, B. amyloliquefaciens strain TMM 25 and B. licheniformis strain MR 78 were confirmed. Since probiotic bacteria cause no foodborne diseases, their existence in farmed trout intestines, ...
This project was carried out in order to Study of possibity of uses from 4 hexyresorcinol for pre... more This project was carried out in order to Study of possibity of uses from 4 hexyresorcinol for prevention of melanosis in cultured shrimp.Treatments including of samples processed with 0.15% concentration of 4 hexylresorcinol and control samples. The samples were kept at -18oC. Bacterial, chemical and sensory examinations were carried out for a period of six months. Statistically significant difference was observed in peroxide value, free faty acids, thiobarbotouric acid and trimethylamin in test samples compared with the control samples during storage period (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in and pH, TVN, protease and total bacterial counts in test and control samples during storage period(P<0.05). In sensory parameters including melanosis (colour), meat, eyes, cephalotrax, odour, logs, skins and antennae were observed meaningful different in test samples compared with control group (p<0.05). Test samples had better quality compared with the c...
The present research aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of date extracts (Mozafati,... more The present research aimed at investigating the antibacterial effects of date extracts (Mozafati, Zahedi and Piaroum) on the stationary and exponential growth phases of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in vitro. The methods used in this study included flow cytometry and culture. Carboxyl fluorescein diacetate was utilized to determine the effects of extracts and estimate bacterial survivability. Under the impacts of Mozafati, Zahedi and Piaroum extracts, the bacterial elimination percentages recorded in the log phase of S. aureus were 30.90, 86.35 and 97.18% respectively. However, the effect of exposure of E. coli to date extracts in log phase resulted in the destruction of 8.76, 24.69 and 38.97% of these bacteria respectively. The effect of the extracts on the log phase of S. aureus showed a significant increase compared to that of E.coli (p<0.05). The extracts had the maximum impacts on the stationary phase of both S. aureus and E. coli within 3h exposure tim...
Introduction: Leptin, an anti-obesity hormone, is also a regulator of the immune response which s... more Introduction: Leptin, an anti-obesity hormone, is also a regulator of the immune response which sends important signals regarding the metabolic status and immune system function. This hormone/cytokine can affect the secretion of acute phase proteins such as Interleukin-1 and TNF-α and facilitate communication between nutrition and Th1 immune response so that when the food intake reduces, plasma leptin levels decreases, leading to reduced function of the immune system. Increase in blood leptin levels in obesity makes the obese people more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Previous researches demonstrate the important effects of leptin in metabolism, whereas more recent studies show that this molecule has an important role in many other key functions of body such as haematopoiesis, thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, homeostasis and immune system. This paper aims to review the most recent findings regarding the role of leptin in the patholo...
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