Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

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Further information: International recognition of the State of Palestine

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The foreign relations of the Palestine Liberation Organization have been conducted since the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964.[1] In November 1988, the PLO's Palestinian National Council declared the independence of the State of Palestine and in 1994 the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) following the Oslo Accords. The PLO Executive Committee performs the functions of the government of the State of Palestine. Currently, the PLO maintains a network of offices in foreign countries and also represents the PNA abroad.

From 2011, the PLO's diplomatic effort has been focused on the so-called Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.

Background

The Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time.[1] Initially, the PLO established relations with Arab and communist countries. In 1969 the PLO became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[2][3] In October 1974, the Arab League designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".[4] The new status of the PLO was recognised by all Arab League states except Jordan. (Jordan recognised that status of the PLO at a later stage.) On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. By Resolution 3237 on the same date, the PLO was granted non-State observer status at the United Nations.[5][6] In September 1976, the PLO became a non-state member of the Arab League, and in the same year became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

On 15 November 1988, in support of the First Intifada, the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine, which was widely recognised by many foreign governments,[7] although often statements made were of an equivocal nature.[8] - at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the another, or by the generic "Palestine". Many countries and organisations "upgraded" representation from the PLO to the new State, though in practice the same PLO offices, personnel and contacts continued to be used. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states.[9][10] Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.

The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, who since July 2007 has been Riyad Al-Maliki, is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories, and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO, who represents it there.

Both the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations,[11] and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO,[12] is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.

Bilateral relations

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See also: International recognition of the State of Palestine

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Further information: List of diplomatic missions of Palestine and List of diplomatic missions to Palestine
Countries with standing relations with the PLO and the PNA.

The PLO maintains a network of missions and embassies,[13] and represents the PNA abroad.[13][14] Most of the 136 states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the PLO representation in their country to the status of embassy.[15] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges,[15] and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".[16]

In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations.[17] The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968, when it was closed. The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987,[18][19] but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization.[20] A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center.[21] The PLO Mission office, in Washington D.C., was opened in 1994, and represented the PLO in the United States. On 20 July 2010, the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to "General Delegation of the PLO".[22]

States that recognise the State of Palestine accredit to the PLO[14] (acting as its government-in-exile[23][24][25][26][note 1]) non-resident ambassadors residing in third countries.[34][35] Representation of foreign countries to the PNA is performed by missions or offices in Ramallah and Gaza.

Alphabetical table of relations

A total of 148 states currently[dubious – discuss] have some form of diplomatic relations[dubious – discuss] with the PLO and PNA, in addition to the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

  Full diplomatic relations (total 114)
  No diplomatic recognition of the State of Palestine (total 34, the European Union and the Order of Malta)
State Relations established Palestinian representation Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Afghanistan Yes[when?] — Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[36] OIC
 Albania Yes[when?] Embassy (Tirana)[37] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC; Albania–Palestine relations
 Algeria Yes[when?] Embassy (Algiers)[38] Embassy, non-resident (Tunis)[39] Arab League, OIC; Algeria–Palestine relations
 Angola Yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[40] — —
 Argentina 2009 or before[41][42][43][when?] Embassy (Buenos Aires)[43][44][45] Office (Ramallah)[46] —
 Australia 23 August 2000[47][48] General delegation (Canberra)[47] Office (Ramallah) —
 Austria 13 December 1978[49][50] Ambassador mission (Vienna)[51][52] Office (Ramallah)[53] EU
 Azerbaijan 15 April 1992[54] Embassy (Baku)[55] OIC
 Bahrain 15 June 1974[56] Embassy (Manama)[57] Arab League, OIC
 Bangladesh 1972 | Embassy (Dhaka)[58][59] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
 Belarus Yes[when?] Embassy (Minsk)[60][61] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] —
 Belgium Yes[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[40][citation needed] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[62][63] EU
 Belize Yes[when?] Special delegation, non-resident (Mexico City)[64] — —
 Benin Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Lagos)[65][66] OIC
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992[67] Embassy (Sarajevo)[68] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
 Brazil 1993 or before[69][when?] Special delegation (Brasília)[69] Office (Ramallah)[69] —; Brazil–Palestine relations
 Brunei 24 May 1994 Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[70] OIC
 Bulgaria Yes[when?] Embassy (Sofia)[71] Office (Ramallah)[72] EU
 Burkina Faso Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[73][74] OIC;Burkina Faso-Palestine relations
 Cambodia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[75] —
 Cameroon Yes[76][when?] OIC
 Canada 1993[77] General delegation (Ottawa)[78] Office (Ramallah)[79] —
 Chad Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[40] OIC
 Chile March 1990[80] Embassy (Santiago)[40][80][81] Office (Ramallah)[82] —
 China Yes[when?] Embassy (Beijing)[83] Office (Ramallah)[84] —; China–Palestine relations
 Colombia 3 October 1988[85] Special mission (Bogota)[86] Delegation, non-resident (Cairo)[85] —
 Comoros Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[40] Arab League, OIC
 Republic of the Congo Yes[when?] Embassy (Brazaville)[citation needed] —
 Costa Rica 5 February 2008[87] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[88][89] —
 Côte d'Ivoire Yes[when?] Embassy (Abidjan)[90] OIC
 Croatia 31 March 2011[91][92] — Representation, non-resident (Zagreb) EU
 Cuba Yes[when?] Embassy (Havanna)[93] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[94] —
 Cyprus Yes[when?] Embassy (Nicosia)[95] Office (Ramallah)[96] EU
 Czech Republic 1983[97] Embassy (Prague)[98] Office (Ramallah)[99] EU
 Denmark Yes[when?] General delegation (Copenhagen)[40] Office (Ramallah)[100] EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
 Djibouti Yes[when?] Embassy (Djibouti)[40] Arab League, OIC
 Dominican Republic 15 July 2009[101] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[102] —
 East Timor 1 March 2004[47][103] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[47] — —
 Ecuador 2008 or before[104][when?] Delegation, non-resident (Lima)[104] — —
 Egypt Yes[when?] Embassy (Cairo)[40] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed]		 Arab League, OIC; Egypt–Palestine relations
 El Salvador 10 May 2013 [105]
 Eritrea Yes[76][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[40] —
 Estonia 2004 or before[106][when?] Mission, non-resident (Helsinki)[106][107] — EU
 Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[108] —
 European Union 1994 or before[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[40] Office (Ramallah)[109] EU; Palestine–European Union relations
 Finland 1982[110] General delegation (Helsinki)[110] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
 France Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Paris)[111][112] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[113] EU
 Gabon Yes[when?] Embassy (Libreville)[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
 Gambia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[114] OIC
 Georgia 25 April 1992[115] —
 Germany Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Berlin)[116] Office (Ramallah)[117] EU
 Ghana Yes[when?] Embassy (Accra)[118] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
 Greece 1981 Representation (Athens)[119] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[120][clarification needed] EU
 Grenada 27 September 2013[121]
 Guinea Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[40][122] OIC
 Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[40] OIC
 Guyana Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Havana)[123] OIC
 Haiti 27 September 2013[121]
 Holy See 25 October 1994[124] Representation, non-resident (London)[125][126][127] Apostolic nunciature, non-resident (Tunis)[125]
Apostolic delegation (Jerusalem)[128][129][clarification needed]		 —; Holy See–Palestine relations
 Honduras 4 June 2013[130] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[131] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv) —; Honduras-Palestine relations
 Hungary Yes[when?] Embassy (Budapest)[132][133] Office (Ramallah)[134]
Honorary Consulate (Bethlehem)[135]		 EU
 Iceland Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Oslo)[136] Embassy, non-resident (Reykjavík)[137] —; Iceland–Palestine relations
 India 1974[138] Embassy (New Delhi)[139] Office (Ramallah)[138] —; India–Palestine relations
 Indonesia 19 October 1989[140] Embassy (Jakarta)[140][141] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[140][141] OIC; Indonesia–Palestine relations
 Iran Yes[when?] Embassy (Tehran)[40] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
 Iraq Yes[when?] Embassy (Baghdad)[142] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Iraq–Palestine relations
 Ireland Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Dublin)[16][143][144] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
 Israel 20 August 1993 Department, non-resident (Gaza)[145] Department, non-resident (Tel Aviv) Israel–Palestine relations
 Italy 1974[49][when?] General delegation (Rome)[146] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[147][148] EU
 Japan Yes[when?] General delegation (Tokyo)[149] Office (Ramallah)[150] —
 Jordan Yes[when?] Embassy (Amman)[151] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Kazakhstan 6 April 1992[152] Embassy (Astana)[152] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[152] OIC
 Kenya Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[40][153] —
 Korea, North Yes[when?] Embassy (Pyongyang)[40][154] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —; North Korea–Palestine relations
 Korea, South Yes[when?] — Office (Ramallah)[155] —
 Kuwait Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuwait)[40][citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Kyrgyzstan November 1995[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[156] OIC
 Laos 15 May 1989[157] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[157] —
 Latvia Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[110] — EU
 Lebanon Yes[when?] Embassy (Beirut)[158] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Libya Yes[when?] Embassy (Tripoli)[159] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Lithuania Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[110] — EU
 Luxembourg 2006 or before[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Brussels)[160] — EU
 Malawi Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[161] Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[162] —
 Malaysia Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuala Lumpur)[163][164] OIC; Malaysia–Palestine relations
 Maldives Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Colombo)[165] Embassy, non-resident (London)[166] OIC
 Mali Yes[when?] Embassy (Bamako)[73][167] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[73][168] OIC
 Malta Yes[when?] Embassy (Valletta)[169] Office (Ramallah)[170] EU
 Mauritania Yes[when?] Embassy (Nouakchott)[40][171] Arab League, OIC
 Mauritius Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[172] —
 Mexico 1975[173] Special delegation (Mexico City)[174] Office (Ramallah)[175] Mexico–Palestine relations
 Moldova 7 June 1994[176] —
 Mongolia 25 April 1979[177] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
 Montenegro 1 August 2006[178] Embassy, non-resident (Belgrade)[179] —
 Morocco Yes[when?] Embassy (Rabat)[180] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[181] Arab League, OIC
 Mozambique Yes[when?] Embassy (Maputo)[182] OIC
 Namibia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)[183] —
 Netherlands Yes[when?] General delegation (The Hague)[40] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
 New Zealand Yes[47][when?] General delegation, non-resident (Canberra)[47] — —
 Nicaragua Yes[when?] Embassy (Managua)[184][185] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —
 Niger Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[40] OIC
 Nigeria Yes[when?] Embassy (Abuja)[186] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
 Norway Yes[187][when?] General delegation (Oslo)[188] Office (Ramallah)[189] —
 Oman Yes[when?] Embassy (Muscat)[190] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 Arab League, OIC
 Pakistan Yes[when?] Embassy (Islamabad)[191] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
 Papua New Guinea 4 October 2004[47][192] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[47] — —
 Paraguay 25 March 2005[193] Embassy, non-resident (Brasília)[194] —
 Peru 2008 or before[104][when?] Embassy (Lima)[195] — —
 Philippines September 1989[196] Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[35][40] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[35] —
 Poland Yes[when?] Embassy (Warsaw)[197] Office (Ramallah)[198] EU
 Portugal Yes[when?] General delegation (Lisbon)[40] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
 Qatar Yes[when?] Embassy (Doha)[199] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 Arab League, OIC
 Romania Yes[when?] Embassy (Bucharest)[200][201] Office (Ramallah)[202] EU; Romania–Palestine relations
 Russia 1974[203] Embassy (Moscow)[204][205] Office (Ramallah)[206] —; Russia–Palestine relations
 Saint Lucia 14 September 2015[207]
 Saudi Arabia Yes[when?] Embassy (Riyadh)[208] Arab League, OIC
 Senegal 1 December 1981[49] Embassy (Dakar)[209] OIC
 Serbia 1989[210] Embassy (Belgrade)[211] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[34] —; Palestine–Serbia relations
 Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[212] —
 Slovakia 1 January 1993[213] Embassy (Bratislava)[214][215] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed]
Office, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[216][217]		 EU
 Slovenia Yes[when?] Diplomatic Mission, non-resident (Vienna)[218] Office (Ramallah)[218] EU
 Somalia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[40] Arab League, OIC
 South Africa 15 February 1995[219] Embassy (Pretoria)[220] Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[219][221][222] —; Palestine–South Africa relations
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta September 2011[223][224] [224] [224] —
 Spain 14 August 1986[49][when?] General delegation (Madrid)[225] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[226] EU
 Sri Lanka Yes[when?] Embassy (Colombo)[227] Office (Ramallah)[228] —
 Sudan Yes[when?] Embassy (Khartoum)[229][230] Arab League, OIC
 Swaziland Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Maputo)[231] — —
 Sweden 30 October 2014[232] Embassy (Stockholm)[233] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[234] EU
  Switzerland Yes[when?] General delegation (Bern)[235][236] Office (Ramallah)[237] —
 Syria 2006 or before[238][when?] Embassy (Damascus)[239] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Tajikistan 1994 or before[240][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[241] OIC
 Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam)[242][243] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[242] —
 Thailand 1 August 2012[244] Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[244] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[244] —
 Tunisia 1994[245] Embassy (Tunis)[40] Office (Ramallah)[246] Arab League, OIC
 Turkey 1975[247] Embassy (Ankara)[248] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[249] OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
 Turkmenistan 17 April 1992[250] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[251] OIC
 Uganda Yes[when?] Embassy (Kampala)[40] OIC
 Ukraine Yes[when?] Embassy (Kiev)[252] —
 United Arab Emirates Yes[when?] Embassy (Abu Dhabi)[253] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[254] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations
 United Kingdom Yes[when?] General delegation (London)[255][256] Office (Gaza)[257]
Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[258][259][260][clarification needed]		 EU; Palestine–United Kingdom relations
 United States Yes[when?] General delegation (Washington, D.C.)[261][262] Consulate-General (Jerusalem)[263][264] Palestine–United States relations
 Uruguay 20 April 2010[265] —[266][267] —[266][267] —
 Uzbekistan 25 September 1994[268] Embassy (Tashkent)[269] OIC
 Vanuatu 19 October 1989[270] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[47] —
 Venezuela 27 April 2009[271][272] Mission (Caracas)[40][273] Embassy, non-resident[citation needed]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 —; Palestine–Venezuela relations
 Vietnam 1968[274] Embassy (Hanoi)[275] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —; Palestine–Vietnam relations
 Yemen Yes[when?] Embassy (Sana'a)[276] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC
 Zambia Yes[when?] Embassy (Lusaka)[40] —
 Zimbabwe Yes[when?] Embassy (Harare)[153][277] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —

Relations with international organisations

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources, in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PLO as representative of the Palestinian state, the PLO as a non-state entity, or the PNA. Often, the designation by the international organisation is usually simply with "Palestine".

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date
Membership
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation [note 2] member State of Palestine 1969 [note 3]
Non-Aligned Movement member [279] Palestine[clarification needed] 1976 [280]
Arab League [note 4] member State of Palestine 1976 [note 3]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member [282] Palestine Liberation Organization[283] (as in the UNGA) 1977
Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly member [284] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2003
International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions [note 5] member [285] Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights (PNA)[note 6] 2004 [286]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement		 member Palestine Red Crescent Society (PLO)[287] 2006 [280]
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean member [288] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2006 [280]
Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008
Inter-Parliamentary Union member [289] Palestinian National Council (PLO)[note 7] 1995[290] 2008 [note 7]
Asian Parliamentary Assembly member [296] Palestinian Legislative Council (PNA)
Group of 77 member [297] Palestine[clarification needed]
International Trade Union Confederation member [298] Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions
Airports Council International member [299] Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority (PNA)
Alliance for Financial Inclusion member [300] Palestinian Monetary Authority (PNA) 2010
UNESCO member State of Palestine 1989[301] 2011 [note 8]
IBAN member [305] Palestinian Monetary Authority (PNA)[306] 2012
Non-member status
United Nations [note 9] observer state State of Palestine[311] 1974 [note 10]
World Health Organization observer [313] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998
International Telecommunication Union observer [314] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998 [315]
World Tourism Organization special observer [316] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA)[citation needed] 1999
International Organization for Standardization correspondent [317][note 11] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[319][320] 2001 [note 12]
World Intellectual Property Organization observer [321] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 2005 2005 [322]
Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008
Energy Charter Conference observer [323] Palestinian National Authority 2008
International Electrotechnical Commission affiliate participant [324] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[320][325] 2009
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe partner for democracy Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2010 [284] 2011 [326]

Arab League

In 1964, the first summit of the League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity.[327][328] Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem.[329] The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October.[330] The PLO was granted full membership in 1976.[331] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[331][specify]

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC; now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in 1969;[332] it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer.[333] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[specify] It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.[334][335]

Status at the United Nations

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Further information: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations; International recognition of the State of Palestine; and State of Palestine

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.[336]

The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986.[note 9] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine,[337] the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967".[337][338] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.[339] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."[339] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.[340][341]

Since 2011, Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. In September 2012, the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non-member observer state status to Palestine,[342][343] which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012.[26] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine".[344]

The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens, whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialised UN agencies, such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation,[345] the Law of the Seas Treaty and the International Criminal Court. It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN. It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of their territory in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war-crimes charges, mainly those relating to the unlawful Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.[346]

As of 2013, after Palestine was granted UN observer status, the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as 'The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations',[347] and Palestine has started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports,[348][349] whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent 'The State of Palestine', as opposed to the 'Palestine National Authority'.[348] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[350] thus recognising the PLO-proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law. Hussein Ibish, Senior Research Fellow, American Task Force on Palestine, mentioned that the terminology that was usually used regarding the Palestinian United Nations application was that the Palestinians seek recognition from the United Nations, which he claims is meaningless, He wrote that: "the United Nations doesn’t recognize states; states recognize each other. The United Nations has member states."[351]

Applications

Following the 2012 observer state status at the General Assembly,[26] the PLO Executive Committee studied a report including concrete steps on accession to international treaties and joining other international bodies.[352] On 9 January 2013 PLO-EC member Hanan Ashrawi studied steps relevant to joining UN agencies and organizations.[353]

World Health Organization

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO), but applied for full membership status for the State of Palestine in 1989. The United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.[354] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[355] On October 31, 2011, following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA will now seek membership at the WHO.[356] However, following protests by the UN Secretary-General, al-Malki announced on 3 November that at this point the PLO would not seek membership in other UN agencies until the issue of membership has been resolved at the Security Council.[357]

World Trade Organization

In 2005[358] and 2009, the Palestinian Authority submitted a request for World Trade Organization (WTO) observer status.[359][360] In 2013 Palestinian private sector representatives proposed that the 1994 agreement about customs union with Israel should be canceled and a separate customs territory administration should be established.[361]

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission

In 2007, the Palestinian Authority submitted a request for Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO) observer status, but it was declined.[362]

International Criminal Court

In January 2009, the Minister of Justice of the Palestinian Authority (PA), Ali Kashan, expressed the PA's wishes to recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) over “the territory of Palestine”[363] and to invoke Article 12 (3) of the Rome Statute, which specifically enables "a state which is not a party to this Statute" to request that the ICC exercise its jurisdiction on “the territory of Palestine” or involving its nationals.

The ICC rejected the request in April 2012.[364][365] According to the Jerusalem Post, "had the ICC accepted the PA’s recognition of its jurisdiction, it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood."[366] In September 2012 the ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda suggested that the issue may be re-visited following the vote at the UNGA.[367]

United Nations

In September 2011, the PLO submitted an application for full membership of the United Nations. In a speech to the General Assembly, President Mahmoud Abbas said:[368]

"I would like to inform you that, before delivering this statement, I, in my capacity as President of the State of Palestine and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, submitted to H.E. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations an application for the admission of Palestine on the basis of the 4 June 1967 borders, with Al-Kuds Al-Sharif as its capital, as a full member of the United Nations."

In 2011 the Security Council's membership committee deadlocked on the issue and had been "unable to make a unanimous recommendation to the Security Council".[369] Its report was the result of seven weeks of meetings, detailing myriad disagreements between the council members on whether Palestine fulfills the requirements set forth in the U.N. charter for members countries.[370]

Participation in international sports federations

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date
International Olympic Committee (and Olympic Council of Asia) member Palestine Olympic Committee[clarification needed] 1986 1995
International Paralympic Committee member Palestinian Paralympic Committee[clarification needed]
FIFA (International Federation of Association Football)[note 13] member [371] Palestinian Football Association[clarification needed] 1998

International treaties and conventions

The Palestine Liberation Organization, representing the Palestinian National Authority, participates in trade liberalisation:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
Customs Union with Israel [note 14] 1994[note 15]
Free Trade Agreement with the European Union[372] 1997-02-24[372] 1997-07-01[372]
Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association[373] 1998-11-30[374] 1999-07-01[374]
Bilateral Investment Treaty with Egypt[358] 1998-04-28[375] 1999-06-19[375]
Free Trade Agreement with Turkey[376] 2004-07-20[376] 2005-06-01[376]
Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity[377] [when?] [when?]
free trade agreement with Mercosur[378] 2011-12-21[378]
free trade agreement with Jordan[379] 2012-10-07[379]

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly[note 16] accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
On roads[381] 2001-05-10[381] 2006-11-28[381]
On railways[382] 2003-04-14[382] 2006-11-28[382]
On maritime transport[383] — 2005-05-09[383]

Applications

Following the 2012 UN resolution according observer status for the State of Palestine, foreign minister Maliki stated that a committee will be formed to examine all possible options for the State of Palestine to join international treaties and conventions.[352][353][384]

Geneva Conventions

In 1989, the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the State of Palestine, submitted a letter of accession to the Geneva Conventions. However, Switzerland, as the depositary state, determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.[354]

"Due to the incertainty [sic] within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols."[385]

Nevertheless, the Palestine Red Crescent Society is currently a member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which requires its participants to adhere to the Geneva Conventions.[note 17]

Aftermath of Hamas' victory

After the victory of the Change and Reform list (led by Hamas) in the 2006 elections, many governments, including the United States, as well as the European Union, cut ties with the organs of the PLC,[387][388] but not those connected to the PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas. The boycott led to the withholding of foreign aid, upon which much of the Palestinian economy is dependent, promised to the PNA. The European Union set up a mechanism to transfer some aid to PNA employees, many of whom had gone unpaid for months, that bypassed the government. After Abbas' sacking of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya as a response by Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the boycott was lifted.

Notes

  1. ↑ The members of the institutions of the State of Palestine meet inside its claimed territory[27][28][29][30] without having control over any part of it.[31][32][33]
  2. ↑ Including its subordinated organizations of Islamic Development Bank (joined in 1977, three years after its establishment in 1974) and Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (one of the founders in 1982).[278]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
  4. ↑ Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Monetary Fund and Arab Satellite Communications Organization. The PLO's Palestinian National Council is one of the founders of the Arab Inter-parliamentary Union in 1974.[281]
  5. ↑ Including its regional subgroup Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF).
  6. ↑ Established by 1993 decree of the President of the State of Palestine and the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and organized according to 1997 PNA's Palestinian Legislative Council law stipulating that "The Commission shall submit its reports to the President of the National Authority, and to the Palestinian Legislative Council."[286]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Palestine Liberation Organization delegation has been IPU observer since the 117th session of the IPU Governing Council in 1975.[281] At various sessions in 1996,[290] 1997[291] and 1998[292] it was decided that the Palestine National Council does not fulfill the conditions for membership laid down in Article 3 of the IPU Statutes,[292] but in 1998 the rights of the observer delegation of Palestine were strengthened.[293] Following the approval of the amendment to Article 3[294] in 2008 the PNC was accepted as IPU member.[295]
  8. ↑ The PLO participated in UNESCO as observer since 1974.[302] In 1989 an application was submitted for the State of Palestine to become full member.[301] In 2011 UNESCO accepted the application.[303][304]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.[307][308][309][310]
  10. ↑ Since 1974 the Palestine Liberation Organization has the status of UN non-state observer entity. Since 1988 its designation in the UN is "Palestine".[12] Since 2012 the UN observer mission of the PLO is changed into UN observer mission of the State of Palestine,[311] whose government is the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[26][312]
  11. ↑ Representation for "Occupied Palestinian Territory" equivalent to that of a state; assigned the code "ps"[318]
  12. ↑ The PSI became a subscriber member of ISO in 2001 and a correspondent member in 2004.[319] It is still not a full member.[317]
  13. ↑ The Palestinian Football Association is also member of Asian Football Confederation and Union of Arab Football Associations.
  14. ↑ Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey, USA, Canada and Mexico. The PNA participates in the free trade agreement between the United States and Israel.
  15. ↑ Established following the Oslo Accords and the Paris protocol.
  16. ↑ Palestine was accorded membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977.[283] Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA.[380]
  17. ↑ The ICJ noted that Palestine gave a unilateral undertaking, by declaration of 7 June 1982, in the name of the 'State of Palestine' to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention – and that Switzerland, as depositary State, considered that unilateral undertaking valid.[386]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "... foreign policy formation of non-state actors as well as states. ... Since its inception in 1964, the PLO as a non-state actor has exercised a number of roles that approximate those utilized by nation-states."
  2. ↑ The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
  3. ↑ OIC member states
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  19. ↑ 22 USC CHAPTER 61 – ANTI-TERRORISM – PLO, Office of the Law Revision Counsel (United States). Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  20. ↑ FUNDING EVIL, How Terrorism Is Financed – and How to Stop It By Rachel Ehrenfeld
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  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "...as non-resident Ambassador to Palestine to Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas".
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of Afghanistan in Damascus ... non-resident envoy to: Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine".
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  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "In 1947, India voted against the partition of Palestine at the UN GA. India was first Non-Arab State to recognize PLO ... in 1974. India was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine in 1988. In 1996, India opened its Representative Office to the Palestine Authority in Gaza, which later was shifted to Ramamllah in 2003".
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Indonesia's formal recognition towards the recently established State of Palestine the very next day, on 16 November 1988 ... One year later, Indonesia and Palestine agreed to advance their bilateral relations through the signing of a Joint Communique on the Commencement of Indonesia-Palestine Diplomatic Relations at Ambassadorial Level, on 19 October 1988 ... Indonesia assigned its Head of Mission to the Republic of Tunisia as the Ambassador non-resident for Palestine until 1 June 2004, when the assignment was relegated to the Indonesia's Ambassador for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Amman."
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia to Yordania and accredited to the State of Palestine ... Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The State of Palestine".
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  146. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Delegazione Generale Palestinese".
  147. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Consulate General of Italy (West Jerusalem) ... Consulate General of Italy (East Jerusalem)".
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  149. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ambassador, Representative of the Permanent General Mission of Palestine".
  150. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  151. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "سفارة دولة فلسطي".
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Relations established on 6 April 1992. Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993.
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ambassador E.P. of the State of Palestine to the DPRK".
  155. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  156. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestine".
  158. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  159. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  160. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  161. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  162. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  163. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  164. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  165. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  166. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  167. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "L'ambassadeur de l'Etat de Palestine".
  168. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ambassadeur du Mali auprès ... de l’Etat de Palestine ... avec résidence au Caire".
  169. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of Palestine, National Day - 15 November".
  170. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestine, National Day – 15 November, Represtative Office of Malta".
  171. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  172. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  173. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  175. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  176. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  177. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "State of Palestine". Relations established with the PLO prior to the 1988 declaration of independence.
  178. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestine, State of Palestine - Date of Recognition 24 July 2006; Date of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations 1 August 2006."
  179. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  180. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  181. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Office Chief of Connection ... Ramallah".
  182. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embaixada do Estado da Palestina".
  183. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine to Namibia (non-resident)".
  184. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embajada del Estado de Palestina".
  185. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embajada de Palestina".
  186. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  187. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  188. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  189. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  190. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  191. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  192. ↑ Government of Papua New Guina (4 October 2004). PNG establishes formal diplomatic relations with Palestine. Press release. Office of the Prime Minister. Accessed 2011-05-30.
  193. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "... estableció relaciones diplomáticas con Palestina el 25 de marzo de 2005 mediante el intercambio de Notas Reversales, acto que implicó su reconocimiento. ... Por esta declaración la República del Paraguay reitera expresamente el reconocimiento de ese Estado como libre e independiente con las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967."
  194. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  195. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  196. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., p219: "The State of Palestine is recognized by over one hundred states including the Republic of the Philippines. In September 1989, diplomatic relations were established between the two governments leading to the opening of the Embassy of the State of Palestine in Manila, May 1990."
  197. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ambasada Palestyny".
  198. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  199. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "National Day ... November 15".
  200. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  201. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  202. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  203. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Первое представительство ООП (Организации Освобождения Палестины) в Москве было открыто в 1974 г., и первым Главой Представительства стал Бригадный Генерал Мухаммад Аль-Шаер. В 1981г. Представительство было преобразовано в дипломатическую миссию. А 18 ноября 1988 г. СССР официально признал Палестинское Государство. В январе 1990г. Представительство было преобразовано в Посольство Государство Палестина."
  204. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Посольство Государства Палестина".
  205. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  206. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  207. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  208. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  209. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  210. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  211. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine, National Day: November 15th - Independence Day".
  212. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  213. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  214. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  215. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ambassador of the State of Palestine to Slovakia".
  216. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  217. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  218. ↑ 218.0 218.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine was announced on 15 February 1995. ... South African Representation in Palestine - The South African Representative to the Palestinian National Authority ... State of Palestine Representation in South Africa - Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  220. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestine (State of) - (Embassy of the State of) ... National Day: 29 November".
  221. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Representative to the State of Palestine".
  222. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Al Masyoun, Ramallah ... Omar Mukhtar Street, Gaza".
  223. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Last September, we have opened relations with the Palestinian Authorities".
  224. ↑ 224.0 224.1 224.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The Order of Malta has relations at Ambassador level with: Palestinian Authority".
  225. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Delegacion General de Palestina".
  226. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Representación de España - Consulado General en Jerusalen".
  227. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  228. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestinian National Authority".
  229. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of Palestine".
  230. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  231. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  232. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  233. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) - General Delegation of Palestine".
  234. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The Consulate General also follows and reports about the Israeli-Palestinian peace process through contacts with the Palestinian Authority."
  235. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  236. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Délégation générale de Palestine".
  237. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Representative Office of Switzerland".
  238. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  239. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  240. ↑ ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ТАДЖИКИСТАНА, page25
  241. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Cairo ... Accreditation to: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Palestina, Libya, Iraq and Syria"; "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  243. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  244. ↑ 244.0 244.1 244.2 2012-07-13, Thai joint declaration Palestinians for the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries: "the two sides agree on the establishment of diplomatic relations, to begin in the first of next month... Thailand through its embassy in Amman ... Palestine is through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur"
  245. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Les deux pays ont établi des relations diplomatiques en 1994. chacune des deux parties étant représentée par un bureau de liaison."
  246. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Ramallah : (Palestine) ... Président du Bureau de liaison".
  247. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Turkey established official relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1975 and was one of the first countries that recognized the Palestinian State established in exile on 15 November 1988."
  248. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine."
  249. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Today, the jurisdiction of the Consulate General covers West Bank and Gaza Strip governed by the Palestinian National Authority. The city of Jerusalem with its surrounding areas as defined by the special status (corpus seperatum) in the United Nations General Assembly Resolution No.181 in 1947, is also covered by the Consulate General."
  250. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  251. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  252. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  253. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  254. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "UAE Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the non-resident Ambassador to the State of Palestine".
  255. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  256. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  257. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  258. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  259. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Other locations - Find more information about other offices for the British Consulate in Palestinian Territories - Gaza".
  260. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The British Information & Services Office (BISO) in Gaza, is affiliated with the British Consulate General in Jerusalem."
  261. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  262. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  263. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The mission was designated a Consulate General in 1928. It now represents the United States in Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip as an independent mission, with the Consul General serving as chief of mission."
  264. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "United States maintains a consulate in east Jerusalem that deals with Palestinians in the territories and works independently of the embassy, reporting directly to Washington."
  265. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  266. ↑ 266.0 266.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  267. ↑ 267.0 267.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  268. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Diplomatic relations established with the State of Palestine 25 September 1994.
  269. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  270. ↑ Government of Vanuatu (21 August 1989). Letter to ambassador Ali Kazak (Ref: 8/3/3/nv-mf, 10/417/2). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed 2011-05-30.
  271. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  272. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  273. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  274. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "1968: Viet Nam established ties with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)... 19th November 1988: Viet Nam recognized the State of Palestine and officially transformed the PLO’s resident Representative Office into the Embassy of the State of Palestine."
  275. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of State of Palestine".
  276. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine in Yemen".
  277. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
  278. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  279. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 280.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "Palestine NAM membership 15 Aug 1976."
  281. ↑ 281.0 281.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.:"acceptance of the Palestine National Council as an observer member in the IPU at the Colombo Council in 1975"
  282. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  283. ↑ 283.0 283.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  284. ↑ 284.0 284.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  285. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  286. ↑ 286.0 286.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  287. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "PLO also contains the ...; Palestinian Red Crescent Soc (established Jord 65, part of PLO from 1969)".
  288. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  289. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "communication from the Speaker of the Palestine National Council to the 93rd Conference (April 1995) concerning the situation of Palestine in the IPU".
  291. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  292. ↑ 292.0 292.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "Palestine National Council...was not created by decision of a Parliament constituted in conformity with the laws of a sovereign State whose population it represents and on whose territory it functions ... does not have legislative power or the right to oversee the action of government."
  293. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  294. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "Membership - Article 3, add a new Article 3.1 bis as follows: Ibis. The parliament constituted in conformity with the basic law of a territorial entity whose aspirations and entitlement to statehood are recognized by the United Nations, and which enjoys the status of Permanent Observer to that Organization with substantial additional rights and privileges, may also become a Member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union."
  295. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "The Governing Council,...conditions laid down in Article 3 of the Statutes...Considering that...United Nations has on numerous occasions recognized the aspirations and entitlement to statehood of Palestine...Palestine enjoys the status of Permanent Observer to the United Nations...Considering also that the current situation on the Palestinian territories impedes the functioning of the Palestinian Legislative Council and that its participation in the work of the Inter-Parliamentary Union may therefore, for the time being, be facilitated by the Palestine National Council...Decides to admit the Parliament of Palestine as a Member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union...Annuls...the decisions...at its 117th and 163rd sessions regarding the participation of Palestine as an observer"
  296. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  297. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  298. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  299. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.:"Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority, Yasser Arafat International Airport ..., Gaza, Palestinian Authority".
  300. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  301. ↑ 301.0 301.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The list contains 92 entries, including a number of states which no longer exist.
  302. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.:"The Palestinians have had observer status at UNESCO since 1974."
  303. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  304. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  305. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  306. ↑ http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2617 (Arabic)
  307. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "On 2 April 1986, the Asian Group of the U.N. decided to accept the PLO as a full member."
  308. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.: "At present, the PLO is a full member of the Asian Group of the United Nations".
  309. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/250: Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations (1998): "Palestine enjoys full membership in the Group of Asian States".
  310. ↑ Palestine/PLO (being a GA observer only) is not included in the list of "Members of the General Assembly, arranged in current regional groups". Further, a recent document of UN-HABITAT, which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "United Nations Regional Groups" (see: "UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements" (2007), pp. 329-330), along with a more recent document of UN-AIDS - which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "Regional Groups that are used by the UN General Assembly, ECOSOC, and its subsidiary bodies" (see: UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook (2010), pp. 28-29), do not include Palestine/PLO in any Regional Group, but instead write: "the General Assembly conferred upon Palestine, in its capacity as observer, additional rights and privileges of participation. These included the right to participation in the general debate of the General Assembly, but did not include the rights to vote or put forward candidates" (see: UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements, p. 335, 2nd footnote; UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook, p. 29, 4th footnote).
  311. ↑ 311.0 311.1 Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations: "since ... Vote in the United Nations General Assembly which accorded to Palestine Observer State Status, the official title of the Palestine mission has been changed to The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations."
  312. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. "The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."
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  323. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.:"The Palestinian National Authority became an Observer on 28 November 2008".
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  330. ↑ Sela, Avraham. "Arab Summit Conferences." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 158-160
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  335. ↑ Taylor & Francis group and Lucy Dean, 2003, p. 1328.
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  340. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 250. A/RES/52/250 July 1998. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
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  354. ↑ 354.0 354.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  355. ↑ Quigley, 1990, p. 231.
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  357. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  358. ↑ 358.0 358.1 EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS (IIAS) IN THE MENA REGION
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  360. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  361. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  362. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  363. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  364. ↑ "International arenas are routinely hijacked for political purposes, but today’s decision was markedly different," said Anne Herzberg, legal adviser for NGO Monitor. International Criminal Court prosecutor rejects Palestinian attempt to recognize jurisdiction
  365. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  366. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  367. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  368. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  369. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  370. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  371. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  372. ↑ 372.0 372.1 372.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  373. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  374. ↑ 374.0 374.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  375. ↑ 375.0 375.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  376. ↑ 376.0 376.1 376.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  377. ↑ Pan-Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA), WTO
  378. ↑ 378.0 378.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  379. ↑ 379.0 379.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  380. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  381. ↑ 381.0 381.1 381.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  382. ↑ 382.0 382.1 382.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  383. ↑ 383.0 383.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  384. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  385. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  386. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  387. ↑ See for example, Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–446 (21 December 2006). United States Code, Cornell University Law School. 120 Stat. 3318. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  388. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

fr:Liste des pays reconnaissant un État palestinien

pt:Relações internacionais da Palestina ru:Международно-правовой статус Государства Палестина tr:Filistin Ulusal Yönetimi'nin dış ilişkileri

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