April 6–9, 1998 tornado outbreak
- For the 2005 tornado in Birmingham, UK see 2005 Birmingham tornado. For other tornadoes in the history of Birmingham, Alabama, see Birmingham Tornado (disambiguation).
Radar shot of the Birmingham supercell with the hook echo tornado signature located near Oak Grove.
|
|
| Type | Tornado outbreak |
|---|---|
| Duration | April 6–9, 1998 |
| Tornadoes confirmed | 62 |
| Max rating1 | F5 tornado |
| Duration of tornado outbreak2 | ~4 days |
| Damage | unknown |
| Casualties | 41 fatalities, 250+ injuries |
| Areas affected | Midwestern and Eastern United States |
| 1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale 2Time from first tornado to last tornado | |
The April 6–9, 1998 tornado outbreak was a large tornado outbreak that started on April 6 across the Great Plains and ended on April 9 across the Carolinas and Georgia. A total of 62 tornadoes touched down from the Middle Atlantic States to the Midwestern United States and Texas. The outbreak is infamous for producing a deadly F5 that tore through the suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama, killing 32 people. The Birmingham tornado was one of only two F5 tornadoes that year. The other hit in Lawrence County, Tennessee on April 16, as part of the same outbreak as the 1998 Nashville tornadoes. This tornado outbreak was responsible for 41 deaths: 7 in Georgia and 34 in Alabama.
Contents
Confirmed tornadoes
| F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 62 |
April 6 event
| F# | Location | County | Time (UTC) | Path length | Damage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas | ||||||
| F0 | N of Elliott | Wilbarger | 2313 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field. | |
| Iowa | ||||||
| F0 | NE of Adaza | Greene | 2315 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | S of Dayton | Webster | 2355 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | NE of Ralston | Greene | 0000 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| Kansas | ||||||
| F1 | E of Schoenchen | Ellis | 2325 | 3.3 miles (5.3 km) |
Damage to a metal building, a chicken house and a quonset hut. 2 people were injured. | |
| Oklahoma | ||||||
| F0 | SE of Velma | Stephens | 0145 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief tornado in an open field. | |
| Source: Tornado History Project - April 6, 1998 Storm Data | ||||||
April 7 event
| F# | Location | County | Time (UTC) | Path length | Damage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illinois | ||||||
| F0 | SW of Eden | Peoria | 2101 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | NW of Clear Lake | Cass | 2110 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
Caused minor damage to 5 cabins. | |
| F2 | NE of Clear Lake | Mason | 2120 | 3 miles (4.8 km) |
A frame house was moved from its foundation with an exterior wall blown off. Three outbuildings, two grain bins, and a barn were destroyed as well. | |
| F1 | NW of Bath | Mason | 2135 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
Tornado damaged a frame house and destroyed its garage. Ten homes sustained moderate to major damage, with several others along with businesses suffering minor damage. Another garage was destroyed as well. | |
| F0 | NW of Ormonde | Warren | 2231 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
||
| F0 | Vermont area | Fulton | 2235 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field. | |
| F0 | Monmouth area (1st tornado) | Warren | 2242 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
||
| F1 | Monmouth area (2nd tornado) | Warren | 2252 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
Farm buildings were damaged or destroyed. | |
| F0 | SW of Havana | Mason | 2255 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F1 | NE of Monmouth | Warren | 2302 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
||
| F2 | NE of Havana | Fulton, Mason | 2304 | 11 miles (17.6 km) |
A mobile home and a machine shed were destroyed. Irrigation equipment was overturned and a pumping station was damaged. | |
| F0 | NW of Mount Pulaski | Logan | 2305 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | S of Gerlaw | Warren | 2313 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with damage to a cemetery. | |
| F0 | NW of Moweaqua | Christian | 2314 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | NE of Pleak | Shelby | 2328 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field. | |
| F0 | SE of Todds Point | Shelby | 2340 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field. | |
| F2 | S of Cadwell to S of Arthur | Moultrie, Douglas | 0008 | 11 miles (17.6 km) |
29 homes and several barns and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed. One mobile home was blown off of its foundation. 8 people were injured. | |
| F0 | SE of Hartsburg | Logan | 0023 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Damage was limited to trees. | |
| F0 | N of Hindsboro (1st tornado) | Douglas | 0042 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
A machine shed was destroyed. | |
| F0 | NW of Hindsboro (2nd tornado) | Douglas | 0058 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
Caused damage to power poles and outbuildings. | |
| F0 | S of Newman | Douglas | 0104 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field with no damage. | |
| F0 | N of Brocton | Edgar | 0111 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
A shed was destroyed and utility poles were damaged. | |
| F0 | Chrisman area | Edgar | 0115 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
A barn was damaged, and debris from the structure was thrown and smashed windows of homes and businesses. | |
| F0 | SE of Sidell | Vermilion | 0120 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | NW of Metcalf | Edgar | 0129 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | NE of Chrisman | Edgar | 0149 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
One home, 2 barns, and a machine shed suffered roof damage. | |
| Missouri | ||||||
| F1 | SW of Wayland | Missouri | 2120 | 2.5 miles (4 km) |
2 machine sheds and a barn were destroyed, and a mobile home was flipped over. | |
| Iowa | ||||||
| F0 | W of Fort Madison | Lee | 2145 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | Fort Madison area | Lee | 2200 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | N of New Boston | Lee | 2202 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
One home sustained minor roof damage. | |
| Indiana | ||||||
| F0 | NW of Dana | Vermilion | 0133 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
A pole barn was destroyed. | |
| F1 | W of North Union | Montgomery | 0245 | 1.2 miles (1.9 km) |
A garage and a pole barn were destroyed, while the roof of another barn was damaged. | |
| F0 | E of Willisville | Pike | 0251 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
Brief touchdown in a field. | |
| Source: Tornado History Project - April 7, 1998 Storm Data | ||||||
April 8 event
| F# | Location | County | Time (UTC) | Path length | Damage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas | ||||||
| F0 | S of Driftwood | Hays | 0940 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
||
| F0 | NW of Buda | Hays | 0957 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
||
| Louisiana | ||||||
| F1 | NE of Haynesville | Claiborne | 1243 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
Caused damage to carport roofs and patio covers. | |
| Alabama | ||||||
| F1 | S of Heath | Covington | 1520 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Tornado damaged a mobile home and the roof of a motel. | |
| F3 | S of Gordo to N of Northport | Pickens, Tuscaloosa | 0001 | 19.5 miles (31.2 km) |
Tornado was a precursor to the Birmingham F5. Traveled through rural areas north of the city of Tuscaloosa, with five homes and 11 mobile homes destroyed. 24 homes and 13 mobile homes were also damaged, and two people were injured. | |
| F5 | N of Kellerman to Birmingham | Tuscaloosa, Jefferson | 0042 | 30.3 miles (48.5 km) |
32 deaths – See section on this tornado | |
| F1 | E of Lakeview | DeKalb | 0123 | 1.8 miles (2.9 km) |
A few barns were destroyed. | |
| F2 | N of Pell City | St. Clair | 0156 | 14.4 miles (23 km) |
2 deaths - This tornado was spawned by the same supercell that produced the Birmingham F5. It remained over rural areas for 14 miles (22 km) and partially destroyed Bethel Baptist Church in Odenville. 26 homes and mobile homes, along with other buildings were destroyed in the Coal City area. About 90 other homes and mobile homes suffered minor to major damage. The two fatalities occurred in a mobile home. Twelve additional people were injured. | |
| Arkansas | ||||||
| F0 | Sunset area | Crittenden | 2320 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
Damage was limited to trees. | |
| Tennessee | ||||||
| F0 | S of Lawrenceburg | Lawrence | 0000 | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) |
Damage was limited to trees. | |
| F1 | Manchester area | Coffee | 0100 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
Caused roof damage to several buildings in downtown Manchester. | |
| Georgia | ||||||
| F1 | N of Tallapoosa | Haralson | 0330 | 3.5 miles (5.6 km) |
One mobile home was destroyed while 36 homes, 7 businesses, and 2 churches were damaged | |
| F2 | Smyrna to NW of Buckhead | Cobb, Fulton | 0420 | 3.5 miles (5.6 km) |
A commercial building, a fill-in station, and a car dealership sustained heavy damage, with over one half of a million dollars in damage to cars. Damage to other buildings also occurred and 4 people were injured. | |
| F2 | Dunwoody to N of Lawrenceville | DeKalb, Gwinnett | 0435 | 19 miles (30.4 km) |
1 death – See section on this tornado – Approximately 5,000 homes were damaged to varying degrees. There was also heavy damage to several buildings at DeKalb College. In addition to the fatality, ten others were injured. | |
| Source: Tornado History Project - April 8, 1998 Storm Data | ||||||
April 9 event
| F# | Location | County | Time (UTC) | Path length | Damage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Georgia | ||||||
| F3 | NE of Pembroke to W of Coldbrook | Bryan, Effingham | 0945 | 8 miles (12.8 km) |
2 deaths - In Bryan County, 74 homes and other buildings were damaged with 14 of them destroyed, including six mobile homes, two frame houses, two brick homes and four other buildings. In Effingham County, 40 homes were damaged, with six mobile homes destroyed. 17 other people were injured. | |
| F2 | E of Donald to Richmond Hill | Long, Liberty, Bryan | 1035 | 24.5 miles (39.2 km) |
4 deaths - Ten mobile homes were destroyed in Rye Patch with two others damaged. In Fort Stewart, 55 buildings were damaged including 7 destroyed. 7 other people were injured. | |
| South Carolina | ||||||
| F1 | W of Hardeeville | Jasper | 1022 | 1 miles (1.6 km) |
Several buildings and homes were damaged. | |
| Ohio | ||||||
| F0 | NE of Copley | Summit | 1745 | 0.3 miles (0.5 km) |
Minor roof damage occurred. | |
| F0 | NW of North Eaton | Lorain | 1745 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | SW of Windham | Portage | 1830 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| F0 | Leavittsburg area | Trumbull | 1928 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) |
Brief touchdown with no damage. | |
| Pennsylvania | ||||||
| F1 | NE of New Brighton | Beaver | 1830 | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
A cinder block warehouse was damaged. | |
| Virginia | ||||||
| F0 | Chesapeake area | Chesapeake | 2000 | 5 miles (8 km) |
Damage was limited to trees that fell on some homes. | |
| Source: Tornado History Project - April 9, 1998 Storm Data | ||||||
Birmingham area F5 tornado
Shortly after 7:30 P.M. on April 8th, the deadliest tornado of the outbreak touched down in extreme eastern Tuscaloosa County and cut a 31-mile long (49 km), 3/4-mile wide swath through multiple Birmingham suburbs, producing damage ranging from F3 to F5 and causing massive destruction before lifting in the western limits of the City of Birmingham, just northwest of the junctions of Interstates 20, 59 and 65. The worst of the destruction occurred across the Oak Grove, Rock Creek and McDonald Chapel areas. The second area affected by F5 damage was also devastated by a violent tornado in 1956 that tracked through the same areas hit by this storm. Debris from the tornado was scattered across central Alabama as far north as sections of Blount County, and extensive deforestation occurred along the majority of the path.[1][1]
The tornado began in a rural area of Tuscaloosa County, causing only F0 damage in that area. The tornado reached F1 intensity after it entered Jefferson County, and then rapidly intensified to an F3 as it slammed into Oak Grove, an unincorporated town west of Rock Creek. Oak Grove was one of the hardest hit locations, with many structures destroyed in the area. Oak Grove High School sustained major structural damage, with the elementary school portion destroyed. The school building was rebuilt two years later and reopened a mile away from the damaged area. No one inside the school was killed, but a group of cheerleaders practicing at the school's gymnasium escaped disaster with only minor injuries when a wall prevented a portion of the roof from falling on them. The tornado caused its first three fatalities in Oak Grove, which occurred when a mobile home completely disintegrated, throwing the occupants across the street, only one of that family survived. The Oak Grove fire station was severely damaged as well.[2][3]
The tornado continued to intensify dramatically as it moved northeast, reaching F5 intensity as it struck Rock Creek. Many homes in the town were leveled or swept completely away, and the roof of Rock Creek Church of God was blown off. Several cars parked in the church parking lot were thrown into a 50-foot ravine. The church was turned into makeshift trauma center immediately after the tornado. A total of eleven people were killed in Rock Creek. The far western fringes of Concord were impacted in this area as well (particularly the Warrior River Road area). The tornado weakened slightly to F4 intensity as it struck the neighboring community of Sylvan Springs, where many additional homes were completely leveled, and four people were killed. Homes were damaged and destroyed just outside Pleasant Grove as well.[4][5]
Continuing past Pleasant Grove, the tornado began to encroach on Birmingham's inner suburbs. This tornado regained its maximum F5 strength as it tore through the communities of Edgewater and McDonald Chapel. Fourteen people lost their lives in that area and the storm swept away numerous homes. The tornado's effects were noticed around the same time by the ABC 33/40 Birmingham tower camera, which was pointed toward the western suburbs. Though it was dark, a massive power failure occurred in western Birmingham, when several transmission lines coming from the Miller Steam Plant electric generating station were knocked off line. This was noticed during the long-form weather coverage on 33/40, which lasted most of the evening. (The station, and several of its competitors, has a policy of pre-empting regular programming and broadcasting only severe weather information when a tornado warning is in effect for any part of its coverage area.) The storm began to weaken somewhat as it crossed State Route 269 into the northern Birmingham neighborhood of Pratt City, though it was still very powerful. F3 damage and several injuries occurred in Pratt City before the tornado abruptly dissipated. Had the tornado remained on the ground, it would have gone into the northern sections of downtown Birmingham. A few miles further to the east, the Birmingham International Airport could have been affected as well. The storm lifted before reaching these sections of Birmingham. However, a new F2 tornado touched down again in neighboring St. Clair County, where two people were killed.[6][7]
The tornado was at the time the seventh deadliest in Alabama history, killing one more person than in a tornado that hit Alabama on March 21, 1932. One young boy died nine days after this event from head injuries. His father was paralyzed from the waist down, and his mother suffered severe injuries. Another mother and her two children, despite taking shelter in their underground basement, were killed when hundreds of pounds of debris was blown onto them. Overall, 32 people were killed by the tornado and hundreds more were injured.[8][9]
| State | Total | County | County total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 34 | Jefferson | 32 |
| St. Clair | 2 | ||
| Georgia | 7 | Bryan | 2 |
| De Kalb | 1 | ||
| Liberty | 1 | ||
| Long | 3 | ||
| Totals | 41 | ||
| All deaths were tornado-related | |||
Dunwoody, Georgia F2 tornado
The tornado touched down at 11:35 PM on April 8, just northeast of Perimeter Center, and after sparing the many high-rises there, moved through Dunwoody. Its intensity increased to high-end F2 strength with winds up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h), and its width to nearly a half mile (800 m), damaging thousands of homes and downing tens of thousands of native pine and hardwood forest trees. Hundreds of homes had major damage, a few dozen were destroyed (or nearly so) and were condemned, and had to be completely rebuilt. Significant damage also occurred to the campus of Georgia Perimeter College.
The storm continued into Gwinnett, somewhat weakened, but still causing extensive damage in Peachtree Corners. The tornado crossed the county line one mile west of Norcross, skirting downtown and traveling parallel to Old Norcross Road at F2 status. it continued to Duluth, crossing the center of town and lifting briefly, taking shingles off the roofs of houses in downtown Duluth. Many more trees were snapped along Old Peachtree Road near I-85. The tornado finally weakened and lifted 5 miles north of Lawrenceville. The total length of this path was 19 miles (31 km). The current Norcross High School sits on land deforested by the tornado, and then purchased by the Gwinnett school board. In 2007, the county began seeking a grant from GEMA to help it reinstate a system of tornado sirens, beginning with eleven to be installed along the path of the 1998 tornado.[10]
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ ScanGwinnett - Gwinnett seeks $447,787 grant for siren warning system
Notes
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to April 1998 Birmingham tornado. |
- April 8, 1998 Tornado (NWS Birmingham, AL)
- NWS Service Assessment
- 1998 Tornado Project.
