IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Iron fortification program relates to iron delivery through daily foods, which have a potential i... more Iron fortification program relates to iron delivery through daily foods, which have a potential impact on many people. In this study, chitosan microparticle loaded with ferrous gluconate was used as fortificant, while gummy candies were selected as food vehicles. This work aimed to assess the effect of iron microparticles addition on basic nutrient composition, textural, and microstructural characteristics. The properties of iron microparticles obtained from the spray drying method were also discussed in this article. The iron fortification was carried out by adding the iron microparticles into the candies solution. This solution was then molded and cooled at room temperature before the analysis. The yield, iron loading, efficiency encapsulation, mean diameter, and SPAN factor of iron microparticles were 49%, 3.5 mg Fe/100 mg dried microparticles, 48%, 17 µm, and 1.7. The iron microparticle had a spherical shape with the wrinkles structure on the surface. Therefore, the fortified gu...
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE), 2021
Chitosan microparticles were prepared for extended release of acetogenins extracted from the leav... more Chitosan microparticles were prepared for extended release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of Annona muricata L., known as soursop. The acetogenin extract was encapsulated in chitosan microparticles prepared using sodium tripolyphosphate as the crosslinking agent. The possible interactions between the microparticle components were analyzed based on their FTIR absorption peaks. The effect of the experimental variables (acetogenin to chitosan mass ratio, amount of tripolyphosphate, presence of enzymes) on the 24-h in vitro cumulative release of acetogenins encapsulated in the chitosan microparticles and immersed in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, is presented. The sequential release in simulated (gastric, intestinal, colonic) fluids for 24 h period, facilitated higher cumulative release of acetogenins, indicating the potential of acetogenin-loaded microparticles for anticancer therapy purposes.
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE), 2021
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is known as an alternative green solvent for the extraction... more Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is known as an alternative green solvent for the extraction of xanthones from mangosteen pericarp. Nanoemulsion has been used as a drug delivery system through various systemic routes and widely used as the base for many skin cream and lotion formulations. Due to the low solubility of mangosteen extract in oil, the aim in this study was to increase the content of mangosteen extract in the nanoemulsion, by using the NADES that contained mangosteen extract as the aqueous phase in stable oil-in-water nanoemulsion. The NADES was prepared from betaine and 1,2-propanediol with the molar ratio of 1:3 and resulted in the extraction ofmangostin as much as 5.33% (w/w). The nanoemulsion was prepared by using the high sheer stirring method of refined coconut oil (RCO), surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80), and NADES-extract in the aqueous phase. The stability and physicochemical properties of nanoemulsion were then evaluated. A stable and homogeneous nanoemulsion was obtained when the weight ratio of the oil phase: surfactant: aqueous phase is 1:1.5: 2.6 with a surfactant HLB value of 10. This formulation was stable up to 11 months based on the accelerated stability test, with a droplet size of 376.3 nm and zeta potential of-0.73 mV. The stable nanoemulsion made of NADES-extract and RCO is potential for the topical formulation contained mangosteen extract.
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
is a faculty member of the chemical engineering department at Universitas Indonesia. He received ... more is a faculty member of the chemical engineering department at Universitas Indonesia. He received his bachelor degree in chemistry from Bandung Institute of Technology in 1984 and doctor of philosophy degree in chemical engineering from Colorado School of Mines in 1992. His research interests are thermodynamics, controlled release of bioactive compounds, and innovative teaching-learning methods.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supp... more Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecu...
Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rin... more Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rind extract have been formulated and optimized for colon-targeted bioactive drug delivery systems. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent of chitosan. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were then encapsulated in alginate with calcium chloride as the linking agent. The mangostin release profile was optimized using the Box–Behnken design for response surface methodology with three independent variables: (A) chitosan–mangostin microparticle size, (B) alginate:chitosan mass ratio, and (C) concentration of calcium chloride. The following representative equation was obtained: percent cumulative release of mangostins (10 h) = 59.51 − 5.16A + 20.00B − 1.27C − 1.70AB − 5.43AC − 5.04BC + 0.0579A2 + 10.25B2 + 1.10C2. Cumulative release of 97% was obtained under the following optimum condition ...
A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes f... more A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes for alleviating iron deficiency. Recently, encapsulation has been considered an appropriate method for protecting iron from injurious reactions. However, several events may occur during encapsulation processes, including changes in the iron’s oxidation state. Oxidation of ferrous iron is not desirable since the intestines can only absorb iron in the ferrous form. In this study, a cyclic voltammetry method was applied to investigate the likelihood of ferrous gluconate oxidation for the preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate microparticles. Then, the electrochemical properties of ferrous gluconate were confirmed experimentally. The oxidation rate of ferrous gluconate is also discussed in this paper. All the experimental solutions were formulated in detail to produce conditions similar to those of microparticle production. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted using a configuration of ...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019, 2019
Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted... more Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.). The chitosan matrices were prepared by freeze drying mixtures of chitosan and acetogenin-rich extract obtained by fractionation of a soursop leaves extract solution. Freeze-dried chitosan matrices were obtained as a homogeneous solid phase, an indication of a complete entrapment of acetogenin extract inside the chitosan matrices. In-vitro release of acetogenins from the chitosan matrices immersed in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids was determined for 24 h. Analysis of acetogenin as total lactones was determined using visible-spectrophotometry with Kedde reagent as the lactone complexing agent. The amount of acetogenins released in the simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.2 is much higher than those released in the simulated intestinal and colonic fluids, with pH values of 6.8 and 7.4, respectively. This observation indicate that the short burst release at low pH medium might be beneficial to enhance further release in the neutral pH medium. Although further experiments are required, a higher acetogenin release in the simulated colonic fluid could be expected due to the presence of B-glucosidase as a colonic enzyme and a long colonic residence time, enhancing the potential of freeze-dried chitosan matrices formulation for treatment of colon cancer.Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.). The chitosan matrices were prepared by freeze drying mixtures of chitosan and acetogenin-rich extract obtained by fractionation of a soursop leaves extract solution. Freeze-dried chitosan matrices were obtained as a homogeneous solid phase, an indication of a complete entrapment of acetogenin extract inside the chitosan matrices. In-vitro release of acetogenins from the chitosan matrices immersed in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids was determined for 24 h. Analysis of acetogenin as total lactones was determined using visible-spectrophotometry with Kedde reagent as the lactone complexing agent. The amount of acetogenins released in the simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.2 is much higher than those released in the simulated intestinal and colonic fluids, with pH values of 6.8 and 7.4, respectively. This observation indicate that the short burst release at low p...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018
The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains bioactive xanthones, with -mangosti... more The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains bioactive xanthones, with -mangostin being the major component, has been known to possess antitumor, antiviral, and other pharmacological activities. In this study, the effect of elevated temperature during the preparation step of fresh mangosteen pericarp juice and mangosteen extract, on their α-mangostin yield and cytotoxicities was investigated. The cytotoxicity activity of fresh juice and mangosteen extract was investigated using the brine shrimp test. Heating the fresh pericarp mangosteen in water at 65°C for 30 minutes prior to blending produced a juice with higher αmangostin yield and cytotoxicity compared to the traditional way of blending the juice at room temperature. Increasing α-mangostin yield of 9%-w/w due to heating was also observed when mangosteen extract was heated at 65C, consistent with the increased cytotoxicity in terms of LC 50 value. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on αmangostin yield was in line with the temperature effect on cytotoxicity activity in all samples of pericarp juice and mangosteen extract in ethyl acetate fraction.
Nanoemulsions containing extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has been developed a... more Nanoemulsions containing extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has been developed and characterized as a topical formulation. The encapsulation of mangosteen extract in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to utilize the available bioactive compounds, particularly α-mangostin. In this study, a high-speed homogenization method was used to produce nanoemulsions of virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, combined Tween 80 and Span 80 as the oil-in-water surfactant, and distilled water as the aqueous phase. The homogenizer speed, oil and surfactant composition, and, hydrophilic lipophilic balance values of the surfactants were varied in order to get stable nanoemulsions formulation. The most stable nanoemulsion was obtained using a homogenizer speed of 8000 rpm, oil to surfactant volume ratio of 1:1.4, and surfactant hydrophilic lipophilic balance value of 12. Nanoemulsion formulation with average droplet size of 181 nm, zeta potential of -30.9 mV, and 0.01% α-man...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Microencapsulation using biopolymers is considered as a proper method for protecting the iron fro... more Microencapsulation using biopolymers is considered as a proper method for protecting the iron from oxidation reaction, inhibitors (fitat, tannin) and competitors (divalent metal). Chitosan and alginate are carbohydrate biopolymers commonly used in food and drug application. In order to have a carrier that can send iron to the small intestine which has a high pH, but previously had to survive through the stomach which has gastric acid, the composition of chitosan-alginate as a carrier must be investigated. The objectives in this work were to investigate the effect of both chitosan and alginate concentrations on release profile of iron(II) fumarate in simulated gastric acid and intestinal fluids and its physicochemical property. The microparticles were prepared by dropping chitosan-iron solution into sodium tripolyphosphate solution as crosslinking agent. The electrostatic complexation was formed when the chitosan microparticles were mixed with alginate solution and followed with calcium chloride solution for ionotropic gelation to form chitosan-alginate-iron microparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to describe polyelectrolyte properties of microparticles. The results showed that suitable compositions of chitosan-alginate have successfully improved the pH-sensitivity of the microparticles, thus the iron release was sustained in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2), while the release in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) extended. The release profile of iron from the chitosan-alginate microparticle indicated the effect of alginate on the release of iron. The existence of the polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan-alginate was proven by the appearance of certain functional groups at FTIR spectrum and surface images of iron loaded microparticles from SEM.
Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp containing α-mangostin is predicted to have potentia... more Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp containing α-mangostin is predicted to have potential as an anticancer because it can induce apoptosis and has high antioxidant content. Moreover, the preliminary study showed that this extract has high antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity based on the brine shrimp lethality test. This indicates that mangosteen has potential as chemotherapeutic agents or additional therapy in cancers such as colorectal cancer, which the available management is not as effective. To improve its efficacy and bioavailability in the colon as a targeted area, ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract was then formulated into a controlled release encapsulated microparticles by chitosan-alginate material. It is intended that the active ingredient to be released after reaching the colon. In this study, toxicity of mangosteen was investigated because there is still no toxicity data of encapsulated microparticles of the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract on function of mice's kidneys (BUN/serum creatinine) and liver (SGOT/SGPT). Twenty female BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were given a single dose of 2, 3, and 5 g/kg body weight (BW) mangosteen via intragastric feeding tube and one control group without mangosteen. The findings show that marker of BUN, serum creatinine, SGPT, and SGOT are not significantly different from those of the control in the administration of microparticles ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract at a single dose of 2 and 3 g/kgBW, however, significant increases of BUN and SGOT levels were found in single dose of 5 g/kgBW. The results indicate that administration encapsulated of microparticles ethyl acetate fraction of G. mangostana L. extract at single dose of 2 and 3 g/kgBW cause no toxicity on liver and kidneys function, but the single dose of 5 g/kgBW. cause toxicity to the liver and kidneys. Further studies on histopathology examinations of liver and kidneys are necessary to ensure its safety level.
One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by de... more One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by developing iron fortified food. However, adding iron directly into food will not only affect the organoleptic quality of the food, but will also reduce the effectiveness, stability and bioavailability of the iron added. Chitosan as linear polysaccharide, that is biodegradable and biocompatible, can be used as a protective wall material to encapsulate iron by adding tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. The aims of this study were to formulate an extended release system of chitosan microspheres loaded with iron gluconate using spray drying method. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability of iron microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were also evaluated. Various concentrations of TPP (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/v) were used for this investigation. The results indicated that the yield, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, particle morphology, and release profile of iron microparticles were influenced by the interaction of chitosan and TPP as cross linking agent. The mean iron loading, maximum yield, and encapsulation efficiency were 2.51%, 43.47%, and 38.19%, respectively. Preparation of iron microparticles using spray drying method resulted in smooth spherical particles with the average diameter ranged from 1.000-12.554 µm. The increase concentration of TPP formed larger size of particles. Furthermore, the release analysis of microparticles loaded iron was conducted using synthetic gastric fluids (SGF) and synthetic intestine fluids (SIF) for 2 and 4 hours, simultaneously. The burst release profile was obtained in the absence of TPP, while the controlled profile was shown in the presence of TPP. Increasing amount of TPP in the solution reduces the release in the first 1-2 hours, as well as at the end of the 7 hour period of release. Using TPP 3% the release in one hour reached 50% and about 60% in 7 hours. Compared to chitosan solution without TPP, the release in one hour reached 80% and in 7 hours it was 100% release. The presence of TPP is thus an important factor to be addressed when preparing iron-loaded chitosan microspheres with extended release characteristics.One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by developing iron fortified food. However, adding iron directly into food will not only affect the organoleptic quality of the food, but will also reduce the effectiveness, stability and bioavailability of the iron added. Chitosan as linear polysaccharide, that is biodegradable and biocompatible, can be used as a protective wall material to encapsulate iron by adding tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. The aims of this study were to formulate an extended release system of chitosan microspheres loaded with iron gluconate using spray drying method. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability of iron microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were also evaluated. Various concentrations of TPP (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/v) were used for this investigation. The results indicated that the yield, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, particle morphology, and release profile of i...
In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level... more In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil.
Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative d... more Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative deacidification method, solvent extraction performed at a much lower temperature, would preserve the natural antioxidants in the refined palm oil. In this work, palmitic acid was extracted using betaine monohydrate-propionic acid and betaine monohydrate-acetic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The effect of temperature (40 • C to 80 • C), mass ratio of palm oil to solvent (2:1 to 1:2), and palmitic acid content in the palm oil feed (2% to 8% mass) on the distribution coefficient values of palmitic acid (0.44-0.93) was investigated. For the first time, a facile recovery of DESs could be accomplished by a cooling process where up to 98% of the palmitic acid separates as solid. A solvent extraction process for palm oil deacidification, employing a DES with a distribution coefficient value much higher than unity, will provide advantages over the steam stripping process.
Effect of chitosan molecular weight and composition on mucoadhesive properties of mangostin-loade... more Effect of chitosan molecular weight and composition on mucoadhesive properties of mangostin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles
The common treatment for diabetic retinopathy is corticosteroids intravitreal injection that some... more The common treatment for diabetic retinopathy is corticosteroids intravitreal injection that sometimes lead to complications. Dexamethasone-loaded polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanospheres, modified with dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as the cationic surfactant, is expected to prolong drug retention time. Zeta potential of the PLGA nanospheres prepared using non-ionic surfactant PVA and DDAB confirmed the cationic surfactant increase the surface charge of the PLGA nanospheres. The optimal formulation based on the particle size and high positive surface charge was the PLGA-DDAB nanospheres. SEM analysis showed spherical morphology of the nanospheres having diameter 626.9 ± 98.01 nm positive zeta potential of +22.5 mV.
The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan is suitable for extending the residence time of chitosan ... more The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan is suitable for extending the residence time of chitosan microparticles in the small intestine and colon. Microparticles prepared using the lowest molecular weight chitosan (62 kDa) showed the highest mucin adsorption of 55-84% and the highest zeta potential of +35.1 mV. Alginate-modified chitosan microparticles (chitosan to alginate mass ratio of 1:0.25) also showed good mucoadhesive properties with 51-79% mucin adsorption and zeta potential of +31.1 mV. The results show that the negatively charged alginate would disrupt the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged chitosan with the negatively charged mucin, and, a higher molecular weight chitosan with lower degree of deacetylation, will have a weaker interaction with mucin.
The usage of red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) oleoresin extract as the preser... more The usage of red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) oleoresin extract as the preservative for fresh milk has not been studied yet. The aim of this research was to compare the inhibition effect of oleoresin extract-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles, and various ginger-based preservatives added into fresh milk, on the growth of bacteria. The total count plate growth of bacteria after addition of the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles was the lowest. In addition, the organoleptic test showed that this formulation had no significant effect on the color, taste, and flavor of fresh milk. The experimental results indicated that the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles may effectively be used as a preservative for fresh milk.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Iron fortification program relates to iron delivery through daily foods, which have a potential i... more Iron fortification program relates to iron delivery through daily foods, which have a potential impact on many people. In this study, chitosan microparticle loaded with ferrous gluconate was used as fortificant, while gummy candies were selected as food vehicles. This work aimed to assess the effect of iron microparticles addition on basic nutrient composition, textural, and microstructural characteristics. The properties of iron microparticles obtained from the spray drying method were also discussed in this article. The iron fortification was carried out by adding the iron microparticles into the candies solution. This solution was then molded and cooled at room temperature before the analysis. The yield, iron loading, efficiency encapsulation, mean diameter, and SPAN factor of iron microparticles were 49%, 3.5 mg Fe/100 mg dried microparticles, 48%, 17 µm, and 1.7. The iron microparticle had a spherical shape with the wrinkles structure on the surface. Therefore, the fortified gu...
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE), 2021
Chitosan microparticles were prepared for extended release of acetogenins extracted from the leav... more Chitosan microparticles were prepared for extended release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of Annona muricata L., known as soursop. The acetogenin extract was encapsulated in chitosan microparticles prepared using sodium tripolyphosphate as the crosslinking agent. The possible interactions between the microparticle components were analyzed based on their FTIR absorption peaks. The effect of the experimental variables (acetogenin to chitosan mass ratio, amount of tripolyphosphate, presence of enzymes) on the 24-h in vitro cumulative release of acetogenins encapsulated in the chitosan microparticles and immersed in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, is presented. The sequential release in simulated (gastric, intestinal, colonic) fluids for 24 h period, facilitated higher cumulative release of acetogenins, indicating the potential of acetogenin-loaded microparticles for anticancer therapy purposes.
3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE), 2021
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is known as an alternative green solvent for the extraction... more Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is known as an alternative green solvent for the extraction of xanthones from mangosteen pericarp. Nanoemulsion has been used as a drug delivery system through various systemic routes and widely used as the base for many skin cream and lotion formulations. Due to the low solubility of mangosteen extract in oil, the aim in this study was to increase the content of mangosteen extract in the nanoemulsion, by using the NADES that contained mangosteen extract as the aqueous phase in stable oil-in-water nanoemulsion. The NADES was prepared from betaine and 1,2-propanediol with the molar ratio of 1:3 and resulted in the extraction ofmangostin as much as 5.33% (w/w). The nanoemulsion was prepared by using the high sheer stirring method of refined coconut oil (RCO), surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80), and NADES-extract in the aqueous phase. The stability and physicochemical properties of nanoemulsion were then evaluated. A stable and homogeneous nanoemulsion was obtained when the weight ratio of the oil phase: surfactant: aqueous phase is 1:1.5: 2.6 with a surfactant HLB value of 10. This formulation was stable up to 11 months based on the accelerated stability test, with a droplet size of 376.3 nm and zeta potential of-0.73 mV. The stable nanoemulsion made of NADES-extract and RCO is potential for the topical formulation contained mangosteen extract.
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
is a faculty member of the chemical engineering department at Universitas Indonesia. He received ... more is a faculty member of the chemical engineering department at Universitas Indonesia. He received his bachelor degree in chemistry from Bandung Institute of Technology in 1984 and doctor of philosophy degree in chemical engineering from Colorado School of Mines in 1992. His research interests are thermodynamics, controlled release of bioactive compounds, and innovative teaching-learning methods.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supp... more Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecu...
Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rin... more Chitosan-alginate microparticles loaded with hydrophobic mangostins present in the mangosteen rind extract have been formulated and optimized for colon-targeted bioactive drug delivery systems. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were prepared using the ionotropic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linking agent of chitosan. The chitosan–mangostin microparticles were then encapsulated in alginate with calcium chloride as the linking agent. The mangostin release profile was optimized using the Box–Behnken design for response surface methodology with three independent variables: (A) chitosan–mangostin microparticle size, (B) alginate:chitosan mass ratio, and (C) concentration of calcium chloride. The following representative equation was obtained: percent cumulative release of mangostins (10 h) = 59.51 − 5.16A + 20.00B − 1.27C − 1.70AB − 5.43AC − 5.04BC + 0.0579A2 + 10.25B2 + 1.10C2. Cumulative release of 97% was obtained under the following optimum condition ...
A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes f... more A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes for alleviating iron deficiency. Recently, encapsulation has been considered an appropriate method for protecting iron from injurious reactions. However, several events may occur during encapsulation processes, including changes in the iron’s oxidation state. Oxidation of ferrous iron is not desirable since the intestines can only absorb iron in the ferrous form. In this study, a cyclic voltammetry method was applied to investigate the likelihood of ferrous gluconate oxidation for the preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate microparticles. Then, the electrochemical properties of ferrous gluconate were confirmed experimentally. The oxidation rate of ferrous gluconate is also discussed in this paper. All the experimental solutions were formulated in detail to produce conditions similar to those of microparticle production. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted using a configuration of ...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019, 2019
Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted... more Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.). The chitosan matrices were prepared by freeze drying mixtures of chitosan and acetogenin-rich extract obtained by fractionation of a soursop leaves extract solution. Freeze-dried chitosan matrices were obtained as a homogeneous solid phase, an indication of a complete entrapment of acetogenin extract inside the chitosan matrices. In-vitro release of acetogenins from the chitosan matrices immersed in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids was determined for 24 h. Analysis of acetogenin as total lactones was determined using visible-spectrophotometry with Kedde reagent as the lactone complexing agent. The amount of acetogenins released in the simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.2 is much higher than those released in the simulated intestinal and colonic fluids, with pH values of 6.8 and 7.4, respectively. This observation indicate that the short burst release at low pH medium might be beneficial to enhance further release in the neutral pH medium. Although further experiments are required, a higher acetogenin release in the simulated colonic fluid could be expected due to the presence of B-glucosidase as a colonic enzyme and a long colonic residence time, enhancing the potential of freeze-dried chitosan matrices formulation for treatment of colon cancer.Freeze-dried chitosan matrices have been developed for sustained release of acetogenins extracted from the leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.). The chitosan matrices were prepared by freeze drying mixtures of chitosan and acetogenin-rich extract obtained by fractionation of a soursop leaves extract solution. Freeze-dried chitosan matrices were obtained as a homogeneous solid phase, an indication of a complete entrapment of acetogenin extract inside the chitosan matrices. In-vitro release of acetogenins from the chitosan matrices immersed in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids was determined for 24 h. Analysis of acetogenin as total lactones was determined using visible-spectrophotometry with Kedde reagent as the lactone complexing agent. The amount of acetogenins released in the simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.2 is much higher than those released in the simulated intestinal and colonic fluids, with pH values of 6.8 and 7.4, respectively. This observation indicate that the short burst release at low p...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018
The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains bioactive xanthones, with -mangosti... more The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains bioactive xanthones, with -mangostin being the major component, has been known to possess antitumor, antiviral, and other pharmacological activities. In this study, the effect of elevated temperature during the preparation step of fresh mangosteen pericarp juice and mangosteen extract, on their α-mangostin yield and cytotoxicities was investigated. The cytotoxicity activity of fresh juice and mangosteen extract was investigated using the brine shrimp test. Heating the fresh pericarp mangosteen in water at 65°C for 30 minutes prior to blending produced a juice with higher αmangostin yield and cytotoxicity compared to the traditional way of blending the juice at room temperature. Increasing α-mangostin yield of 9%-w/w due to heating was also observed when mangosteen extract was heated at 65C, consistent with the increased cytotoxicity in terms of LC 50 value. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on αmangostin yield was in line with the temperature effect on cytotoxicity activity in all samples of pericarp juice and mangosteen extract in ethyl acetate fraction.
Nanoemulsions containing extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has been developed a... more Nanoemulsions containing extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has been developed and characterized as a topical formulation. The encapsulation of mangosteen extract in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to utilize the available bioactive compounds, particularly α-mangostin. In this study, a high-speed homogenization method was used to produce nanoemulsions of virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, combined Tween 80 and Span 80 as the oil-in-water surfactant, and distilled water as the aqueous phase. The homogenizer speed, oil and surfactant composition, and, hydrophilic lipophilic balance values of the surfactants were varied in order to get stable nanoemulsions formulation. The most stable nanoemulsion was obtained using a homogenizer speed of 8000 rpm, oil to surfactant volume ratio of 1:1.4, and surfactant hydrophilic lipophilic balance value of 12. Nanoemulsion formulation with average droplet size of 181 nm, zeta potential of -30.9 mV, and 0.01% α-man...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Microencapsulation using biopolymers is considered as a proper method for protecting the iron fro... more Microencapsulation using biopolymers is considered as a proper method for protecting the iron from oxidation reaction, inhibitors (fitat, tannin) and competitors (divalent metal). Chitosan and alginate are carbohydrate biopolymers commonly used in food and drug application. In order to have a carrier that can send iron to the small intestine which has a high pH, but previously had to survive through the stomach which has gastric acid, the composition of chitosan-alginate as a carrier must be investigated. The objectives in this work were to investigate the effect of both chitosan and alginate concentrations on release profile of iron(II) fumarate in simulated gastric acid and intestinal fluids and its physicochemical property. The microparticles were prepared by dropping chitosan-iron solution into sodium tripolyphosphate solution as crosslinking agent. The electrostatic complexation was formed when the chitosan microparticles were mixed with alginate solution and followed with calcium chloride solution for ionotropic gelation to form chitosan-alginate-iron microparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to describe polyelectrolyte properties of microparticles. The results showed that suitable compositions of chitosan-alginate have successfully improved the pH-sensitivity of the microparticles, thus the iron release was sustained in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2), while the release in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) extended. The release profile of iron from the chitosan-alginate microparticle indicated the effect of alginate on the release of iron. The existence of the polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan-alginate was proven by the appearance of certain functional groups at FTIR spectrum and surface images of iron loaded microparticles from SEM.
Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp containing α-mangostin is predicted to have potentia... more Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp containing α-mangostin is predicted to have potential as an anticancer because it can induce apoptosis and has high antioxidant content. Moreover, the preliminary study showed that this extract has high antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity based on the brine shrimp lethality test. This indicates that mangosteen has potential as chemotherapeutic agents or additional therapy in cancers such as colorectal cancer, which the available management is not as effective. To improve its efficacy and bioavailability in the colon as a targeted area, ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract was then formulated into a controlled release encapsulated microparticles by chitosan-alginate material. It is intended that the active ingredient to be released after reaching the colon. In this study, toxicity of mangosteen was investigated because there is still no toxicity data of encapsulated microparticles of the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract on function of mice's kidneys (BUN/serum creatinine) and liver (SGOT/SGPT). Twenty female BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were given a single dose of 2, 3, and 5 g/kg body weight (BW) mangosteen via intragastric feeding tube and one control group without mangosteen. The findings show that marker of BUN, serum creatinine, SGPT, and SGOT are not significantly different from those of the control in the administration of microparticles ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen extract at a single dose of 2 and 3 g/kgBW, however, significant increases of BUN and SGOT levels were found in single dose of 5 g/kgBW. The results indicate that administration encapsulated of microparticles ethyl acetate fraction of G. mangostana L. extract at single dose of 2 and 3 g/kgBW cause no toxicity on liver and kidneys function, but the single dose of 5 g/kgBW. cause toxicity to the liver and kidneys. Further studies on histopathology examinations of liver and kidneys are necessary to ensure its safety level.
One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by de... more One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by developing iron fortified food. However, adding iron directly into food will not only affect the organoleptic quality of the food, but will also reduce the effectiveness, stability and bioavailability of the iron added. Chitosan as linear polysaccharide, that is biodegradable and biocompatible, can be used as a protective wall material to encapsulate iron by adding tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. The aims of this study were to formulate an extended release system of chitosan microspheres loaded with iron gluconate using spray drying method. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability of iron microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were also evaluated. Various concentrations of TPP (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/v) were used for this investigation. The results indicated that the yield, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, particle morphology, and release profile of iron microparticles were influenced by the interaction of chitosan and TPP as cross linking agent. The mean iron loading, maximum yield, and encapsulation efficiency were 2.51%, 43.47%, and 38.19%, respectively. Preparation of iron microparticles using spray drying method resulted in smooth spherical particles with the average diameter ranged from 1.000-12.554 µm. The increase concentration of TPP formed larger size of particles. Furthermore, the release analysis of microparticles loaded iron was conducted using synthetic gastric fluids (SGF) and synthetic intestine fluids (SIF) for 2 and 4 hours, simultaneously. The burst release profile was obtained in the absence of TPP, while the controlled profile was shown in the presence of TPP. Increasing amount of TPP in the solution reduces the release in the first 1-2 hours, as well as at the end of the 7 hour period of release. Using TPP 3% the release in one hour reached 50% and about 60% in 7 hours. Compared to chitosan solution without TPP, the release in one hour reached 80% and in 7 hours it was 100% release. The presence of TPP is thus an important factor to be addressed when preparing iron-loaded chitosan microspheres with extended release characteristics.One of the cost-effective approaches to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is by developing iron fortified food. However, adding iron directly into food will not only affect the organoleptic quality of the food, but will also reduce the effectiveness, stability and bioavailability of the iron added. Chitosan as linear polysaccharide, that is biodegradable and biocompatible, can be used as a protective wall material to encapsulate iron by adding tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent. The aims of this study were to formulate an extended release system of chitosan microspheres loaded with iron gluconate using spray drying method. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability of iron microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were also evaluated. Various concentrations of TPP (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/v) were used for this investigation. The results indicated that the yield, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, particle morphology, and release profile of i...
In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level... more In the palm oil refining processes, the free fatty acid content is reduced to an acceptable level by using steam-stripping that causes, also, the loss of nutraceuticals such as tocopherols and carotenoids. An alternative method, such as solvent extraction, to separate free fatty acids, especially palmitic acid as the major free fatty acid present in palm oil, will conserves not only the important nutraceuticals but, also, conserves energy because a steam requirement is eliminated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), each consisting of betaine as the hydrogen bonding acceptor and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donor, to extract palmitic acid from palm oil. The goal is to obtain a NADES that is able to extract palmitic acid from palm oil with the highest extraction yield. The viscosity of various studied NADES was 10-236 cSt while the polarity parameter, determined by using Nile red as the solvatochromic dye, was 48.9-50.8 kcal/mol. The obtained data shows that, for NADES having similar polarity to that of betaine, the extraction yields reduce with increasing viscosity of the NADES. The highest extraction yield of 60% (w/w), corresponding to a distribution coefficient value of 0.75, was obtained by using NADES consisting of betaine and 1,2-butanediol. The extraction yield and distribution coefficient values indicated the potential of NADES, prepared by friendly compounds of betaine and polyalcohols, as alternative green solvents in the solvent extraction process when separating free fatty acids from palm oil.
Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative d... more Steam stripping is commonly used to remove free fatty acids from crude palm oil. An alternative deacidification method, solvent extraction performed at a much lower temperature, would preserve the natural antioxidants in the refined palm oil. In this work, palmitic acid was extracted using betaine monohydrate-propionic acid and betaine monohydrate-acetic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The effect of temperature (40 • C to 80 • C), mass ratio of palm oil to solvent (2:1 to 1:2), and palmitic acid content in the palm oil feed (2% to 8% mass) on the distribution coefficient values of palmitic acid (0.44-0.93) was investigated. For the first time, a facile recovery of DESs could be accomplished by a cooling process where up to 98% of the palmitic acid separates as solid. A solvent extraction process for palm oil deacidification, employing a DES with a distribution coefficient value much higher than unity, will provide advantages over the steam stripping process.
Effect of chitosan molecular weight and composition on mucoadhesive properties of mangostin-loade... more Effect of chitosan molecular weight and composition on mucoadhesive properties of mangostin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles
The common treatment for diabetic retinopathy is corticosteroids intravitreal injection that some... more The common treatment for diabetic retinopathy is corticosteroids intravitreal injection that sometimes lead to complications. Dexamethasone-loaded polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanospheres, modified with dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as the cationic surfactant, is expected to prolong drug retention time. Zeta potential of the PLGA nanospheres prepared using non-ionic surfactant PVA and DDAB confirmed the cationic surfactant increase the surface charge of the PLGA nanospheres. The optimal formulation based on the particle size and high positive surface charge was the PLGA-DDAB nanospheres. SEM analysis showed spherical morphology of the nanospheres having diameter 626.9 ± 98.01 nm positive zeta potential of +22.5 mV.
The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan is suitable for extending the residence time of chitosan ... more The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan is suitable for extending the residence time of chitosan microparticles in the small intestine and colon. Microparticles prepared using the lowest molecular weight chitosan (62 kDa) showed the highest mucin adsorption of 55-84% and the highest zeta potential of +35.1 mV. Alginate-modified chitosan microparticles (chitosan to alginate mass ratio of 1:0.25) also showed good mucoadhesive properties with 51-79% mucin adsorption and zeta potential of +31.1 mV. The results show that the negatively charged alginate would disrupt the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged chitosan with the negatively charged mucin, and, a higher molecular weight chitosan with lower degree of deacetylation, will have a weaker interaction with mucin.
The usage of red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) oleoresin extract as the preser... more The usage of red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) oleoresin extract as the preservative for fresh milk has not been studied yet. The aim of this research was to compare the inhibition effect of oleoresin extract-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles, and various ginger-based preservatives added into fresh milk, on the growth of bacteria. The total count plate growth of bacteria after addition of the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles was the lowest. In addition, the organoleptic test showed that this formulation had no significant effect on the color, taste, and flavor of fresh milk. The experimental results indicated that the oleoresin-loaded chitosan-alginate microparticles may effectively be used as a preservative for fresh milk.
Uploads
Papers by Elsa Krisanti