Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 m... more Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of aging on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the starch biopolymer. The alteration of the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through tensile test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The incorporation of the hybrid filler (microcrystalline cellulose + nanobentonite) in the HTPSF has effectively prevented retrogradation happen in the starch structure. In contrary, the TPSF showed high degree of retrogradation resulted in significant decrement in elongation at break which was not observed in the HTPSF after 3 months of aging test.
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was studied extensively to replace conventional plastic in packaging a... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was studied extensively to replace conventional plastic in packaging application. In this study, granule corn starch was first plasticized with water and glycerol to form TPS films and two different fillers were incorporated with TPS to form hybrid biocomposite films (TPSB). Two different fillers: Microcrystalline cellulose (MC) and Nano bentonite (NB) fixed at 1: 4 ratios in various loading (1wt%-6wt%) were incorporated in TPS to study effect of hybrid fillers on the mechanical properties of TPSB films. The effect of different loading of MC/NB on TPSB films was investigated through the structural, morphological and mechanical testing. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) shows TPS matrix and hybrid fillers are highly compatible due to hydroxyl bonding and verified through the shifting of spectra band. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed even distribution of fillers in the matrix of TPS. The TPSB films exhibited significant improvement 40% in elongation at break compared to pure TPS films. In this study, 5wt% is best loading of the hybrid fillers to incorporated in TPSB films as it achieved the highest value of tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young’s Modulus (42.0 MPa) and elongation at break (116.3%). Generally, previous studies showed flexibility of TPS composite films reduced with incorporating filler, however in this study, the flexibility TPSB show significant improvement compared to previous studies and exhibit promising potential in dry food packaging application.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/m... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/magnesium (Mg) hybrid filler in polyurethane (PU) foams with different weight percentages (0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%). The PU/MWCNTs/Mg foam composites were formed by reaction of based palm oil polyol (POP) with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) with ratio 1:1.1 by weight. The foam properties were evaluated in density, morphology and compressive strength. The addition of 2.5 wt.% hybrid filler showed the higher density in 59.72 kg/m3 and thus contribute to the highest compressive strength at 1.76 MPa. The morphology show cell in closed structure and addition hybrid filler showed uneven structure.
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Jul 28, 2023
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittlenes... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittleness due to its strong hydrogen bonding and low chain mobility. The conventional way to crosslink the TPS film can improve the strength and stiffness of the films, but usually reduces the flexibility of the film, and increases its brittleness. In this study, the incorporation of the hybrid nanofiller [1 wt% nanocellulose (C) and 4 wt% nano bentonite (B)] into the TPS proved to improve greatly the films’ strength and flexibility. The hybrid nanofillers with ratio 4B:1C was incorporated into the crosslinked thermoplastic corn starch (CR-TPCS) film to increase the its flexibility and toughness and produced a high mechanical strength fully biodegradable film. Two different aqueous carboxylic acids: citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) with different pH values (2,4,6) as the green crosslinker were employed. Substantial increase of tensile strength (3.98 to 9.17 MPa), Young’s modulus (9.10 to 46.30 MPa) and elongation at break (55.2 to 135.7%) was observed for the CA- 4B1C/pH2 films compared to the CR-TPCS films. The melting temperature (Tm) of the CA-4B1C/pH2 improved compared to the TPCS/4B1C (un-crosslinked) film due to its crosslinking effect. Meanwhile, the CA-4B1C films exhibited the highest degree of substitution and di-esterification with the lowest swelling and water solubility properties due to the formation of a special “bridge” structure between the CA, nanocellulose and plasticizer. The “bridge” structure developed between the TPCS chains serves as the toughener to motivate higher chain stress relaxation and load endurance. The crosslinked “bridge structure” also proved to effectively reduce the retrogradation phenomenal in the TPCS films. This combination method of hybridization and crosslinking is an efficient, low cost, and environmentally friendly technique to overcome the low flexibility and brittleness problem of the TPS based packaging film.
Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with palm oil based polyols (POP) and methylene diphe... more Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with palm oil based polyols (POP) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in order to archieve rigid formulations. The effect of the different amount of MDI (1 wt.%, 1.1 wt.% and 2 wt.%) were studied in density, compressive strength and energy absorption. It was found that the higher compressive strength of the PU foams showed at 1.604 MPa whereas the amount of MDI increased to 1.1 wt. %. The increased amount of MDI to 2 wt.% showed the higher value in density (0.0531 kg/m3) and energy absorption with 46.490 J for 70 % displacement.
This paper discusses the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) filler loading on the mecha... more This paper discusses the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) filler loading on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/oil palm empty fruit bunch (TPS/OPEFB) biocomposite film. OPEFB filler was extracted from raw OPEFB by cleaning, grinding, ring milling and sieving processes to obtain 150 µm lignocellulosic fibers. The fibers were then subjected to alkaline and acid treatment to obtain the cellulose (filler). TPS matrix was prepared by combiSning the distilled water, corn starch and glycerol under thermomechanical process (stirring and heating). OPEFB filler in 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt%, and 5wt% was added into the TPS matrix. The TPS/OPEFB mixture was casted in teflon pan and dried in oven (45 C) for 24 hours to form the biocomposite film. Results indicated that the TPS/OPEFB biocomposite films have better tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared to the pure TPS film. Tensile strength of the biocomposite showed an increasing trend when the OPEFB filler loading was increased from 1wt% to 4wt%. Significant increment of tensile strength could be observed when 4wt% OPEFB filler was added into the TPS matrix. The TPS/OPEFB biocomposite with 4wt% OPEFB achieved the highest tensile strength value (4.51 MPa), which was 109.8% higher than the pure TPS. However, further increase of OPEFB loading to 5wt% resulted in the decrease of the tensile strength of the biocomposite. Young’s modulus of the biocomposite followed the trend of the tensile strength, where the addition of OPEFB from 1wt% to 4wt% resulted in the continuous improvement of the Young’s modulus value. Interestingly, the addition of 4wt% OPEFB led to tremendous increment of Young’s modulus. When benchmarked with the pure TPS, the Young’s modulus of the TPS/OPEFB biocomposite with 4wt% OPEFB loading increased by 364%. Further addition of OPEFB to 5wt% decreased the Young’s modulus of the biocomposite to 1.10 MPa. This could be due to the overcrowding of the OPEFB cellulose in the TPS matrix, poor dispersion of filler, reduction in the filler-matrix interactions that inhibit efficient stress transferring mechanism from matrix to filler.
This study focuses on investigating the effect of hybrid nanofillers on the hydration characteris... more This study focuses on investigating the effect of hybrid nanofillers on the hydration characteristics and soil biodegradability of the thermoplastic corn starch (TPCS) hybrid nanofiller biocomposite (TPCS-HB) films. The data were benchmarked with that of the pure TPCS and TPCS single nanofiller biocomposite (TPCS-SB) as control films. The water absorption properties of TPCS, TPCS-SB, and TPCS-HB films were analyzed and fitted with the standard Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer equation to study the water activity of the films. Besides, the water permeability test, water vapor permeability, and soil biodegradability of the films were also studied and correlated with the films’ surface morphology. The results indicated that the TPCS-HB films possess excellent hydration resistance and comparable biodegradable rate with the TPCS-SB films. The optimal water resistance properties were achieved when the optimal ratio of nanobentonite/nanocellulose (4:1) was incorporated into the TPCS matrix. The...
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittlenes... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittleness due to its strong hydrogen bonding and low chain mobility. The conventional way to crosslink the TPS film can improve the strength and stiffness of the films, but usually reduces the flexibility of the film, and increases its brittleness. In this study, the incorporation of the hybrid nanofiller [1 wt% nanocellulose (C) and 4 wt% nano bentonite (B)] into the TPS proved to improve greatly the films’ strength and flexibility. The hybrid nanofillers with ratio 4B:1C was incorporated into the crosslinked thermoplastic corn starch (CR-TPCS) film to increase the its flexibility and toughness and produced a high mechanical strength fully biodegradable film. Two different aqueous carboxylic acids: citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) with different pH values (2,4,6) as the green crosslinker were employed. Substantial increase of tensile strength (3.98 to 9.17 MPa), Young’s modulus (9.10 to ...
Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 m... more Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of aging on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the starch biopolymer. The alteration of the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through tensile test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The incorporation of the hybrid filler (microcrystalline cellulose + nanobentonite) in the HTPSF has effectively prevented retrogradation happen in the starch structure. In contrary, the TPSF showed high degree of retrogradation resulted in significant decrement in elongation at break which was not observed in the HTPSF after 3 months of aging test.
Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The syne... more Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The synergistic effects of the hybrid fillers can have a positive impact on biopolymers, including thermoplastic corn starch film (TPCS). In this communication, we highlight the effectiveness of hybrid fillers in inhibiting the aging process of TPCS. The TPCS, thermoplastic corn starch composite films (TPCS-C), and hybrid thermoplastic corn starch composite film (TPCS-HC) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of hybrid filler on the starch retrogradation. TPCS-C and TPCS-HC were prepared by casting method with 5 wt% of fillers: nanocellulose (NC) and bentonite (BT). The alteration of the mechanical properties, aging behavior, and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through the tensile test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water absorption analysis. The obtained data were correlated to each other to analy...
Polyurethane (PU) foam were produced from polyol (PolyGreen R3110) and 4,4- diphenylmethane diiso... more Polyurethane (PU) foam were produced from polyol (PolyGreen R3110) and 4,4- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (Maskiminate 80) with distilled water as a blowing agent. Natural fibers have received more attention from researchers due to their ability to increase the properties of the polymer composites. In this work, PU/Henna foam composites were prepared by used Henna fibers at different loading of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt. %. The effect of different Henna loading on PU foam were investigated by density, compression test, morphology and water absorption. Core density of PU/Henna foam composites increased with addition Henna compared to control PU and showed highest core density of 85.10 kgm-3. Compressive strength decreased to 0.53 MPa after Henna addition at 5 % PU/Henna foam composites. Henna addition to 20 % PU/Henna foam composites were reduced the compressive strength to 0.97 MPa due to stiffness effect of Henna that contributed to embrittlement of the cell wall. The distorted cell wall ...
Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 m... more Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of aging on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the starch biopolymer. The alteration of the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through tensile test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The incorporation of the hybrid filler (microcrystalline cellulose + nanobentonite) in the HTPSF has effectively prevented retrogradation happen in the starch structure. In contrary, the TPSF showed high degree of retrogradation resulted in significant decrement in elongation at break which was not observed in the HTPSF after 3 months of aging test.
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was studied extensively to replace conventional plastic in packaging a... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was studied extensively to replace conventional plastic in packaging application. In this study, granule corn starch was first plasticized with water and glycerol to form TPS films and two different fillers were incorporated with TPS to form hybrid biocomposite films (TPSB). Two different fillers: Microcrystalline cellulose (MC) and Nano bentonite (NB) fixed at 1: 4 ratios in various loading (1wt%-6wt%) were incorporated in TPS to study effect of hybrid fillers on the mechanical properties of TPSB films. The effect of different loading of MC/NB on TPSB films was investigated through the structural, morphological and mechanical testing. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) shows TPS matrix and hybrid fillers are highly compatible due to hydroxyl bonding and verified through the shifting of spectra band. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed even distribution of fillers in the matrix of TPS. The TPSB films exhibited significant improvement 40% in elongation at break compared to pure TPS films. In this study, 5wt% is best loading of the hybrid fillers to incorporated in TPSB films as it achieved the highest value of tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young’s Modulus (42.0 MPa) and elongation at break (116.3%). Generally, previous studies showed flexibility of TPS composite films reduced with incorporating filler, however in this study, the flexibility TPSB show significant improvement compared to previous studies and exhibit promising potential in dry food packaging application.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/m... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/magnesium (Mg) hybrid filler in polyurethane (PU) foams with different weight percentages (0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%). The PU/MWCNTs/Mg foam composites were formed by reaction of based palm oil polyol (POP) with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) with ratio 1:1.1 by weight. The foam properties were evaluated in density, morphology and compressive strength. The addition of 2.5 wt.% hybrid filler showed the higher density in 59.72 kg/m3 and thus contribute to the highest compressive strength at 1.76 MPa. The morphology show cell in closed structure and addition hybrid filler showed uneven structure.
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Jul 28, 2023
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittlenes... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittleness due to its strong hydrogen bonding and low chain mobility. The conventional way to crosslink the TPS film can improve the strength and stiffness of the films, but usually reduces the flexibility of the film, and increases its brittleness. In this study, the incorporation of the hybrid nanofiller [1 wt% nanocellulose (C) and 4 wt% nano bentonite (B)] into the TPS proved to improve greatly the films’ strength and flexibility. The hybrid nanofillers with ratio 4B:1C was incorporated into the crosslinked thermoplastic corn starch (CR-TPCS) film to increase the its flexibility and toughness and produced a high mechanical strength fully biodegradable film. Two different aqueous carboxylic acids: citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) with different pH values (2,4,6) as the green crosslinker were employed. Substantial increase of tensile strength (3.98 to 9.17 MPa), Young’s modulus (9.10 to 46.30 MPa) and elongation at break (55.2 to 135.7%) was observed for the CA- 4B1C/pH2 films compared to the CR-TPCS films. The melting temperature (Tm) of the CA-4B1C/pH2 improved compared to the TPCS/4B1C (un-crosslinked) film due to its crosslinking effect. Meanwhile, the CA-4B1C films exhibited the highest degree of substitution and di-esterification with the lowest swelling and water solubility properties due to the formation of a special “bridge” structure between the CA, nanocellulose and plasticizer. The “bridge” structure developed between the TPCS chains serves as the toughener to motivate higher chain stress relaxation and load endurance. The crosslinked “bridge structure” also proved to effectively reduce the retrogradation phenomenal in the TPCS films. This combination method of hybridization and crosslinking is an efficient, low cost, and environmentally friendly technique to overcome the low flexibility and brittleness problem of the TPS based packaging film.
Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with palm oil based polyols (POP) and methylene diphe... more Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with palm oil based polyols (POP) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in order to archieve rigid formulations. The effect of the different amount of MDI (1 wt.%, 1.1 wt.% and 2 wt.%) were studied in density, compressive strength and energy absorption. It was found that the higher compressive strength of the PU foams showed at 1.604 MPa whereas the amount of MDI increased to 1.1 wt. %. The increased amount of MDI to 2 wt.% showed the higher value in density (0.0531 kg/m3) and energy absorption with 46.490 J for 70 % displacement.
This paper discusses the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) filler loading on the mecha... more This paper discusses the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) filler loading on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/oil palm empty fruit bunch (TPS/OPEFB) biocomposite film. OPEFB filler was extracted from raw OPEFB by cleaning, grinding, ring milling and sieving processes to obtain 150 µm lignocellulosic fibers. The fibers were then subjected to alkaline and acid treatment to obtain the cellulose (filler). TPS matrix was prepared by combiSning the distilled water, corn starch and glycerol under thermomechanical process (stirring and heating). OPEFB filler in 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt%, and 5wt% was added into the TPS matrix. The TPS/OPEFB mixture was casted in teflon pan and dried in oven (45 C) for 24 hours to form the biocomposite film. Results indicated that the TPS/OPEFB biocomposite films have better tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared to the pure TPS film. Tensile strength of the biocomposite showed an increasing trend when the OPEFB filler loading was increased from 1wt% to 4wt%. Significant increment of tensile strength could be observed when 4wt% OPEFB filler was added into the TPS matrix. The TPS/OPEFB biocomposite with 4wt% OPEFB achieved the highest tensile strength value (4.51 MPa), which was 109.8% higher than the pure TPS. However, further increase of OPEFB loading to 5wt% resulted in the decrease of the tensile strength of the biocomposite. Young’s modulus of the biocomposite followed the trend of the tensile strength, where the addition of OPEFB from 1wt% to 4wt% resulted in the continuous improvement of the Young’s modulus value. Interestingly, the addition of 4wt% OPEFB led to tremendous increment of Young’s modulus. When benchmarked with the pure TPS, the Young’s modulus of the TPS/OPEFB biocomposite with 4wt% OPEFB loading increased by 364%. Further addition of OPEFB to 5wt% decreased the Young’s modulus of the biocomposite to 1.10 MPa. This could be due to the overcrowding of the OPEFB cellulose in the TPS matrix, poor dispersion of filler, reduction in the filler-matrix interactions that inhibit efficient stress transferring mechanism from matrix to filler.
This study focuses on investigating the effect of hybrid nanofillers on the hydration characteris... more This study focuses on investigating the effect of hybrid nanofillers on the hydration characteristics and soil biodegradability of the thermoplastic corn starch (TPCS) hybrid nanofiller biocomposite (TPCS-HB) films. The data were benchmarked with that of the pure TPCS and TPCS single nanofiller biocomposite (TPCS-SB) as control films. The water absorption properties of TPCS, TPCS-SB, and TPCS-HB films were analyzed and fitted with the standard Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer equation to study the water activity of the films. Besides, the water permeability test, water vapor permeability, and soil biodegradability of the films were also studied and correlated with the films’ surface morphology. The results indicated that the TPCS-HB films possess excellent hydration resistance and comparable biodegradable rate with the TPCS-SB films. The optimal water resistance properties were achieved when the optimal ratio of nanobentonite/nanocellulose (4:1) was incorporated into the TPCS matrix. The...
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittlenes... more Thermoplastic starch (TPS) suffers from its intrinsic low mechanical strength and high brittleness due to its strong hydrogen bonding and low chain mobility. The conventional way to crosslink the TPS film can improve the strength and stiffness of the films, but usually reduces the flexibility of the film, and increases its brittleness. In this study, the incorporation of the hybrid nanofiller [1 wt% nanocellulose (C) and 4 wt% nano bentonite (B)] into the TPS proved to improve greatly the films’ strength and flexibility. The hybrid nanofillers with ratio 4B:1C was incorporated into the crosslinked thermoplastic corn starch (CR-TPCS) film to increase the its flexibility and toughness and produced a high mechanical strength fully biodegradable film. Two different aqueous carboxylic acids: citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) with different pH values (2,4,6) as the green crosslinker were employed. Substantial increase of tensile strength (3.98 to 9.17 MPa), Young’s modulus (9.10 to ...
Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 m... more Thermoplastic starch film (TPSF) and hybrid thermoplastic starch film (HTPSF) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of aging on the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the starch biopolymer. The alteration of the mechanical properties and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through tensile test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The incorporation of the hybrid filler (microcrystalline cellulose + nanobentonite) in the HTPSF has effectively prevented retrogradation happen in the starch structure. In contrary, the TPSF showed high degree of retrogradation resulted in significant decrement in elongation at break which was not observed in the HTPSF after 3 months of aging test.
Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The syne... more Recently, hybrid fillers have been widely used to improve the properties of biopolymers. The synergistic effects of the hybrid fillers can have a positive impact on biopolymers, including thermoplastic corn starch film (TPCS). In this communication, we highlight the effectiveness of hybrid fillers in inhibiting the aging process of TPCS. The TPCS, thermoplastic corn starch composite films (TPCS-C), and hybrid thermoplastic corn starch composite film (TPCS-HC) were stored for 3 months to study the effect of hybrid filler on the starch retrogradation. TPCS-C and TPCS-HC were prepared by casting method with 5 wt% of fillers: nanocellulose (NC) and bentonite (BT). The alteration of the mechanical properties, aging behavior, and crystalline structure of the films were analyzed through the tensile test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water absorption analysis. The obtained data were correlated to each other to analy...
Polyurethane (PU) foam were produced from polyol (PolyGreen R3110) and 4,4- diphenylmethane diiso... more Polyurethane (PU) foam were produced from polyol (PolyGreen R3110) and 4,4- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (Maskiminate 80) with distilled water as a blowing agent. Natural fibers have received more attention from researchers due to their ability to increase the properties of the polymer composites. In this work, PU/Henna foam composites were prepared by used Henna fibers at different loading of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt. %. The effect of different Henna loading on PU foam were investigated by density, compression test, morphology and water absorption. Core density of PU/Henna foam composites increased with addition Henna compared to control PU and showed highest core density of 85.10 kgm-3. Compressive strength decreased to 0.53 MPa after Henna addition at 5 % PU/Henna foam composites. Henna addition to 20 % PU/Henna foam composites were reduced the compressive strength to 0.97 MPa due to stiffness effect of Henna that contributed to embrittlement of the cell wall. The distorted cell wall ...
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