Eastern Nagari script

Eastern Nagari
Type	Abugida
Languages	Assamese Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Meitei
Time period	c. 1100–present
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet [a] Phoenician alphabet [a] Aramaic alphabet [a] Brāhmī Gupta Siddham Eastern Nagari
Child systems	Tirhuta
Sister systems	Bengali and Assamese
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Beng, 325
Unicode alias	Bengali
Unicode range	U+0980–U+09FF
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

Eastern Nagari script or Bengali-Assamese script defines the unified usage of Bengali script and Assamese script thought minor variations within. Its usage is associated with the two main languages Bengali and Assamese. Beside these two, this system has been used for other languages, such as Bishnupriya Manipuri, Meitei Manipuri and Kokborok languages. Many other languages like Khasi, Bodo, Karbi, Mising etc. were also written in this system in the past.

Description

The text says: "শ্রীশ্রীমত্‌শিরসিংহমহাৰাজা""Sri Sri Môt Xiwô Xinghô Môharaza"(in Assamese)(see also Siva Singha). Modern Assamese letter "ৱ" (wô) is used as "র" ("wô/vô" in Assamese during Ahom rules) in this 18th-century manuscript.

Eastern Nagari is less blocky and present a more sinuous shaping. Eastern Nagari is derived from the precursor script Siddham. The modern Eastern Nagari script was formalized in 1778 when it was first typeset by Charles Wilkins. In addition to differences in how the letters are pronounced in the different languages, there are some minor typographical differences between the version of the script used for Assamese and Bengali languages.

The Eastern Nagari script was originally not associated with any particular regional language, but was prevalent as the main script in the eastern regions of Medieval India. The script was also used to write Sanskrit. Epics of Hindu scripture, including the Mahabharata or Ramayana, were written in older versions of the Eastern Nagari script in this region. After the medieval period, the use of Sanskrit as the sole written language gave way to Pali, and the vernacular dialects of Pali eventually evolved into Bengali, Assamese and other related languages. Sankardev used the script in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Assamese and Brajavali the language of the Bhakti poets; and before him, Madhava Kandali used it to write the Assamese Ramayana in the 14th century. It was also used by the later Ahom kings to write the Buranjis, the Ahom chronicles, in the Assamese language. There is a rich legacy of East sub-continental literature written in this script, which is still occasionally used to write Sanskrit today.

Clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular characters; thus, learning to read the script is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of characters and character combinations, numbering about 500. While efforts at standardizing the script for the Bengali language continue in such notable centers as the Bangla Academy at Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi at Kolkata (West Bengal, India). It is still not quite uniform as yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds. Among the various regional variations within this script, only the Bengali and Assamese variations exist today in the formalized system.

It seems likely that the standardization of the script will be greatly influenced by the need to typeset it on computers. Work has been underway since around 2001 to develop Unicode fonts, and it seems likely that it will split into two variants, traditional and modern.

Script

Main article: Bengali script

Main article: Assamese script

In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Assamese and Bengali languages, a Romanization scheme used by linguists specializing in Assamese and Bengali phonology is included along with IPA transcription.

Vowels

• Assamese Vowels
• Bengali Vowels

The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short [i] and a long [iː], and a short [u] and a long [uː]. These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.

Two additional modified Vowels, অ' and অ্যা, are not considered letters of the Eastern Nagari script, but are often used in Assamese and Bengali (respectively) to represent certain vowels when the intended pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous.

Vowel Table

Vowels	Vowel Diacritic symbol	Assamese	Bengali	Bishnupriya Manipuri	Meitei Manipuri [1]
অ	-	ô	ô	ô	ô/a
আ	া	a	a	a	a:
ই	ি	i	i	i	i
ঈ	ী	i	i	i	-
উ	ু	u	u	u	u
ঊ	ূ	u	u	u	-
ঋ	ৃ	ri	ri	ri	-
ৠ	ৄ	rii	rii	-	-
ঌ	ৢ	li	li	-	-
ৡ	ৣ	lii	lii	-	-
এ	ে	e/ê	e/ê	e	e
ঐ	ৈ	ôi	ôi	ôi	ei
ও	ো	u	u/o	u	o/ô
ঔ	ৌ	ôu	ôu	ôu	ou

Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by ক, kô). When no vowel Diacritic symbol is written, then the vowel "অ" (ô) is the default inherited vowel for the consonant. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a hôsôntô (্) may be written underneath the consonant.

Consonants

• Assamese Consonants
• Bengali Consonants

The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "অ" ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "ঘ" is itself ঘ ghô, not gh). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called nô; instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and niô. Similarly, the phoneme /ʃ/ in Bengali and /x/ in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" শ , "cerebral shô/xhô" ষ, or "dental sô/xô" স, depending on the word.

Consonant Table

Consonant	Assamese	Bengali	Bishnupriya Manipuri	Meitei Manipuri
ক	kô	kô	kô	kô
খ	khô	khô	khô	khô
গ	gô	gô	gô	gô
ঘ	ghô	ghô	ghô	ghô
ঙ	ngô	ngô	ngô	ngô
চ	sô	chô/sô	chô	chô
ছ	ssô	chhô/ssô	chhô	-
জ	zô	jô	jô	jô
ঝ	zhô	jhô	jhô	jhô
ঞ	nô	nô	nô	-
ট	tô	ţô	ţô	-
ঠ	thô	ţhô	ţhô	-
ড	dô	đô	đô	-
ড়	ŗô	ŗô	ŗô	-
ঢ	dhô	đhô	đhô	-
ঢ়	ŗhô	ŗhô	ŗhô	-
ণ	nô	nô	nô	-
ত	tô	tô	tô	tô
থ	thô	thô	thô	thô
দ	dô	dô	dô	dô
ধ	dhô	dhô	dhô	dhô
ন	nô	nô	nô	nô
প	pô	pô	pô	pô
ফ	fô	fô	fô	fô
ব	bô	bô	bô	bô
ভ	bhô	bhô	bhô	bhô
ম	mô	mô	mô	mô
য	zô	zô	jô	-
য়	yô	yô	yô	yô
র	-	rô	rô	rô
ৰ	rô	-	-	-
ল	lô	lô	lô	lô
ৱ	wô	-	wô	wô
শ	xhô	shô	shô	-
ষ	xhô	shô	shô	-
স	xô	sô	sô	sô
হ	hô	hô	hô	hô

Digits

Digits

Western Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Eastern Nagari numerals	০	১	২	৩	৪	৫	৬	৭	৮	৯
Assamese names	xhuinyô	ek	dui	tini	sari	pas	sôy	xat	ath	nô
	শূন্য	এক	দুই	তিনি	চাৰি	পাচ	ছয়	সাত	আঠ	ন
Bengali names	shunyô	æk	dui	tin	char	pãch	chhôy	sat	aţ	nôy
	শূন্য	এক	দুই	তিন	চার	পাঁচ	ছয়	সাত	আট	নয়
Meitei names	ama	ani	ahum	mari	manga	taruk	taret	nipa:l	ma:pal	tara:
	অমা	অনি	অহুম	মরি	মঙা	তরুক	তরেৎ	নিপাল	মাপল	তরা

Eastern Nagari in Unicode

Main article: Bengali (Unicode block)

The Unicode block for Eastern Nagari script, called Bengali, is U+0980–U+09FF:

Bengali Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+098x

ঀ

ঁ

ং

ঃ

অ

আ

ই

ঈ

উ

ঊ

ঋ

ঌ

এ

U+099x

ঐ

ও

ঔ

ক

খ

গ

ঘ

ঙ

চ

ছ

জ

ঝ

ঞ

ট

U+09Ax

ঠ

ড

ঢ

ণ

ত

থ

দ

ধ

ন

প

ফ

ব

ভ

ম

য

U+09Bx

র

ল

শ

ষ

স

হ

়

ঽ

া

ি

U+09Cx

ী

ু

ূ

ৃ

ৄ

ে

ৈ

ো

ৌ

্

ৎ

U+09Dx

ৗ

ড়

ঢ়

য়

U+09Ex

ৠ

ৡ

ৢ

ৣ

০

১

২

৩

৪

৫

৬

৭

৮

৯

U+09Fx

ৰ

ৱ

৲

৳

৴

৵

৶

৷

৸

৹

৺

৻

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 8.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

External links

• Omniglot – Assamese Alphabet
• Omniglot – Bengali Alphabet